Compulsory Course Three Review Outline (1)
Ancient Chinese History
Topic 1: Ancient Chinese Thought
Theme of this unit: China The evolution of mainstream thought in traditional culture (the emergence and development of Confucianism)
The emergence of Confucianism in the Spring and Autumn Period
The development of Confucianism by Mencius and Xunzi in the Warring States Period
The burning of Qin Dynasty Book pit Confucianism
The Western Han Dynasty "deposed hundreds of schools of thought and respected Confucianism", establishing the dominance of Confucianism
The crisis of Confucianism in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
The last three years of the Tang and Song Dynasties The Unity of Teaching
Neo-Confucianism of the Song and Ming Dynasties
Criticism of Traditional Confucianism in the Ming and Qing Dynasties
1. Confucius and Laozi
Spring and Autumn Period (1) Confucius
1. Life and writings: A native of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period, "three families and one founder"; "Poems", "Books", "Li", "Yi", "Spring and Autumn" and "Music"
2 , Doctrine:
① Political theory: A. "Benevolence" (benevolent people love others) B. "Li" ("self-denial and restoration of propriety") C. "Government with virtue"
② Philosophical point of view (view of destiny, fear of destiny): "Respect ghosts and gods and keep away from them"
③ Educational thoughts: "Teaching without distinction" (the most far-reaching influence, breaking the restrictions of official education) "Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" "Knowing them" To know, not to know is not to know”; “Review the past and learn the new”; “Learning without thinking is in vain, thinking without learning is peril”; “Do not give in to the teacher”
3. Historical status:
p>① In order to gain attention at that time, the Confucian ideological system advocated was carried forward by later generations and became the mainstream of Chinese traditional culture.
②It has an important influence in the history of world culture.
③ Later generations compiled Confucius's words and deeds in the Analects of Confucius, and respected Confucius as a saint, admired by generations.
Conservative side: It advocates following the Zhou rites system to achieve justice, and there is an "order" between high and low, and recognizes the hierarchy and class oppression.
4. Reflects the disputes between princes in the late Spring and Autumn Period, the people were in dire straits, the collapse of rituals and music.
5. What practical significance does Confucius’ political ideas have for the present: the construction of today’s political civilization , is of great significance to the management of the country and society. (The concept of "ritual", rule by virtue)
Spring and Autumn Period (2) Laozi:
1. Life writings: founder of the Taoist school; "Tao Te Ching"
2. Doctrine:
①Philosophical Thoughts:
A. "Tao" is the origin of all things, "Heaven follows Tao, and Tao follows nature." Abandoning the absolute authority of destiny.
B. Dialectical thinking: things are contradictory and opposite and can transform into each other;
②Political theory: "Government by doing nothing", "Conquering the world without doing anything"
3. Historical status:
① He is the first philosopher in the history of Chinese philosophy to explore the origin of the universe ② He has had a profound impact on Chinese culture.
2. The contention of a hundred schools of thought during the Warring States Period
(1) The historical background of the contention of a hundred schools of thought:
1. (fundamental reasons) development of productive forces and great social changes (current situation) The turmoil resulted in unprecedented freedom of thought and speech,)
2. The rise of (cultural and ideological) private schools, the relative popularization of education, and the cultivation of a large number of talents. The struggle between various schools and between schools of the same school and fight against each other.
