Selected Works of Zhaoming, also known as Selected Works, is the earliest existing collection of poems and essays in China, edited by Xiao Tong, the eldest son of Liang Wudi in the Southern Dynasties. After Xiao Tong's death, he became "Zhaoming", so this anthology edited by him is called "Zhaoming Anthology". It is generally believed that the Selected Works of Zhaoming was compiled between the 7th year of Liang Wudi (526) and the 3rd year of Zhongtong (53 1).
Selected Works of Zhaoming contains more than 700 poems by more than 30 authors from the Zhou Dynasty to the Six Dynasties and the Liang Dynasty. This is the earliest extant collection of literary works. In this anthology, Xiao Tong combs and discriminates the phenomenon that China has no distinction between literature, history and philosophy since the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties. He believes that all scholars of classics and history are based on the concept of chronological style, not the works of ci chapters, and only things conform to deep thinking, and the meaning belongs to Korea. In other words, only by making good use of allusions, metaphors and articles can we meet the standards. Selected Works of Zhaoming is the first anthology to distinguish literature from non-literature.
Due to the rigorous selection of materials and the emphasis on rhetoric, most of the selected works are elegant. In the eyes of scholars in the past, it has always been regarded as a textbook of literature and a must-read book for scholars, which has been circulated for thousands of years. Du Fu, a great poet, educated his son Zong Wu to be "well versed in fine literary selections" (the birthday of Zong Wu). There is a saying in the Song Dynasty that "the writing is bad, and the scholar is half" (Notes on Lu You's Old Learning Hall). ?
The birth of Selected Works of Zhaoming is the inevitable development of literature. Since the appearance of Selected Works of Zhaoming, there has been a clear distinction between China's literature and history since the pre-Qin period. The Selected Works of Zhaoming is a link between the past and the future, which comprehensively expounds, analyzes and arranges the ancient and modern styles. It is the first large-scale literary collection in China, and it is a pioneering work in the history of literature. ?
(2) Jade platform new chant
(poetry anthology)
Yutai New Poems is a collection of poems from Han Dynasty to Nanliang. The academic circles once believed that Xu Ling was compiled in the 6th century, but in recent years, it is believed that it should be compiled by Xu Lingxu and Zhang Lihua. * * * Collected 690 poems from Han to Liang, mainly gorgeous palace poems.
The purpose of writing this book is to "select and record erotic songs", that is, to mainly collect the feelings of both men and women.
From the extensive content, it is not as good as the Selected Works, which was written earlier. However, compared with Selected Works based on literature, it also has its own characteristics. For example, in the selection of temple poems that praise and praise, it is not as good as Selected Works. Those who carefully select every article and understand the language, but abandon the abstruse classics, such as Hanshu Nursery Rhyme Record and Huijindi Nursery Rhyme Record, all belong to this category. They also pay more attention to folk literature, such as China's ancient long narrative poem Peacock Flying Southeast, which is the first time to see this book.
It attached great importance to the five-character and four-sentence short songs that appeared in the Southern Dynasties, and collected as many as one volume, which played a certain role in promoting the development of the poetic style of five-character quatrains in the Tang Dynasty.
It doesn't record the works of living figures like anthology, but selects the works of many poets after the middle period of Liang Dynasty. These poems pay more attention to rhythm and antithesis than "Yongming Style", and we can clearly see the mature process of "Modern Style Poetry". Shen Yue's eight poems and other miscellaneous poems are included in the book, from which we can learn about the integration of poems and poems in the late Southern Dynasty and the formation of Song Style in Sui and Tang Dynasties.
There are some selected poems in Yutai New Poetry, which can be verified or lost. For example, Cao Zhi's Poem of Abandoning a Wife and Yu Xin's Poem of Qixi are all missing from their collections. For example, the works of women writers such as Ban Jieyu, Bao and Liu Lingxian are also preserved and circulated in this book.
content
New Poems on Yutai is a collection of poems compiled in the 6th century A.D. after Selected Works of Zhaoming, from The Book of Songs and Songs of the South to the Liang Dynasty. It has always been thought that it was compiled by Xu Ling in the mid-Liang Dynasty. There are 769 poems, including 8 five-character poems, one song 1, one five-character four-sentence poem 1, 10 * *. Except the ninth volume of Ren Yuege, which is said to be a work between the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the rest are all works from Han Dynasty to Liang Dynasty. The content includes the description and expression of men's and women's feelings, as well as all aspects of daily life, which depicts the rich emotional world of ancient women and shows profound social background and cultural connotation.
