Du Fu's To Li Bai at the End of Heaven was selected as one of the 300 Tang poems. In the second year of Zhide (757), Li Bai exiled Yelang for his involvement in Wang Yong's crime and went to Wushan for forgiveness. Du Fu wrote this poem in two years (759). He wanted to be Li Bai as soon as possible. Assuming that he was passing through Miluo, he used Qu Yuan as a metaphor. In fact, Li has been forgiven by this time and has gone boating in Dongting. I miss my old friend because of the cool breeze, and I miss my old friend because of autumn geese. Scholars attach importance to each other, and the blind date ends on paper. For more appreciation of Tang poetry, please pay attention to the 300 columns of Tang poetry in Station.
This one is a work of the same period as Li Bai's two dreams. In the poem, Li Bai should have crossed Dongting Lake from the Yangtze River during his exile in late autumn. Expressed the poet's deep nostalgia and sympathy for Li Bai. Poems in Tang and Song Dynasties: "Elegy is generous and friendly with Du Li, and his poems are particularly spiritual.
original text
To Li Bai at the end of the sky.
Author: Du Fu
A cold wind is blowing from the distant sky. What are you thinking, old friend? .
The geese never answered me, and the rivers, lakes and seas were flooded by rain.
A poet should be careful to prosper, but the devil can trouble a vagrant.
It should be * * * murder. Throw him the poem, where he drowned himself in the Milo River.
To annotate ...
1. End of the day: the end of the day. At that time, Du Fu was in Qin Zhou, located in the frontier fortress, so it was the end of the day.
2. Gentleman: refers to Li Bai.
3. Hongyan: Metaphorical letters.
This is the language that worries about Li Bai's trip.
5. Sentence: It means that people with literary talent are always unlucky and taboo. Fate: fate, fortune. Article: This refers to literature in general. God is always jealous of people with literary talent. If the article is good, the fate will be bad.
6. Demon: a legendary monster who likes to be swallowed by people passing by. This is another metaphor for Li Bai's dangerous journey.
7. Ghost: refers to Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan was exiled and died in Lao Luojiang. Du Fu knew that Li Bai was out of patriotism, but he was exiled for no reason, just like Qu Yuan.
Therefore, we should tell Qu Yuan about our grievances.
8. Miluo: Miluo River, where Qu Yuan sank, is in Xiangyin County, Hunan Province.
Rhyme translation
A cool breeze is blowing gently from the horizon, Yelang. You are still in a good mood, old friend.
When can Hongyan deliver your message? There are always stormy waves in the depths of rivers and lakes!
People with literary talent are often unlucky, taboo, and ghosts are gratifying, so they can be eaten as food.
If you have a grudge against Qu Yuan, please don't forget to throw a poem in memory of the Miluo River!
Comment and analysis
At the beginning of Tianbao, Du Fu, a young man, met the world-famous immortal Li Bai for the first time, "drunk in the autumn quilt and walked hand in hand with Japan", thus forming an unshakable friendship between the two leading figures in the history of Tang poetry. At the turn of Du Li's life, both poetry and prose have the same interest and the same fate. Du Fu, who was deeply influenced by the spirit of natural dedication, admired Li Baiqin, a talented and unruly man, and was deeply worried about his arrogant and unruly personality. Ten years later, Li Bai was exiled to the southwest, which was the time when Du Fu resigned and went to Shu. The similar experience of not meeting talented people and being rejected as the center made Du Fu miss Li Bai even more strongly, even to the point of "I have dreamed of you for three nights" (dreaming of Li Bai); I have a deeper understanding. "Our capital is rich in nosy people, and you are poor people who are lonely and helpless." When the capital is recovered, it is expensive and the dragon is attached to the phoenix. Why is fate so unfair to genius? This poem was written in this mood.
When the first autumn wind blew from the horizon, the poet suddenly remembered his old friend on the way to exile: how do you feel when the seasons change and the cold invades? Is it the bleak chill? Is it the sadness of homesickness? Or is it an unusual interest of genius? How much the poet hoped that Hongyan, who delivered the book, could send a word from Li Bai. The question "when will it arrive" euphemistically shows how serious the poet is. However, even Hongyan is difficult to cross the river in Wan Li, which is enough to arouse the poet's endless worries.