3. In the (political) turbulent annexation situation, monarchs of various countries want to dominate and compete for supremacy, so they treat virtuous officers and recruit talents
4. (Economic) The well-field system collapses
5. (Class relations) The scholar class and the emerging landlord class are active
(2) Confucianism: Mencius and Xunzi (*their theories are basically to maintain the monarchy)
②Historical status: A. "Mencius" became one of the Four Books B. He was called the "Left Sage"
Warring States Period 2, Xunzi
①Xunzi's thoughts:
A "The behavior of heaven is constant", "Control the destiny of heaven and use it" B. Theory of evil nature C Political thought: "Focus on etiquette and implement both etiquette and law"
②Xunzi The historical status of thought
A. It is regarded as a Confucian heresy B. Materialism has a profound influence on Chinese philosophy
Warring States Period (3) Mohism
1. Mozi: the founder of the Mohist school
2. Mohist thought: ① universal love ② non-aggression, no righteous war in the Spring and Autumn Period ③ respecting the virtuous, respecting colleagues and promoting strength, economy and frugality
3. The historical status of Mohist thought
① Represents the interests of the lower class working people, especially craftsmen
② It once became a prominent school during the Warring States Period, but was not taken seriously after that
( 4) Taoism
1. Zhuangzi and Taoism
2. Zhuangzi’s thoughts: “equalize things”, “freedom”, heaven and man “do not compete with each other” (the concept of destiny), conform to nature
(5) Legalism
The late Warring States Period 1. Han Fei and "Han Feizi"
2. Han Fei's thoughts:
① Combining law, technique, and power to establish a centralized monarchy state
②The present must win over the past and advocate reform and innovation
3. The historical status of Legalism
p>
① At that time, it adapted to the need to establish authoritarian centralization.
② In later generations, Confucianism and Confucianism were mutually exclusive and became the theoretical basis of ancient Chinese social governance thoughts.
p>1. "Sun Tzu's Art of War"
2. Sun Bin and "Sun Bin's Art of War": Pay attention to the laws of war, pay attention to utilizing and creating situations that are beneficial to yourself, and pay attention to the role of people.
(7) The historical significance of the situation of contention among a hundred schools of thought
1. Confucianism: gave birth to the political ideals and moral principles in our traditional culture
2. Taoism Doctrine: The philosophical thought that constitutes more than 2,000 years of traditional thought
3. Legalism: The idea of ??change in it has become the theoretical weapon for progressive thinkers and politicians of all ages to reform and govern.
3. The unification of thought in the Han Dynasty
(1) The Huang-Lao School in the early Han Dynasty
1. The social background of the emergence: economic ruin, hundreds of careers awaiting The need for the policy of recuperation and recuperation; learning from the lessons of Qin’s fall.
2. Main contents:
①Huangdi’s theory: governing the body (health preservation) ②Laozi’s theory: governing the country (inaction) And do everything, be active and do nothing)
3. Characteristics: adopt all the ideas, be active and do nothing, "do nothing without doing anything"
4. Function: the guiding ideology in the early Western Han Dynasty, so that Society quickly recovered in the early Han Dynasty, but was replaced by New Confucianism by the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
(2) Depose hundreds of schools of thought and respect only Confucianism
1. Reason: The need for the cause of unification by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
Background: (Economy) Economic development, national prosperity; (Ideology) Huang-Lao’s learning is not suitable;
2. Source of New Confucian theory: with "Gongyang Chunqiu" as the backbone , integrating Yin-Yang, Huang-Lao and Legalist thoughts
3. New Confucianism content: the theory of interaction between heaven and man (basic); divine right of kings; great unification;
Government should be based on virtue .Using punishment to assist virtue, human ethics and moral standards, "the outline of the king's way"
*The thought of induction between heaven and man: on the one hand, the monarch is the highest symbol; on the other hand, it restricts the monarch.
4 , The influence of New Confucianism:
It is conducive to the monarch's rule and the consolidation of national unity; it also has the effect of limiting the excessive expansion of the monarch's power.
5. Characteristics of New Confucianism: In order to adapt to the needs of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to strengthen centralization of power, it is essentially ideological and cultural autocracy. It not only promotes the divine right of kings, but also inherits and develops Confucian people-centered thoughts and benevolent governance thoughts. It adopts external Confucianism and internal law, and adopts the ideas of various schools. Confucianism is dressed in the garb of theology. Its fundamental purpose is to maintain the feudal autocratic rule order, so it has become orthodox thought. .
6. The proposal and influence of deposing hundreds of schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone: ??
① From then on, Confucianism dominated politics. It is conducive to consolidating centralization and combating local separatist forces. (*The fundamental reason why Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted it.)
② This established Confucianism as the mainstream in Chinese traditional culture.
