157 (yongshou three years in the eastern Han dynasty) Han population10,677,960 households with 56,476,856 people.
-The following are comments-
Geography of the Book of Jin: "Long live Emperor Huan for three years (157), with 1,677,960 households and 56,486,856 people, and people born of Siyi household registration".
-The above is a note-
In the 3rd century A.D.1-,the century-old plague (one of the two major plagues in 2000) raged, wars continued, the population decreased, nomadic people flooded into the Central Plains, and the Han people faced extinction several times. The Han nationality began to decline.
-The following are comments-
From 2004 to February19 (from 9 to 24 years of Jian 'an), epidemic hemorrhagic fever (suspected) was the chief culprit, and the death toll in the area north of the Yangtze River in China was about 20 million, which was the hardest hit area. Especially in the twenty-two years of Jian 'an (2 17), there were many dead people. Among the "Seven Children of Jian 'an", Kong Rong died in 2008 and Ruan Yu died in 2 12, and five people are still alive. In 2 17, Xu gan, Chen Lin, Liu Zhen and Wang can all died of this plague. Cao Pi's poem "You and Wu Zhishu" "In previous years, diseases and epidemics, many relatives and friends left their disasters, and Xu, Chen, Britain and Liu all died at one time, which was extremely hateful! "Cao Zhi's Talking about Epidemic Gas" "Every family has a corpse pain, and the room has a mourning, or dies after closing the door, or loses his family. Zhang Zhongjing's Treatise on Febrile Diseases: "There are more than 200 Yu families, less than ten years after Jian 'an, two-thirds of them died, and typhoid fever ranks seventh." "(Zhang Zhongjing's family originally had a large population of more than 200 people, but in the epidemic period of less than ten years, two-thirds of the population died, of which 70% died of typhoid fever. ), the home of medical saints is still so, not to mention ordinary people, and some villages are even almost dead! In 275 (December of the first year of Xianning), the Book of Jin was a great epidemic that month, and most people died in Luoyang. In 276 (the first month of the second year of Xianning), "The Book of Jin" "In the first month of the second spring, it was abandoned. As for soldiers, the gifts for scattered officials are different. "
(Note: At that time, people generally called it "typhoid fever". According to scholars' research, it may be epidemic hemorrhagic fever. The main symptoms of this disease are spread by animals (horses, cows, sheep, etc.). As a virus host, it is highly contagious; Acute onset and high mortality; Patients often have high fever wheezing and suffocate to death; Some patients have blood spots and blood clots. In the early days of the plague, faced with the terrible plague, people were almost helpless and could only wait for death in despair. )
-The above is a note-
The Three Kingdoms War, plague and famine led to a sharp decline in population. From Cao Wei, in order to supplement manpower, Hu people were allowed to move inward and lead wolves into the room. Hu people have been in the frontier for a long time and mastered the advanced production skills of the Central Plains. Top officials are also familiar with the traditional culture of China. After the Three Kingdoms, the Western Jin Dynasty was unable to deal with the Huns, Xianbei and other ethnic groups, giving the conference semifinals an opportunity. Therefore, the Three Kingdoms period is a crucial period for Hu people to remain vigilant. Hu people began to sinicize gradually, no longer fleeing after plundering property, but began to compete for the Central Plains after the chaos. The Three Kingdoms is also the preparatory stage for the Hu people to establish a dynasty in the Central Plains, and its importance is self-evident. (See the following materials 1 for historical data).
In 263 (four years of Jingyuan), there were 7.67 million Han people and more than 8.7 million Hu people. (See Material 2 below for historical data. )
In 265, Emperor Wu of Jin proclaimed himself emperor, established the Western Jin Dynasty, and vigorously developed agriculture. After the war, he promulgated household registration, implemented land occupation system, reduced corvee, established "permanent liquidation", restored household registration, and increased population. The period of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty was the best social and economic period in the Western Jin Dynasty.
