"Xiaoya Crane Ming" is a piece in the ancient Chinese realist poetry collection "The Book of Songs". Scholars throughout the ages have different views on its theme. Some people believe that this poem is a satire that the supreme ruler of the Zhou Dynasty should recruit talented people who live in seclusion in the mountains. There are two chapters in the poem, each with nine sentences. It roughly describes how the poet heard the roar of cranes in the vast wilderness, which shook the surrounding fields and reached into the sky, saw the swimming fish diving into the abyss and jumping onto the beach, and saw the sandalwood trees in the garden. A mountain peak, so he thought that the stones on the mountain could be used as tools for sharpening jade. The whole poem is coherent, has a complete structure, uses metaphors throughout, and is full of artistic appeal.
The crane cries in Jiugao⑴ and can be heard in the wild. The fish lurks in the abyss (2), or in Zhu (3). In Lebi's garden, there is a sandalwood tree (4) and a viburnum tree (5) beneath it. Stones from other mountains can be wrong⑹.
The crane cries in Jiugao, and the sound is heard in the sky. The fish is in Zhu, or hidden in the abyss. In Lebi's garden, there are sandalwood trees and walnut trees underneath. Stones from other mountains can attack jade⑻.
Jiugao: Jiu, empty finger; Gao, swamp
Zhu: small island in the river
The crane sings in the deep marsh, and its sound spreads in the wilderness .
During the deep dive of the fish, some swim to the shallows.
爰(yuán): So
萚(tuò): Shrubs such as wild jujube
Lezai is a small garden where fragrant sandalwood grows. There are also shrubs.
It: One interpretation is other, and the other interpretation is the name of the mountain
Wrong: The stone for polishing jade
The stone in the mountain is hard and can be used to polish jade. ?
The crane cries in the deep marsh, and the sound resounds through the blue sky.
Fish play in shallow swamps, and some are lurking in the abyss.
Ku: Pu tree, whose bark can be used as raw material for papermaking
In this small garden of Lezai, there are fragrant sandals growing there, and there are Pu trees below.
Taking jade: processing and carving jade
The stone from other mountains is hard and can be used to carve jade. ?
The whole poem is devoted to objects, and there is no sentence about personal affairs. This phenomenon is extremely rare in the "Book of Songs". It is precisely because of this that it leaves great room for future generations of readers.
Chen Zizhan's "Direct Interpretation of the Book of Songs" says:
"Crane Ming" seems to be a small garden poem, which is the origin of the pastoral landscape poetry of later generations.
Based on this interpretation, the theme sentence of the poem is "The Garden of Joy". The things listed in the poem are all the things in the garden and construct the scenery in the garden. The white cranes are chirping by the swamp, and the fish are free in the water. In the woods, there are lush vegetation, including fragrant sandalwood trees, as well as short shrubs and mulberry trees. The rocks on the hills in the garden are hard and can be used for polishing and carving jade. Such a small garden scenery has both ornamental value and practical aesthetics. It is inspired by the Classic of Mountains and Seas, and it is not unreasonable to call it the earliest landscape poetry.
This poem, Fang Yurun, considered it to be a poem of seclusion, and discovered that "there is someone here, who is ready to come out":
It is satirical to the ears of those who want the wise men to hide in the mountains and forests. When a poet lives in ordinary life, there must be a wise man in his mind. He is not willing to recommend it to the court, so the garden where he lives is actually endowed with its scenery. Let the king read it and feel the leaping of birds and fish, the verdant greenness of trees, and the brightness of water and rocks, and he can enjoy himself here. That is to say, the people in the garden make people hear the clear distance, the superb origin, and the pure virtue and friendship. They can also be seen one by one.
This poem urges you to seek help from a wise man hiding in the mountains and forests. The poet is living at home, and there must be a wise man whom he likes, but he is unwilling to recommend it to the court explicitly, so he describes the actual scenes in the garden one by one in order. After reading it, King Zhou felt that the birds and fish in the garden were flying and jumping, the trees were lush, the water and the stones were clear and hard, and every place was pleasant. The reputation of the people in the garden for being noble and indifferent, the nobility and detachment of their conduct, and the purity of their virtuous interactions can all be felt.
Fang believed that the poet used the scenery in the garden to set off the noble sentiments of the owner of the garden. Therefore, the scenery in the garden is no longer a purely objective scenery, but has a certain metaphorical connotation: the crane is the favorite of ancient literati. It has white feathers, beautiful body, and can soar into the sky. It is used to metaphorize outstanding talents and noble aspirations ( People who are purely without utilitarianism; sandalwood is a fragrant wood, and vanilla is often used in Chu Ci to symbolize a beautiful personality; fish swimming in the shallows, waiting for people fishing, is a metaphor for having a worldly heart; fish swimming in the abyss is a metaphor for escaping from the world and living in seclusion. It is said that the wise man wants to make a choice between being an official and seclusion; the solid quality of the mountains and rocks is a metaphor for the strong ambition of the wise man; the existence of shrubs and mulberry trees is a metaphor for the generous and tolerant mind of the wise man.
In the preface to the poem, Mao also believed that this poem was related to talents. It was "teaching King Xuan to seek virtuous people and unofficial officials", and it was a strategy for King Xuan to advise and employ people.
For example, "There is a tree sandalwood, and underneath it is a cassia tree." Mao explained that "there is a tree sandalwood tree with a cassia tree beneath it." , This is like the imperial court that valued the virtuous and subordinated the villain." That is to say, the virtuous were placed in high positions. "Stones from other mountains" is interpreted as rocks from other places, which means that talents from other countries can also be used by me. "Zaizhu" and "zaiyuan" are metaphors for talents who are hidden in times of chaos and who are officials in times of trouble.