③Promote the cultural trend of attaching importance to education
④Use royal power to intervene in thought, imprisoning the development of cultural thought and restricting the free development of democratic thought
IV. Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties
(1) The social background of the rise of Neo-Confucianism:
1. (The emergence of crisis) The widespread spread of Buddhism and Taoism since the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties has caused an unprecedented impact on the dominance of Confucianism.
2. Since the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the trend of "unification of three religions" reached its peak in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and the thoughts of various schools penetrated each other.
3. (Re-Guangda) Confucian scholars absorbed the thoughts of Buddhism and Taoism and explored the New Confucian system that could help the times and the world.
4. The Song Dynasty emphasized literature and the academic atmosphere was active
(2) Neo-Confucianism of the Song and Ming Dynasties:
1. Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism (founded by: Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi; Comprehensive author: Zhu Xi's "Commentary on Chapters and Sentences of the Four Books")
(1) Content: A conceptual system with "reason" or "natural principle" as the core. Demonstrate the rationality of autocratic rule and the hierarchical order of monarch, minister, father and son from a philosophical perspective
① "Principle" is the origin of the world. "Principle" is reflected in society as Confucian moral ethics, and as human nature.
②The method of grasping "reason" is to "investigate things to gain knowledge".
③Preserve natural principles and destroy human desires
(2) Historical status:
①Gradually developed into an official philosophy after the Southern Song Dynasty. ②Established its dominant position in the ideological world in the early Ming Dynasty ③Spread to foreign countries, with far-reaching influence
2. Lu Wang Xinxue
(1) Content:
Southern Song Dynasty, Lu Jiuyuan : ① "Heart is reason" ② Seeking reason through "inventing the original mind" (inner reflection)
In the middle of Ming Dynasty, Wang Yangming: ③"Toward conscience", overcome selfish desires and restore conscience ④Unify knowledge and action
(2) Historical status: Pay attention to the active role of individuals, oppose restraint, and have a certain ideological emancipation effect.
3. Evaluation of Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties:
Negative ① suppresses human nature and stifles the natural desires of life
Positive ② values ??subjective willpower, advocates integrity and emphasizes social responsibility etc. play a positive role in shaping the character of the Chinese nation.
The similarities and differences between Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism & Lu-Wang Xinxue
Sameness: ①Content: both are expressions of Confucianism; both inherit Confucius and Mencius’ thoughts of “benevolence” and “propriety” ;Both believe that the origin of the world is "reason" and both emphasize social order
②Influence: Helps maintain autocratic rule; suppresses and stifles people's natural desires; has a positive impact on shaping the character of the Chinese nation< /p>
Differences: ①The external "reason" of the world view - the internal "nature" ②Methodology of studying things to gain knowledge - inner reflection and overcoming selfish desires
Ideological criticism during the Ming and Qing Dynasties
< p>(1) The heretical thinker Li Zhi1. The background of the emergence of Li Zhi’s thoughts: Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty
①(Political) Corruption of autocratic rule and peasant uprisings;
② (Economy) The commodity economy is booming, and people are competing for profits under the impact;
③ (Culture) Gang Changli priests strongly pursue individuality and economic development requirements.
2. The main content of Li Zhi’s thoughts: "Book Burning" and "Collection of Books"
① Criticize the Confucianism of Confucius and Mencius, expose and criticize the hypocrisy of Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism, and advocate the free development of personality.
②All things originate from the two qi of yin and yang, which fundamentally denies the existence of heavenly principles.