In 280, at the time of the Wu Dynasty, the total population was 2,495,804 households, with 16 and163,863 people (see the following material 3 for historical data).
-The following are comments-
In 280, the land occupation system was implemented, and a large number of hidden households and escaped households were found. During the period of 17, there were a large number of population, refugees and land occupation, which greatly increased the national household registration. (It is estimated that it is also related to updating the household registration that was not updated when Shu died. )
-The above is a note-
In 282 (the third year of Jin Taikang), the household registration survey reached 3.77 million households nationwide. (The number of people without original historical materials is about 23.8 million, basically matching 3.77 million households. )
-The following are comments-
The Three Kingdoms of Chen Qun quoted Jin Taikang for three years: "There are 3.77 million Jin households, but Wu Shu can't live in half. With this statement, although Wei began to inherit chaos, it should be just a big difference. "
Political clarity, economic development, frivolous taxation, and land ownership system throughout the country. In order to obtain the legal ownership of land, people who leave their household registration must re-register their household registration with the state. Hidden households and fake shadow households have been transformed into national establishment households. The surge in household registration in Taikang in the past three years should be mainly the result of checking and sorting out household registration and implementing the farmland occupation system.
-The above is a note-
The unification of the Western Jin Dynasty lasted only eleven years, and then from 29 1 to 306, the Eight Kings Rebellion occurred, the population dropped sharply, and the strength of the Western Jin Dynasty was exhausted. Then came the famous "five wild flowers" that almost wiped out the Han nationality in history. Han people began to decline, Huns, Jie people, Xianbei, Bian, Qiang and other Hu people began to carve up the Central Plains, and the Hu people regime began to dig up.
Huns, Jiezu, Xianbei, Bian, Qiang and other conference semifinals began to carve up the Central Plains, killing cities and plundering land, while cheat people ate people, leaving only four or five million Han Chinese slaughtered by Xiongnu and Jiezu in the north. "The Book of Jin" "The north is cool, the clothes move south, Hu Di is everywhere, and the children of the Han family want to be slaughtered." . Five random flowers led to the disappearance of 80% Han people in North China. During the reign of Han, Zhao and Liu Cong (Xiongnu regime), there were 5.4 million people in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and 7 million people in North China (the figures come from the Population History of China in Baidu Encyclopedia). At the end of the post-Zhao Dynasty (35 1 year), the population of Han nationality in North China was less than 1 10,000 (the specific figures are not available in original historical materials, and the population comes from China Population History /view/497322.htm). Ran Min, who saved the Han people from national subjugation, was finally ushered in when the Han people were facing the desperate situation of extinction. In 349, Ran Min seized the post-Zhao regime and issued the "order to kill Hu", which ignited the hatred of the Han people for nearly half a century and ignited the revenge and rebellion anger of the Han people, and then the Han people carried out unprecedented national revenge on the Hu people. "All men and women, regardless of rank, were cut off." Xiongnu suffered genocide in China. Two hundred thousand Huns were killed, forcing them to go west. Jieren was basically killed. Ran Min led an army to defeat 200,000 Xianbei on the Lingshui River and captured more than 70,000 Yanjun. In 350 AD, Ran Min founded the country and proclaimed himself emperor, known as Wei Ran in history. Revenge war was waged against five conference semifinals. Encouraged by Ran Min's "Order to Kill Hu", Han people in Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu, Northern Hubei, Shaanxi and other places revolted in succession, and 800,000 Han people in Guanzhong traveled thousands of miles to vote for Ran Min. Han Chinese rose up and killed countless Hu people with high noses and beards. Although many Han people who looked like Hu people were killed by mistake, all Hu-Han hybrids were killed to ensure the purity of Han blood. In this bloody revenge war, more than 500,000 Jie people and Huns were wiped out by Ran Min. Counting the attacks of Han people in other areas and the killings among Hu people, it is estimated that there were two or three million Hu people who died in the revenge war of Han people at that time. Under the threat of Ran Min's military power, millions of people from the border, Qiang, Xiongnu, Xianbei and other ethnic groups evacuated from Middle and returned to their hometown. On the way back, these people kept attacking each other and killing each other, and only two or three out of ten people were able to go back smoothly. Hu Decree indirectly killed 70% to 80% of millions of Hu people and drove Hu Man out of Middle-earth. The Book of Jin attacked Qiang Hu, and there was no moon and no war. Millions of people, all returning to their homeland, crisscrossed roads, killed each other and died of hunger and epidemics. Nine times out of ten, they can achieve it. In 352, the former Yan Murong Mu (Xianbei) joined forces with Qiang and Yao to attack Ran Min and perished.