The first part of Yutai New Poetry is rich in materials. Among them, there are descriptions of the marriage of ancient women (such as the ancient poem "Picking Wei in the Mountain") and endless thoughts about her husband who traveled far away (such as the ancient poem "Ran Ran Solitary Bamboo"); There are both heartbreaking love confessions (such as ancient Yue Yue songs) and touching love stories (ancient poems written for Jiao Zhongqing's wife). There are carols that don't admire glory and resist rape (such as Lin Yulang of Xin Yannian), and there are also fierce behaviors that condemn her husband's infidelity at the expense of death (such as the autumn tiger of Yan Yanzhi); There are both the sadness that the concubines in the Sixth Palace fell out of favor (such as Ban Jieyu's poem Li Sao) and the sadness that the princess married the Huns far away (such as Shi Chong's poem Wang Zhaojun). There are both lively and lovely charming girls (such as Zuo Si's Poems of Nv Jiao) and stunning beauties (such as Li Yannian's The Book of Songs); There are both men's yearning for lovers' talents (such as Zhang Hua's love poems) and husbands' nostalgia for their dead wives (such as Pan's mourning poems) ... In short, the works vividly describe women's natural beauty, smart makeup and gorgeous dress, lingering feelings, sad and happy marriages and all aspects of daily life; In addition, women's identity and experience are different, so it has a broad social background and profound humanistic connotation, which shows us the real life state and rich emotional world of ancient women. Poetry mainly reflects women's life, expresses women's feelings, depicts women's femininity, pours out women's voices, and at the same time shows men's appreciation and admiration for women, depicting love and lovesickness between men and women. Therefore, it can be said that Yutai Xinyong is a collection of poems about women, a collection of love and a beautiful movement, which has important value and extraordinary significance in the history of literary and aesthetic development.
Although a love poem, A New Ode to Yutai has positive ideological significance in opposing feudal ethics and fighting for freedom of marriage. There are also many works that show sincere love and women's pain. Such as "Wild Grass on the Mountain", "Mulberry on the Stranger" and "Yu" all reflect certain social reality. "Peacock Flying Southeast" wrote the whole process of a feudal family tragedy in detail. All this shows that not all the poems recorded in "New Poems on Yutai" are erotic poems.
Writers from Han Dynasty to Liang Dynasty collected 870 works (including13131kloc-0/65438). Eight-character poems, songs 1 volume, five-character four-sentence poems 1 volume, * *1volume. Hu Yinglin in Ming Dynasty said it was a collection of boudoir, and Rong Shu in Qing Dynasty said, "The greatest feature of this book is Xu Ling's originality in literary history." Ode to a Jade Platform outlines different pictures with different colors and emotions. Although its contents are all about women, they are not all decadent, and "lewdness cannot repel each other" (Catalogue of Siku Quanshu).
As far as the compiling style is concerned, Ode to a New Yutai has three characteristics:
1, classified by subject or theme; 2. Arrange the recorded writers' works according to historical time; 3. Collect works of living figures.
③ Yuefu poems
Yuefu Poetry is a collection of ancient Yuefu songs in China compiled by Guo Maoqian in the Northern Song Dynasty after The Book of Songs and Wind.
brief introduction
There is 100 volume, which is the most complete collection of Yuefu songs. Yuefu poetry is the essence of folk songs in Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties. The content is very rich, reflecting a wide range of social life, mainly compiling Yuefu songs from Han Wei to the Tang and Five Dynasties, as well as ballads from the pre-Qin to the end of the Tang Dynasty, totaling more than 5,000. It has a wide collection, all kinds have a general order, and every song has a solution. Yuefu used to be an official position in charge of music in ancient times, including the famous folk song Mulan Poetry.
"Yuefu", originally the name of the organ in charge of music, was first established in Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and there were Yuefu organs in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Its specific tasks are making music scores, collecting lyrics and cultivating musical talents. There are two sources of lyrics: one is specially written by literati, and the other is collected from China folk. Later, people called the poems collected by Yuefu organs Yuefu, or Yuefu poems and Yuefu songs, so Yuefu changed from the official name to the poem name.
The two best Yuefu poems are Mulan Poetry and Peacock Flying Southeast. Yuefu Poetry Collection divides Yuefu poetry into 12 categories, such as Jiaomiao Ci, Ci, Advocacy Ci, Transverse Blowing Ci, Harmony Ci, Dance Ci, Qin Ci, Miscellaneous Ci, Modern Ci, Miscellaneous Ci and New Yuefu Ci. It is divided into several subclasses. For example, poems with horizontal blows can be divided into two parts: Korean horizontal blows and beam-drum blows. Xianghe songs are divided into six quotations: Xianghe songs, Yintan songs, Pingdiao songs, Qingdiao songs, Hudiao songs, Chudiao songs and Daqu songs. The lyrics of Qing merchants are divided into wusheng songs and western songs. Among these different musical works, Symphony and Sheyan belong to the movements used by the court, and their ideological content and artistic skills are not satisfactory. There are also some works with poor artistic value in advocacy songs and dance songs. But on the whole, most of the poems it collected are excellent folk songs and poems written by literati with Yuefu as the old theme.
Among the existing collections of poems, Yuefu Poetry is an important collection that was created earlier and brought together all kinds of Yuefu poems in past dynasties.