Summary: Negate the theory of Confucius and Mencius; criticize Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism; advocate individual freedom; pursue material enjoyment; advocate equality between men and women; critically inherit Confucianism
(2) Late Ming and Qing Dynasties Major thinkers in the third grade of junior high school
1. Representative figure: Wang Fuzhi's "Chuanshan Posthumous Letter": systematically criticized Song and Ming Neo-Confucianism and established a complete system of simple materialist thought
Huang Zongxi's "Ming Confucianism Case" , "Mingyi Waiting for Interviews": Restrict monarch power, advocate freedom of speech, and establish a bottom-up supervision agency
Gu Yanwu's "Book of Benefits and Diseases of the Prefectures and Countries of the World" and "Records of Rizhi": "The rise and fall of the world. , everyone has a responsibility"; to be pragmatic in learning
2. The common opinions of the three major thinkers:
① (Thought): Applying to the world; promoting pragmatic study style and behavior ;
② (Economy) Revitalize industry and commerce; "Industry and commerce are the foundation of people's livelihood"
③ (Politics) Criticize monarchy, put forward theories and ideas to limit monarchy, and advocate early Democratic thought
3. Evaluation of the thoughts of the three major thinkers in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties:
① It caused a strong impact on the monarchy’s autocratic rule;
② It brought great influence to the people of later generations. Deeply enlightening.
③The thoughts of managing people’s livelihood and applying them have far-reaching influence, forming the torrent of early enlightenment thought in China and having the historical progress of emancipating the mind.
Six Scientific and Technological Thoughts and Practices in Ancient China
The reasons for the brilliant achievements: (Economy) The agricultural economy is highly prosperous; (Politics) The country is unified and the political situation is stable; (Ideology) Ancient China The development of ideology and culture; (social) foreign exchanges and national integration
(1) Four great inventions:
1. Papermaking: plant fiber paper in the Western Han Dynasty; Cai Lun’s improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty< /p>
2. Printing:
①Tang Dynasty: The world's earliest extant engraving printed matter "Diamond Sutra"
②Bi Sheng of the Northern Song Dynasty, movable type printing
③Movable metal type appeared in the 13th century and was later introduced to North Korea and Europe
3. Gunpowder:
①Tang Dynasty: Gunpowder was invented, recorded in Sun Simiao's "Dan Jing", and was used in the late Tang Dynasty military.
②Five Dynasties and Song Dynasty: widely used. Artillery, rockets, muskets, etc.
③14th century: Introduced to Europe by the Arabs
4. Compass:
①Warring States: Sinan
< p>②Northern Song Dynasty: Artificial compasses were used for navigation③13th century: introduced to Europe
(2) Astronomy
①Warring States: "Gan Shi Star Book" "Shi's Star Catalog" is the world's earliest star catalog
②Eastern Han Dynasty: Zhang Heng: water-borne armillary sphere; round earth theory is more than 1,000 years old; seismograph is more than 1,700 years old
③Tang Dynasty: Monk One row: the zodiac; the world's first measurement of the length of the meridian; the water-borne armillary sphere.
④Yuan: Guo Shoujing: 300 years earlier than Jianyi; "Time-giving Calendar", the most accurate calendar in ancient my country
(3) Mathematics:
①Spring and Autumn Period: Multiplication table; weights and measures; calculation
②Western Han Dynasty: "Zhou Bi Suan Jing" The Pythagorean Theorem is 500 years old
③Eastern Han Dynasty: "Nine Chapters on Arithmetic"
④Southern Dynasties: Zu Chongzhi’s seven digits after the pi point, as early as 1000 years ago
(4) Four major agricultural books:
①Southern and Northern Dynasties: Jia Sixie’s "Qi Min Yao Shu": the earliest extant The most complete agricultural book (×Agriculture, animal husbandry; adapted to local conditions. Best reflects the characteristics of the times: ethnic blending)
② Yuan Dynasty: Wang Zhen's "Agricultural Book" introduces tool improvements
③ Ming Dynasty: Xu Guangqi's "Agricultural Policy Encyclopedia" "Pioneer of Modern Science in China" (× began to absorb Western scientific and technological ideas)
Song Yingxing's "Tiangong Kaiwu" "Encyclopedia of Chinese Crafts in the 17th Century": summarizes agriculture and handicrafts; Reflecting the period of emergence of industrial factors
(5) Medicine:
① Western Han Dynasty: "Huangdi Neijing" laid the theoretical foundation of traditional Chinese medicine;
②Eastern Han Dynasty: "Medical Sage" "Zhang Zhongjing's "Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases" introduced the four diagnostic methods; Hua Tuo invented Ma Fei San and created "Wu Qin Xi"
③Ming Dynasty: Li Shizhen's "Compendium of Materia Medica" created the world's most advanced classification method
(2) Characteristics of the development of science and technology in ancient China:
First, science and technology in ancient China were highly practical and served the needs of production and consolidation of rule.