In the first four sentences, the anxiety at the end of the day spontaneously arose, and after two layers of questioning, it was as turbulent as autumn water, which not only showed the poet's heartfelt concern for his old friend, but also showed that this anxiety had turned into endless hatred. From the end of the couplets, we can see that the poet sublimated his nostalgia for his old friend to the questioning of the injustice of social reality for thousands of years: from Qu Yuan to Jia Yi to Li Bai, and of course Du Fu himself, why are talents always unsatisfied and people with lofty ideals always vilified? So we also deeply realized the profound meaning of this joint policing strategy. The words "hate" and "joy" are extremely dangerous, and their feelings of grief and indignation are extremely profound: the article is good and should have been loved by the creation; But why "hate" and "hate"? It can be seen that natural talent will not be understood by the world: the demon that the "happy" person who steals water passes by is of course the shadow of trivial things waiting for opportunities to slander others. The happier they are, the meaner they are. When Qu Yuan was exiled to southern Hunan, he was so angry that he wrote Tian Wen to express himself. I think "the poet should beware of prosperity, but the devil will trouble a wanderer" is a good way to answer Qu Zi's sad question.
explain
This poem was written when the poet lived in Qin Zhou (now Tianshui, Gansu). At that time, Li Bai sat in Wang Yong and was a hooligan for a long time. He was pardoned on the way and returned to Hunan. Du Fu misses his poems.
The first sentence begins with the autumn wind, and the whole poem is shrouded in sadness. When the cool breeze blows, the scenery is bleak and I look up at the sky. what do you think? It's just that these two sentences have made people feel that the sky is vast, the world is sinister, and it is infinitely sad and rises out of thin air. The second sentence didn't tell his feelings, but asked the people far away: "What are you thinking, old friend? ? "seemingly casual greetings, but when many words don't know where to start, use this casual language to express the most concerned mood. This is a high-level summary of returning to simplicity, with simple words, deep feelings and distant images. On Du Fu, it is not enough to worry about his own downfall, but his talent is like a distant person, suffering from this danger, knowing that his intentions are far more difficult than his own, which means "sharing the same life with your monarch is more bitter." This endless speculation is even more obvious that the poet yearns for Yin. Considering others, it is also "pregnant". When a close friend was forgiven, he was eager to get his news, so he asked, "The geese never answered me"; Xiaoxiang Dongting, the wind and rain are dangerous, for fear that "the rivers and lakes will be flooded by rain." Li Ciming said: "Chutian is a place of hate, and autumn water is a thing that cherishes people." Long and far away, I hope the news is not available; In the vast rivers and lakes, I only sent a message to pray for Jane. However, before the arrival of Hongyan, the rivers and lakes were sinister, and I felt a sense of sadness, which attacked people's hearts.
Deep nostalgia for friends leads to sympathy for their life experiences. "A poet should beware of prosperity" means that those who are outstanding in literary talent are always doomed, and their words are extremely sad and angry, with the pain of "looking at the future with sadness and spilling tears all over the floor": "However, demons can haunt wanderers", which means that Li Bai has been wandering for a long time and has been framed. These two sentences are full of emotion, philosophical contrast, meaningful and touching artistic power, and are famous sentences that have been told through the ages. Gao Mai quoted Shao, saying, "One hates and the other delights, so the literati have nowhere to live." These two poems tell the same fate of wise people since ancient times, and they are highly summaries of countless historical facts.
At this time, Li Bai lived in Jiangxiang, and Du Fu naturally thought of Qu Yuan, a patriotic poet who was exiled and drowned in Miluo. Li Bai's experience is similar to that of this thousand-year-old ghost, so the poet galloped to imagine that Li Bai would pour out his inner resentment to Qu Yuan's ghost: "I want to talk about ghosts, throw poems to him, and he will throw himself into the river there." For more appreciation of Tang poetry, please pay attention to the 300 columns of Tang poetry in Station.
Although this couplet is a fictional word, because the poet worships Qu Yuan very much, he feels that he drowned and died. Li Bai was anxious to quell the Anshi rebellion and clear the Central Plains. As a result, he was convicted far away. Although he was forgiven, his heart was full of resentment and resentment, and he would naturally thank his predecessors for the autumn wind. In this way, the phrase "desire for ghosts" vividly and truly shows Li Bai's inner activities. The last sentence "Throw the poem to him, where he drowned himself in the Milo River", plus the word "gift", is to imagine that Qu Yuan will last forever. He and Li Bai, who have been enemies for thousands of years, must give each other poems to express their feelings. The beauty of the word "gift" is just like what Huang Sheng said: "Giving without hanging brings the ghost back to life." (Reading Du Fu's poems)
This lyric poem, which misses friends because of the autumn wind, has strong feelings, but the way of expression is not hasty. The tide of feelings turns around and haunts my heart. Reciting the whole poem, like reading a letter from a friend, is full of ardent thoughts, subtle concerns and feelings from the deep heart. This is a masterpiece of ancient lyric poetry.