There is also a saying that the objects in the garden each represent a type of talent, in order to satirize King Xuan of Zhou Dynasty to select talents in an eclectic way and make the best use of them.
Confucius said: "Things come from poetry."
The Book of Songs can inspire people's minds. Reading more poems will benefit both IQ and emotional intelligence. Today's people sing, "Life is not just about the things in front of you, but also poetry and distant fields." Reading poetry will allow people to go beyond what is in front of them, explore the philosophy and wisdom contained in them through phenomena, and feel the joy of thinking.
⑴ Jiugao: Gao, swamp. Nine: an imaginary number, referring to the number of swamps.
⑵Yuan: deep water, pool.
⑶渚: A small island in the water, here it should refer to a beach.
⑷爰(yuán): So. Sandalwood (tán): There are many types of wood called sandalwood in ancient books, but there is no specific designation. Often refers to Dalbergia and Rosewood of the Leguminosae family. This is used as a metaphor for a wise man.
⑸萚 (tuò): Shrubs such as jujube. It is said that "萚" refers to withered branches and leaves. This is used as a metaphor for villains.
⑹ Two sentences of "other mountains": Using stones from other mountains, utensils can be carved by mistake. Wrong: A sharpening stone can polish jade.
⑺榖(gǔ): The name of the tree, namely the Pu tree, whose bark can be used as raw material for papermaking. This is used as a metaphor for villains.
⑻ Attacking jade: It means polishing jade into tools. Tapping, processing, engraving. Zhu Xi's "Collected Poems": "Two jade can't be made into a tool by grinding it together. Grind it with a stone, and then use the jade as a tool to make it."
The sound of the cranes in the secluded swamp makes the surrounding fields bright and clear. . Fish swim and dive in deep pools, sometimes floating to the edge of Nagisa. It was such a joy to be in that garden, where the sandalwood trees were tall and shaded, and the leaves of the shrubs below were withered. There are fine stones on other mountains that can be used to sharpen jade.
The cranes chirp in the secluded swamp, and their cries are loud enough to reach the sky. The fish swim in the shallow Nagisa beach, and sometimes they dive into the deep pool to play. I was so happy in that garden. The sandalwood trees were tall and dense, and the mulberry trees below were short and thin. There are fine stones on other mountains that can be used to carve jade.
In fact, talking about poetry, you might as well think of it as a lyrical poem on the spot. In the vast wilderness, the poet heard the sound of cranes croaking, shaking the fields and reaching into the sky; then he saw swimming fish diving into the abyss for a while, and jumping onto the beach for a while. Looking further ahead, I saw a garden with tall sandalwood trees. Under the sandalwood trees, there was a layer of dead branches and leaves. Near the garden, there is a mountain with strange rocks and rugged rocks. The poet then thought that the stones on this mountain could be used as tools for sharpening jade. The poem is written from hearing to vision, to what is felt and thought in the heart. A thread of thought runs through the whole poem, and the structure is very complete, thus forming a picture of an ancient poet roaming the wilderness. This picture is full of color, sound, emotion and scenery, so it is also full of poetry, inducing the reader to feel nostalgic for the past.
The Book of Songs, the earliest poetry collection in China, is the beginning of ancient Chinese poetry and the earliest collection of poetry. It collects poetry from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (11th century BC to 6th century BC). ***311 poems, 6 of which are Sheng poems, that is, they only have titles and no content, called the six Sheng poems (Nanmei, Baihua, Huashui, Youkang, Chongwu, and Youyi), reflecting the early Zhou Dynasty The social outlook for about 500 years to the late Zhou Dynasty. [1]
The author of "The Book of Songs" is unknown, and most of it cannot be verified. It is said that it was collected by Yin Jifu and compiled by Confucius. The Book of Songs was called "The Book of Songs" in the pre-Qin period, or the round number was called "The Three Hundred Songs". It was revered as a Confucian classic during the Western Han Dynasty and was first called the Book of Songs, which is still in use today.
"Wind" is a ballad from various places in the Zhou Dynasty;
"Ya" is the formal song of the Zhou people, and is divided into "Xiaoya" and "Daya";
"Song" is a song for worship in the royal court of Zhou and the aristocratic temples, and is divided into "Song of Zhou", "Song of Lu" and "Song of Shang".
He was "innocent" and taught his disciples to read the Book of Songs as the standard for words and deeds.
Among the pre-Qin scholars, many quoted the Book of Songs. For example, Mencius, Xunzi, Mozi, Zhuangzi, Han Feizi, etc. often quoted sentences from the Book of Songs to enhance their persuasion when reasoning and demonstrating. force. By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Book of Songs was regarded as a classic by Confucianists and became one of the Six Classics and the Five Classics.
Mao Shi refers to the ancient Chinese "Poetry" compiled and annotated by Mao Heng of Lu and Mao Chang of Zhao during the Western Han Dynasty, which is now the popular "Book of Songs" in the world.
The Book of Songs is the first collection of poems in the history of Chinese literature, with a total of 305 poems. Each of Mao's poems has a small preface to introduce the content, purpose, etc. of the poem. Under the first chapter of the book, "Guan Ju", in addition to the minor preface, there is also a general preface, called the "Major Preface to Poetry", which is the first monograph on ancient Chinese poetry.
Zheng Xuan, a classics scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty, once wrote "notes" for "The Biography of Mao", and in the Tang Dynasty, Kong Yingda wrote "Mao Shi Zhengyi".