Second, most ancient Chinese scientific and technological works are direct records of production experience or intuitive descriptions of natural phenomena, and are highly empirical.
Thirdly, ancient scientific theories had a serious tendency towards technologicalization, and these technologies were not open and had not been transformed into universal productivity.
Reasons for the highly developed science and technology in ancient China
A. The consolidation and development of a unified multi-ethnic country and the high prosperity of the agricultural economy are the essential guarantees for the brilliant achievements of science and technology in ancient China .
B. Each dynasty attached great importance to the development of transportation and promoted the exchange and spread of science and technology.
C. Chinese civilization is highly inclusive and can continuously absorb advanced achievements from outside to enrich and develop itself. It has continuously innovated throughout history, kept pace with the times, and has been at the forefront of the world for a long time.
D. The diligence, wisdom and creativity of the Chinese working people;
E. The relatively closed and independent geographical environment and the strong centralized power ensure that Chinese civilization is protected from external forces The impact;
F. Most of the scientific and technological achievements in ancient China are directly related to social production and life, and are easy to spread in society.
(3) Ancient China had such brilliant scientific and technological achievements, and since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there have been many summary works, such as "Compendium of Materia Medica" written by Li Shizhen, "Tiangong Kaiwu" written by Song Yingxing, Xu Guangqi is the author of "The Complete Book of Agricultural Affairs". Think about why this phenomenon occurred in terms of technological development during the Ming and Qing Dynasties? (This is also the reason for China’s modern backwardness)
1. Ancient China was based on agricultural civilization. Once science and technology could meet the needs of agricultural production, it lost the conditions and motivation for development.
2. In order to consolidate the need for unified feudal autocratic rule, ancient rulers attached great importance to social order and the education of ethics and morals, but did not pay attention to the development of science and technology. Education lacked elements of natural science education.
(4) The reasons and inspirations for the backwardness of science and technology in ancient China during the Ming and Qing dynasties and the West.
Analysis and exploration on page 29 of the textbook
Enlightenment: Advanced culture requires continuous innovation to gain new vitality. It is also necessary to learn how to maximize strengths and avoid weaknesses in daily learning to avoid being complacent. Whether science and technology can produce huge economic and social benefits depends on the social environment. Now we must insist on focusing on economic construction, persist in rejuvenating the country through science and education, and give full play to the country's macro-control functions.
Topic 2: Ancient Chinese literature and art (note that each content should be memorized in conjunction with the historical background)
1. The art of calligraphy
1 The origin and evolution of Chinese characters:
Shang oracle bone inscriptions (the earliest mature writing) - Shang and Zhou bronze inscriptions - Western Zhou Dynasty seal scripts - Qin unified small seal scripts - Han official script - Three Kingdoms regular script (Zhong Yao)
2 Development of calligraphy art
1. Xiaozhuan and official script in the Qin and Han Dynasties
2. The art of calligraphy was formed during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties: Wang Xizhi's "Lanting Preface"
3. It reached a new peak in the Sui and Tang Dynasties: Zhang Xu , Huaisu Kuangcao; regular script of Ouyang Xun, Yan Zhenqing, and Liu Gongquan; calligraphy theory
4. Two Song Dynasties: Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fu, and Cai Xiang each have their own moods
5. Ming Dynasty: civilianization, secularization, emphasis on individuality: Zhu Zhishan, Wen Zhengming
2. Painting Art Southern and Northern Dynasties: religious paintings; Tang and Song Dynasties: figures, landscapes; Ming and Qing Dynasties: flowers and birds
1. Origin: Neolithic Age murals, floor paintings, pottery decorations
2. Warring States Period: Silk Paintings ("Figures of Figures, Dragons and Phoenixes")
3. Eastern Jin Dynasty: Gu Kaizhi's "Pictures of Proverbs of Female History" : Proposed to use form to describe the spirit
4. Tang Dynasty: Wu Daozi's "Picture of Farewell to the Heavenly King": Create laws, grace and splendor
5. Song Dynasty: The rise of landscape painting: focus on artistic conception
p>Folk style painting: Zhang Zeduan's "Along the River During the Qingming Festival"