The Han people once again faced the crisis of genocide, and the Hu people began to become powerful and entered the history of the integration of Xianbei Han people, especially the reform of Emperor Xiaowen.
-The following are comments-
"Change the surname of the Han nationality into a Chinese costume, change one's native place and speak Chinese through marriage", and prohibit Xianbei nobles from wearing khufu, all of which are changed into Chinese costumes. Everyone will change to speak Chinese, and if they say "nonsense" in court, they will be demoted or dismissed. Change more than 100 Xianbei surnames into Han surnames, and change the native place of Xianbei people; In particular, it encourages intermarriage with the Han nationality (completely different from the Yuan Dynasty, it was not until the Empress Dowager Cixi in the Qing Dynasty that the ancestral system of "Man and Han don't marry" was abolished).
-The above is a note-
Xianbei people entered the Central Plains, even overwhelming the history of Han people becoming the masters of the Central Plains.
-The following are comments-
Northern and Southern Dynasties (five Hu and sixteen countries) (Xianbei regime dominated, all Hu regimes coexisted, Emperor Xiaowen reformed, Xianbei Han people began to merge, which contributed to the Han people in today's sense); The Sui Dynasty (Xianbei regime, Emperor Xiaowen before the reform) was a descendant of the Hu people and nomadic people, and now it is the Han nationality. ), Tang Dynasty (Xianbei regime, semi-final meeting in the sense before Emperor Xiaowen's reform, part of modern Han nationality), Five Dynasties (Shatuo). Some people will definitely argue that the Sui Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty were not Xianbei regimes. Does that make sense? Sui and Tang dynasties were originally a history of the integration of Xianbei and Han nationality. Their ancestors were Xianbei nobles and intermarried with Xianbei from generation to generation. No matter whether their ancestors were Xianbei people after Emperor Xiaowen's reform, or whether they were "attached to Emperor Daoism in Longxi", which of the founding emperors, Tang Gaozu Li Yuan and Sui Wendi, was not the mother of their ancestors, must be Xianbei women, surpassing 1/8 "Han nationality in the narrow sense at that time"? Not to mention the following generations, the heirs' mothers will all be Xianbei people. It is said that the royal family of the Han people attaches great importance to bloodline, and there is great resistance to making ordinary women of the Han people queens, let alone making Hu women successors, let alone making Hu women kings. Hanshu Royal Biography attaches great importance to bloodline. Even if Li Yuan and Emperor Wen of Sui were of Han descent of 1/8, there was no monarch of 1/64 after the founding of the Sui and Tang Dynasties. If the Sui and Tang Dynasties were not Xianbei regimes, it would be difficult to explain the deliberate intermarriage with Xianbei. Some people say that Emperor Xiaowen stipulated that Xianbei must marry the Han nationality, and marrying Xianbei proved that Tang and Sui were Han Chinese. However, this is not the case in history. In history, Xianbei did not prohibit marriage with the Han nationality, but encouraged marriage with the Han official to consolidate its rule. By consulting the official historical materials of Xianbei people in the northern Wei and Sui Dynasties, it can be confirmed that Xianbei people are mostly Xianbei people. To take a step back, Emperor Xiaowen stipulated that Xianbei people must marry Han women, but Han people did not stipulate that Xianbei women must marry, because Han orthodoxy did not disappear so quickly. In the feudal cultural concept of Han people, Hu women are unorthodox; Even now, there are still many people in the Han nationality's concept of bloodline. Actually, it's not just Han people. The Yuan Dynasty banned Mongolian-Chinese marriage, and the Qing Dynasty banned Manchu-Chinese marriage. To say the least, the ancestors of Sui and Tang Dynasties were all Han Chinese. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), many generations of queens established Xianbei women, and many generations of Xianbei women succeeded to the throne, which was what the Xianbei forces in the imperial court were above the Han forces and the ministers of Xianbei forces were above the Han forces. Even so, it still shows the nature of Xianbei people in charge of state power.