The important contribution of Yuefu Poetry Collection is to collect and classify the songs of past dynasties according to their tunes, so that many works can be written into books. This provides great convenience for the collation and research of Yuefu poems. For example, some excellent folk songs of the Han dynasty, such as Shang Mo Sang and Dongmenxing, can be found in Song Shu? Yue Zhi and Peacock Flying Southeast can be found in Yu Tai Xin Yong, and some of them are scattered in ancient books such as Literary Lei Ju, which are collected and sorted by editors. In particular, some folk songs and proverbs in ancient China are generally scattered in various historical books and some academic works, while miscellaneous songs and sayings are mostly ignored by the former. As for Du Fu's later works, such as Old Proverbs, they are much later than this book, and are obviously compiled on this basis.
Its arrangement is to put the "archaic poems" of each tune (the earlier poems written by anonymous) or the earlier poems in front, and list the later works later, so that readers can understand that some literati poems are influenced by folk songs or previous generations of literati. For example, the songs of harmony, autumn dew and Hao Li are in Song Shu? There are only Cao Cao's sketches in the book Le Zhi, but there are ancient poems of Han Dynasty in this book. Although Cao Cao's proposed work is higher than "Ancient Ci" in ideological content and artistic skills, it is far from obvious to explain the origin and original intention of this piece. Another example is Shang Mo Sang, which was originally the "tune" in the "harmony song" of the Han Dynasty. Only the drafts of Cao Cao and Cao Pi and Jin Yue's rewriting of Qu Yuan's nine songs are recorded in the Book of Music. Shan Gui's poems; As for Sang's ancient ci, it belongs to the category of "Daqu". In Yuefu Poems, ancient words are recorded first, which makes readers understand that Cao Cao and others' works are just new words based on the tunes of ancient words. This book also includes various poems written by later generations to Shang Mosang, such as Picking Mulberry Seeds, Beautiful Songs, Journey to Luofu, Journey to the Southeast at Sunrise, Journey in the Day, etc. This shows the influence of Sang on later literati. Another example is that Lu Ji's poem Ode to the East and Bao Zhao's Ode to the East are arranged together, which shows that the same tune can form all kinds of poems with completely different contents.
Poems in Yuefu poems are classified by musical tunes, and some tunes have influenced the music of later generations. For example, Plum Blossom Fall in Han Kua Chui Ge and Difficult to Go in Miscellaneous Songs are only the earliest songs put forward by Bao Zhao, but the editor still classifies Plum Blossom Fall as Han Kua Chui Ge, and quotes Chen Wu Biezhuan in the explanation of Difficult to Go, pointing out that this song was popular among northern herders before Wei and Jin Dynasties, indicating that it was early. It reflects the influence of folk songs on literati poetry and the relationship between music and poetry, and points out the inheritance relationship between the music of the previous generation and the music of the later generations for the same theme of all kinds of music. For example, Huang Dansi in "Blowing Across the Drum and Beam", the editor quoted Chen Shizhi's "Ancient and Modern Music Record" as "blowing across the Yellow River".
Yuefu Poetry Collection gives a detailed introduction and explanation of the origin, nature and musical instruments used in singing. These explanations in the book quoted many lost articles, such as Liu Song and Zhang Yong's Yuan Jia Zheng Sheng Lu, Wang Sengqian's Nanqi Ci Lu and Chen Shizhi's Ancient and Modern Music Lu. Many precious historical materials have been preserved. This is of great value to the study of the history of literature and music. But some of them may be hearsay and unreliable.
Brief introduction of the author
Guo Maoqian (104 1 year-1099) was a programmer in Yunzhou (now Dongping, Shandong Province) in the Song Dynasty (History of the Song Dynasty, volume 297, Biography of Power). For Laizhou, he was sentenced to be the grandson of the state power and the son of Dr. Guo Yuanming. In the seventh year of Yuanfeng (1084), Zongshen joined the army for Cao Fa, an official of Henan Province (Volume 59, epitaph). There are hundreds of Yuefu poems handed down through the ages, which are valued by academic circles because of their excellent textual research on solving problems.
Poetry classification
Yuefu Poetry Collection divides Yuefu poems into 12 categories, such as Jiaomiao Ci, Sheyan Ci, Advocacy Ci, Hengchui Ci, Harmony Ci, Qing Dynasty Ci, Dance Ci, Qin Ci, Miscellaneous Ci, Modern Style Ci, Miscellaneous Ci and New Yuefu Ci. Among them, it is divided into several small categories, such as cross blowing. Among these different kinds of music, Jiao Miao Qu and She Yan Qu belong to the movements used by the court, and their ideological content and artistic skills are not satisfactory. There are also some works with poor artistic value in advocacy songs and dance songs. But on the whole, most of its collections are excellent folk songs and poems written by literati with old Yuefu poems. Among the existing poetry collections, Yuefu Poetry is an important work which was written earlier and collected all kinds of Yuefu poems in past dynasties.