6. Ming and Qing Dynasties: Bada Shanren: unique style; woodcut prints, New Year paintings, etc.
× In enlightening the nation It plays a subtle role in self-esteem and self-confidence
3. Literature
(1) Poetry
1. "The Book of Songs": the earliest collection of poems in my country : Ode to elegance; mainly four characters [realism],
Chu Ci: Qu Yuan's new-style poem "Li Sao" during the Warring States Period [romanticism]
3. Han Fu: Sima Xiangru [Paved in parallel, gorgeous literary talent]
4. Tang poetry: Li Bai, Du Fu, Bai Juyi
(2) Song poetry: Su Shi, Li Qingzhao, Xin Qiji
(3 ) Yuan Opera: Due to ethnic discrimination in the Yuan Dynasty, San Opera was often used to express depressed feelings. Guan Hanqing's "The Injustice of Dou E"
(4) Novels
1. Tang Dynasty: Legends "The Biography of Liu Yi" and "The Biography of Nanke Prefect"
2. Song Dynasty ：Huaben
3. Reasons for the Ming and Qing Dynasties: the development of the commodity economy and the rise of the citizen class;
Representative works: Ming Dynasty: Four Wonderful Books (Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, Journey to the West (Jin Ping Mei), "Three Words and Two Patterns",
Qing Dynasty: "A Dream of Red Mansions", "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio", "The Scholars"
(5) Opera
1. Original - Han and Tang Dynasties: Nuo Dance
2. Tang Dynasty: Liyuan
3. Two Song Dynasties: Southern Opera, forming a complete form of opera
4. Yuan Dynasty (the golden age, marking the maturity of opera): Zaju (Guan Hanqing, Bai Pu, Ma Zhiyuan, and Zheng Guangzu are the four masters of Yuan opera;)
5. Ming Dynasty: Kun Opera (the master of hundreds of operas) : Wang Shifu's "The Romance of the West Chamber", Tang Xianzu's "The Peony Pavilion"
4. Qing Dynasty: a new peak of Peking Opera
From the source of humanistic spirit to the era of scientific rationality
1. Greece (Natural Philosophy->Social Field->Human)
1. In the 7th century BC, the earliest philosophy was born
2. The first natural philosopher "Western Philosophy" "Father of Thales": Founded the simple materialist worldview
*Significance: People began to have independent consciousness, marking the spiritual awakening of ancient Westerners.
3. BC 5th century: Background: Developed democratic politics, business development, and active thinking
Sophist School: Promote a spirit of skepticism, oppose superstition, and emphasize the value of human beings and the decisive role of human beings. The basic connotation that constitutes the humanistic spirit of ancient Greece
Representative figure: Protagoras emphasized the thematic significance of human beings, denied gods or destiny, and established human dignity; but overemphasized personal subjective feelings and ignored people's knowledge. ***homosexual.
4. Socrates: Understanding oneself; emphasizing the role of knowledge; the highest knowledge "good" creates a new direction for Greek philosophy
The difference between the Sophists and Socrates' view of knowledge Views: Wisdom emphasizes practical function; Su emphasizes role; but both emphasize knowledge and deny authority
5. Aristotle: Truth is above all else; nature is an objective and real existence; creates logic Learning; philosophy truly became an independent discipline, and the rational spirit of Greek philosophy reached its peak.