The Story of Du Fu and Li Bai
In the third year of Tianbao in Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (summer of 744), Li Bai arrived in Luoyang, the eastern capital. Here, he met Du Fu, who had a hard time. The two great poets hit it off at first sight, got drunk together and traveled hand in hand. At this time, Li Bai was famous all over the country, while Du Fu was in his prime, but he stayed in Los Angeles. The meeting of these two great poets is the most exciting moment in the history of China literature. Perhaps only the meeting of Laozi and Confucius can be compared. The encounter between Lao Kong and Du Li is just an unlicensed legend in history, but it is written in history: "Fu Shao is as famous as Li Bai, and his time number is Du Li. I have tasted it from Baekje Gaoshi to Luzhou. The wine is on the stage, generous and nostalgic, which makes people unpredictable. " Li Bai is eleven years older than Du Fu, but he is not arrogant in front of Du Fu with his talent. Du Fu, an "old friend", did not bow to Li Bai's praise. The two men established a profound friendship on an equal footing. When they were in Luoyang, they made an appointment to meet again in Liang and Song Dynasties (now in Shangqiu, Kaifeng) to seek immortality.
This autumn, the two arrived in Liang Song as scheduled. Here, two people express their feelings through the past and discuss the present. They also met the poet Gao Shi here, who has not yet taken office. However, each of them has the same ambition and ideal. The three of them had a good time swimming, commenting on literary criticism and poetry, and talking about the general trend of the world. They were all worried about the hidden dangers of the country. At this time, Du Li was in the prime of life, and this creative exchange of ideas between them had a positive impact on their future and forged a profound friendship!
In the autumn and winter of this year, Du Li broke up again and went to find a Taoist teacher to make a real coffin (Taoist secret) and taught Taoist priests to make coffins. Li Bai arrived (now Jinan, Shandong Province) and was taught by Taoist Gao of the Qing Dynasty in the palace. Since then, he has officially performed Taoist rituals and become a Taoist priest. Later, Li Bai went to Anling County, Dezhou, and met Gailiao, who was good at writing symbols and seals in this area, and made a true atlas for him. Li Bai got a satisfactory result in this immortal visit.
In the autumn of the fourth year of Tianbao (AD 745), Li Bai and Du Fu met for the third time at the east foot. In just over a year, they met two or three times and their friendship deepened. Together, they visited the hermit master and Li Yong, a world-famous essayist and calligrapher at that time. Just this winter, the two broke up and Li Bai was ready to revisit Jiangdong. This is also the last time they met. For more appreciation of Tang poetry, please pay attention to the 300 columns of Tang poetry in Station.
In the face of parting, Li Bai's obsession is just wine and wine, cup after cup, let's talk about it after drinking this cup, and there is no other meaning. After Li Bai left, Du Fu was completely forgotten, and Du Fu was never mentioned in his later poems.
On the contrary, Du Fu's memory of this friendship, which lasted only over a year, is eternal. Leisure often reminds me of the days when I got along with Li Bai. At this time, they have been separated for more than ten years. Thinking of that unforgettable good time, Du Fu was always filled with emotion and missed it. In the crisp autumn season, the scenery is bleak and gloomy, which reminds Du Fu of Li Bai. At this time, Li Bai lived in Jiangxiang, and Du Fu naturally thought of Qu Yuan, a patriotic poet who was exiled and drowned in Miluo. Li Bai's experience is somewhat similar to that of this thousand-year-old ghost.
At that time, Li Bai was found guilty and exiled Yelang. In Wushan, he was pardoned and released. Du Fu only knew that he was exiled, but he didn't know that he was pardoned. He wanted to dream, so he had three famous poems of 300 Tang poems: Two Dreams of Li Bai and To Li Bai at the End of the Day, and put himself in Li Bai's shoes everywhere. Such intimate works are rare in the history of poetry. These poems recall the friendship with Li Bai, which transcends life and death.
reading comprehension
1, the interpretation of the poem is incorrect ().
First, the first sentence is that the autumn wind has blown in the frontier fortress, gentleman, referring to Li Bai.
B, the "Hongyan" in the couplet refers to the messenger. In ancient times, there was a saying that Hongyan handed down books.
C, the "charm" in the neck couplet refers to evil villains, and "gratifying" refers to people who like to make mistakes.
D, the last sentence imagine that Li Bai and Qu Yuan are talking and writing poems.
Answer: c (this sentence means: mountain monsters and others pass by to swallow. The role of annotations can not be ignored)
2. The appreciation of this poem is incorrect ()
A, the first couplet rises with the autumn wind, which makes the whole poem shrouded in a layer of sadness.
B, Zhuan Xu euphemistically expressed the hope that Li Bai would return from exile at an early date and not linger in the mountains and rivers.
C, "hate" and "joy" are full of emotion and philosophy in the discussion, which is meaningful.
D, poetry is excited by the autumn wind and misses friends. Feelings are strong, but the expression is by no means rapid, but deep and indirect, full of appeal.