-The above is a note-
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Material 1:
Jin Shu
"In addition, the ministries in Taiyuan also take the Xiongnu and the Hu people as visitors, with thousands of people."
Huns have also become farmers, and even the Huns served by various ministries in Taiyuan have reached thousands.
History of Three Kingdoms
"In the beginning, general migration guerrilla, for bing secretariat, general vibration, make our time, protect the huns corps commander, Huairou yi people, very wei hui. Nobles in Beijing give more valuables, because Thai and Thai handmaiden are hung on the wall and don't give their seals. And it is history, I will pay it back. "
There are still people in the Xiongnu department who are sold as handmaiden. In a word, the Huns who moved in gradually turned to the agricultural economy, and they became farmers and handmaiden.
Liu Yuanhai's first biography
"Liu Yuanhai, an emerging Hun ... when Emperor Gaozu took his daughter as a princess and his wife as a modu chanyu, so his descendants took Wei Liu's surname, ... and helped Luo Zibao as the left, that is, the father of Yuanhai was also ... young and eager to learn, and had studied with Cui You, Yi and Shangshu. Historically, Han Hezi has made a comprehensive investigation. It is said that students Zhu Ji and Fan Long at the same school said, "Every time I read a book, I often follow fate, but I know nothing about it ..." Wang Hun, king of Taiyuan, made friends with him and ordered his son to help him.
As a Xiongnu aristocrat, Liu Zhou family experienced three generations of Han, Wei and Jin dynasties, but it has been deeply influenced by Chinese culture. Liu Zhou himself was rich when he was young, so he was able to read books and biographies. Because of his knowledge of ancient studies, he was able to contact famous Confucian scholars and scholars, and was respected by friends such as Wang Hun, the cremation of Taiyuan. Because Liu Yuan understood the historical fact that the emperor ruled the people, which encouraged his ambition. When the time is ripe, Liu Bang's lament that "a gentleman should be like this" hovers in Liu Yuan's mind, and he wants to "become a high-impedance business."
The war-torn population in the Three Kingdoms dropped sharply. From Cao Wei, in order to supplement manpower, foreigners were allowed to move in, leading wolves into the room. The Huns seemed to have nothing to do when they were in the Three Kingdoms, but in fact they were vassals of warlords. However, because the Huns have been in the frontier for a long time, many of them have gradually engaged in agriculture, mastered more advanced production skills in the Central Plains, and senior leaders are familiar with the traditional culture of China. Although it retains its national cohesion, many people become farmers and handmaiden, oppressed and exploited by the landlord class of Han nationality, which can be used by the upper class of Xiongnu. After the Three Kingdoms, the Western Jin Dynasty was unable to deal with the Xiongnu and other underarms because of civil strife, which gave the Xiongnu nobles an opportunity. Therefore, the Three Kingdoms period is a crucial period for Huns to fight with each other, and it is also the preparatory stage for them to establish a minority dynasty in the Central Plains for the first time, and its importance is self-evident.
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Material 2:
Population of Wu in 240: "Records of the Three Kingdoms": "Wu Chiwu lived for five years, with 520,000 households and 2.3 million men and women."
Shu was destroyed in 263, with a total population of "Continued Han History, County Records and Imperial Century": "Four years in Jingyuan, there were 940,000 households with a population of 5.37 million. "