2. The Renaissance appeared in the 14th century and spread to Europe in the 15th century (heyday) to the end of the 17th century)
1. Background: (Economy) The emergence of capitalism in Italy; the Mediterranean Developed industry and commerce; (ideology) spiritual obstacles of the church; (class) emerging bourgeoisie; (social factors) Black Death; (culture) literary and artistic talents emerge in large numbers; rich cultural heritage; (politics) political divisions make the academic environment Relatively loose
2. Nature: emerging bourgeois cultural movement; core: humanism (core content: advocating human nature, opposing divinity, advocating that the purpose of life is to pursue happiness in this world)
3. The top three heroes of the Renaissance: Boccaccio's "The Decameron"; Dante's "The Divine Comedy"; "The Father of Humanism" Petrarch
4. Heyday: Leonardo da Vinci's "The Last "The Dinner" and "Mona Lisa"; Michelangelo's "David"; Raphael's "Sistine Madonna"
5.16th century: Britain: Shakespeare's 39 plays, representing the highest level of Renaissance literature Achievements
6. Influence: ① Break the shackles of medieval theology and liberate people's minds; ② Adapt to the needs of capitalism; ③ Lay the ideological foundation for the Enlightenment; ④ Anti-feudal church and promote the emergence of the religious reform; ⑤ Clear ideological obstacles to the emergence and development of modern natural science
3. Religious Reform
1. Background: (Politics) The corruption and depravity of Catholicism and the exploitation of people; the long-term division of Germany (ideology ) The Renaissance liberated people's minds, and humanistic thoughts were active; (economic) the emerging bourgeoisie opposed feudal forces; (direct cause) selling indulgences
2. Content: Martin Luther's "Ninety-Five" Thesis "Justification by works ~ justification by faith, which enables people to gain spiritual freedom and the autonomy of soul salvation, with a distinctive humanistic color) - the beginning of the religious reform;
Gall The article "Principles of Christianity" concludes first; makes money through business; saves and simplifies ordinances; opposes privileges, demonstrates the necessity and rationality of secular life and personal struggle from a theological perspective, and provides ideological basis for future bourgeois revolutions.
3. Nature: The social and ideological reform movement of the bourgeoisie against the feudal church. (Not ideological emancipation)
4. Same: ①Saved by faith ②Challenging the authority of the church, claiming that the Bible is the only basis for faith ③Embodiing the spirit of humanism
Differences: Calvin is more radical
IV. Enlightenment
1. Background: (Economy) Capitalism further developed; (Politics) Europe was under feudal rule, which hindered the development of capitalist economy; (Class) The bourgeoisie continues to grow; (thought) Renaissance, religious reform; (science) modern natural sciences develop; (social factors) Britain establishes the capitalist system to create prerequisites for the spread of rationality.
2. Emergence in the 17th century ~ climax center in the 18th century: France Meaning: enlightenment and enlightenment of people's anti-feudal consciousness
3. Montesquieu's "The Spirit of the Laws": Three Rights Separation has become the basic principle of the bourgeois political system;
Voltaire (leader of the Enlightenment): freedom, natural rights, human rights, law, everyone is born equal, enlightened monarchy, democracy
Rousseau ( The most radical democrat) "Social Contract": The supremacy of reason, natural human rights and "people's sovereignty", the creation of a democratic *** and the country
Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason": People are not tools, people-oriented ultimately established the human The dominant position
Midrow's "Encyclopedia": Promote reason and develop science
4. Evaluation: ① It is another great ideological emancipation movement in European history; ② Enlightenment The ideas of freedom, equality, human rights, democracy, legal system and separation of powers explained by the thinkers enriched and finalized the connotation of humanistic spirit, and advanced the struggle against feudalism and anti-religious theology to oppose the feudal autocratic system and establish the kingdom of bourgeois rationality. , the height of constructing a political system based on the interests of the bourgeoisie ③ is more thorough than Renaissance humanism and has a more distinctive political revolutionary nature ④ not only prepares public opinion for the bourgeois revolution, but also creates valuable spiritual wealth for human society
5. A similar New Culture Movement did not appear in China until 1915
5. Modern scientific and technological revolution
1. Reasons: 1. The needs of productivity development and social development; 2. The rise of humanism and rationalism liberated people’s minds; 3. The personal talents and unremitting efforts of scientists;
1. Classical mechanics
1. Astronomy
(1) Polish Copernicus, "the founder of modern astronomy": proposed the heliocentric theory, which fundamentally shook the theoretical foundation of theology
(2) Italian physicist and astronomer Galileo " "Father of Modern Science": In 1610, he discovered the four satellites of Jupiter and found conclusive evidence for the heliocentric theory. He created modern science with a rigorous logical system based on experimental facts, marking the true beginning of physics and laying the foundation for the creation of Newtonian classical mechanics.