Answer: B (I'm looking forward to hearing from my friends, but I'm worried that it's too far from Wan Li for the geese to fly).
Brief introduction of the author
Du Fu (7 12-770), with beautiful words, was named Ye Lao of Shaoling, alias: Ye Lao of Ling Du, Buyi nationality of Ling Du, Han nationality, originally from Xiangyang, Xiangzhou (now Xiangyang, Hubei), and generally thought to have been born in Gongxian (now Gongyi, Henan). A great realistic poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Representative works include Three Officials (Xin 'an Official, Shi Haoguan, Tongguan Official) and Three Farewells (Newly Married, Resigned, Homeless). Du Zhisun, a poet in the early Tang Dynasty. Tang Suzong, Official Left Addendum. After he entered Shu, he was recommended by his friends as a staff officer of Ren Jiannan Drug Rehabilitation Center, and Yuan Wailang was appointed as the school's engineering department. Therefore, later generations also called him Du Shiyi and Du Gongbu. He is concerned about the country and the people and has a noble personality. He wrote more than 1500 poems in his life, and his poetic skills were exquisite, so he was called "poet saint" by later gods.
Du Fu was a great realistic poet and world cultural celebrity in Tang Dynasty. Experienced the process from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty. Du Fu and Li Bai are called "Du Li". In order to distinguish them from the other two poets, Li Shangyin and Du Mu, namely "Little Du Li", Du Fu and Li Bai are also called "Big Du Li", and Du Fu is often called "Old Du". Du Fu and Du Mu are distant relatives, both descendants of Du Yu, the general who destroyed Sun Wu in Jin Dynasty (Du Fu was Du Yu's twentieth grandson). Du Fu's middle-aged poems are called "the history of poetry" because of his gloomy poetic style and feelings of worrying about the country and the people. Although Du Fu was not known to the world at that time, his works had a far-reaching impact on China literature and Japanese literature through the research of later generations. About 65,438+0,500 of his poems have been preserved, and his collection is Du Gongbu. His influence on China's classical poetry is far-reaching, and he is called "the sage of poetry" by later generations, and his poems are called "epics". For more appreciation of Tang poetry, please pay attention to the 300 columns of Tang poetry in Station.
Du Fu's poems are good at classical style and rhythmic poetry, and have various styles. He accurately summed up his work style with the words "depressed and frustrated", mainly focusing on depression. Du Fu lived in the historical period from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty, and his poems mostly involved social unrest, political darkness and people's sufferings. His poems reflect the social contradictions and people's sufferings at that time, so they are called "the history of poetry". Du Fu is concerned about the country and the people, with noble personality and exquisite poetic skills. Du Fu wrote more than 1500 poems in his life, many of which are famous works that have been handed down from generation to generation, such as Three Officials, Three Farewells and Du Gongbu Collection. Among them, the "three officials" are Shi Haoguan, Xin 'an official and Tongguan official, and the "three farewell" are newly married, homeless and resigned. Du Fu's poems were the most widely circulated in the Tang Dynasty, and he was one of the most outstanding poets in the Tang Dynasty, which had a far-reaching influence on later generations.
Jin Shengtan, a literary critic in the early Qing Dynasty, called Du Fu's poems, Qu Yuan's Lisao, Zhuang Zhou's Zhuangzi, Sima Qian's Historical Records, Shi Naian's Water Margin and Wang Shifu's The West Chamber "the Book of Six Talents". In contemporary times, Du Fu's loyalty to the country and concern for the people are reinterpreted as nationalism and socialism, and he himself is appreciated by modern researchers for using the "people's language".
Du Fu is famous not only in China, but also overseas. 148 1 year, South Korea translated Du Fu's poems into Korean, which is called Interpretation of Du Fu's Poems and Proverbs. His influence on Japanese literature was relatively late. Until17th century, his reputation in Japan was the same as that in China. Du Fu's influence on Matsuo Bashō is particularly profound. Du Fu is also the favorite writer of American writer Kenneth Rexroth.
Chinese-English translation
To Li Bai at the end of the sky
Du Fu
A cold wind is blowing from the distant sky. What are you thinking, old friend? .
The geese never answered me, and the rivers, lakes and seas were flooded by rain.
A poet should be careful to prosper, but the devil can trouble a vagrant.
It should be * * * murder. Throw him the poem, where he drowned himself in the Milo River.
Send it to Li Baiwang looking at the sky
Du Fu
A cold wind blew from the distant sky. ....
What are you thinking, old friend?
Goose never answers me.
Rivers and lakes are flooded by rain.
... a poet should beware of prosperity,
However, the devil will haunt the wanderer.
Ask an unhappy ghost and throw him a poem.
He drowned in the Milo River.