2. Physics - Newton’s Classical Mechanics
(1) The British scientist Newton, one of the founders of mathematical calculus and the basic system of classical mechanics in physics, discovered the universal gravitation theorem. and Newton's three laws of mechanics.
In 1687 he published his classic work on mechanics, "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy".
(2) Significance: Newton’s classical mechanics ① achieved the first great leap in the history of physics ② has decisive significance for human beings to explain and predict physical phenomena. The discovery of Neptune is the most successful example that proves the validity of Newtonian mechanics and the law of universal gravitation. ③Newtonian mechanics is the basis of classical physics and astronomy, as well as the theoretical basis of modern engineering mechanics and related theories. ④The creation of Newtonian mechanics marked the beginning of the era of human science. ⑤Newtonian mechanics and thermal science triggered the first industrial revolution. ⑥ It also laid the scientific foundation for French Enlightenment thought and materialist philosophy.
2. Biology
1. Background Creationism dominates. After the baptism of the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Enlightenment, Christian theology was hit hard, and the pursuit of facing the real world, emphasizing practice, and advocating rationality became common. Western Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries was an era of rapid development. With the successive occurrence of the bourgeois revolution and the industrial revolution, science and technology have made great progress, human vision has been continuously broadened, and ideas and culture have become more open. In the 19th century, the field of biology ushered in an important turning point. The cell theory and the theory of evolution are two of the most significant achievements. Together with the law of conservation of energy, they are known as the three major scientific discoveries of the 19th century.
2. Main content: Darwin's "Origin of Species" in 1859. Natural selection, survival of the fittest; in 1871, Darwin published "The Origin of Man", which further demonstrated the view that humans evolved from ancient apes. Huxley's "Man's Place in Nature" in 1863
3. Significance ① The theory of biological evolution fundamentally changed the views of most people in the 19th century on the biological world and the position of human beings in the biological world. It is a subversion of the theory of God's creation of man and provides the basis for Marxist materialist dialectics. ② The theory of evolution also caused great shock in the Chinese ideological circles during a period of national crisis. In the late Qing Dynasty, China's advanced intellectuals propagandized it and awakened the people to avoid the disaster of national subjugation
3. Energy field
1. The arrival of the "steam age"
Watt developed a new steam engine in the 1880s. Since then, steam engines have been widely used and become the power machinery that transformed the world and solved the power problem of the Industrial Revolution. Its adoption paves the way for accelerating the pace of industry, the development of the transportation industry, and strengthening the world's connections. 1807 American Fulton steamship. 1814 British Stephenson train. The steam engine was the greatest invention of the Industrial Revolution and became a symbol of the era. People called this era the "Steam Age."
2. "Electrical Age"
1. Background: British Faraday's "electromagnetic induction" phenomenon in 1831. It laid a theoretical foundation for the development of generators.
2 Development of electric energy: 1867, German Siemens generator. Soon, the Belgian Gram motor.
3. "King of Inventions" Edison of the United States created more than 1,000 inventions. Electrical inventions include the electric light, telephone, telegraph, movies, etc. The most influential of these was the invention of the electric light.
4. The role of the development of electrical technology. Electrical technology, represented by generators, provides more powerful, convenient and cheap power, greatly promotes the development of industrial production, and sets off the second wave of industrial production. industrial revolution. Pushing mankind into the electrical age
3. The role of steam engines and electric power technology in social development
① The most direct change is the substantial increase in social productivity. ②The development of productive forces also changes the social structure and world situation. As the bourgeoisie has mastered advanced productive forces, its strength has grown day by day, and it has begun to establish its dominance over the world. ③With the convenience of transportation, all parts of the world are more closely connected, and the world is increasingly becoming a whole. ④It also increases the material wealth of society and makes people's lives more colorful.