Cai Yan was a poetess during the Han and Wei Dynasties. Wenxi, also known as Evonne, was born in (now Qixian County, Henan Province). The date of birth and death is unknown. Daughter of the famous writer Cai Yong. Since childhood, he has learned a lot, with good writing style and good temperament. When I first married Wei Zhongdao in Hedong, my husband died and went back to my parents' house without children. There was chaos in the world at the end of the Han Dynasty, and Dong Zhuo entered Luoyang. At first, Dong forced him to move westward to Chang 'an, and later he was captured by the Southern Xiongnu Army in the second year of Xingping (195). She spent 12 years in the Huns and gave birth to two sons. In the 12th year of Jian 'an (207), Cao Cao sent messengers to South Xiongnu to redeem Cai Yan. After Cai Yan returned to the Central Plains, she remarried Dong Si, a captain of wasteland. I have recalled and written more than 400 works by my dead father.
Cai Yan's existing works include Poems of Sorrow and Indignation in Five Words, Poems of Sao Style, Eighteen Beats of Hu Jia and so on. Five-character poems of grief and indignation are generally regarded as her representative works. This poem describes the sufferings she experienced. The whole poem is divided into three sections, one is about the rebellion and the process of being plundered at the end of the Han Dynasty, the other is about the painful life and the situation of being saved by the Huns, and the third is about the feelings on the way back to Han Dynasty and after returning home. The narrative and lyricism of the poem are closely combined, and the whole article is filled with deep and strong "grief and indignation" emotions. It is a true portrayal of the social unrest at the end of the Han Dynasty, and it is also a bloody accusation against the atrocities of warlords. The sorrowful and indignant poems written by Sao style are quite inconsistent with Cai Yan's life, and many scholars think they are pseudographs. Eighteen Beats of Hu Jia first appeared in Zhu's Notes on Chu Ci in the Song Dynasty, not in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty. In style, it is far from the works at that time, so some scholars think it is also a false trust of future generations.
Cao Cao
(155 ~ 220) statesman, strategist and poet in the Han and Wei Dynasties. The word Meng De, the small word Zhen. Pei Guoqiao (now Bo County, Anhui Province) was born. Father Cao Song is the adopted son of eunuch Cao Teng. Cao Cao has profound cultivation in literature, calligraphy and music. His literary achievements are mainly manifested in poetry and prose.
There are less than 20 poems by Cao Cao, all of which are Yuefu poems. The content can be roughly divided into three categories. One is related to current affairs, the other is mainly to express ideals, and the other is poetry about immortals. For more than 30 years, Mao Yujun never gave up his books. The book talks about the art of war and thinks about classics at night. Climbing to the top must be given, and the strings of new poems make a movement. ("Shu Wei") Shang Yahao's poetry and calligraphy works, although in the army, are fondle admiringly. Every time I decide to save, I calmly say: people who are less eager to learn will think professionally, and after a long time, they will forget; When I grow up, I can be a diligent scholar, just me and Yuan Boye. ("Dian Lun Zi Xu", the posthumous work of Yuan Boye, the younger brother of Yuan Shaocong. ) Cao Gong's old road is straight, and there is a sad saying. (Zhong Rong's Poems)
His works related to current affairs include Lu Luxing, Good Li Xing, Bitter Cold Travel, Walking Out of Xiamen, etc. Two songs, Autumn Journey and Good, were written in the early years of Jian 'an. The foregoing reflects that He Jinmou murdered eunuchs, and Dong Zhuo went to Luoyang for insurrection. The second article is about the states and counties in Kanto, each with its own ambitions, fighting with each other, and keeping pace with each other in content. Poetry describes this historical process in concise language, so it is known as "a true record of the late Han Dynasty, an authentic work of poetry history" (Zhong Xing's Return of Ancient Poems). What is particularly commendable is that in the poem "A Journey to Luxury", he wrote the profound sufferings of the broad masses of the people in the war in a sympathetic tone: "When lice are born, everyone dies, bones are exposed in the wild, and there are no crows in a thousand miles. There are hundreds of people left behind, which makes people feel sad. " A Journey to Bitter Cold was written in the 11th year of Jian 'an. The poem describes the coldness, desolation and precipitousness of Taihang Mountain in winter, with vivid images, and also writes the poet's inner complex feelings. "Out of Xiamen" was written in the twelfth year of Jian 'an, and the five rings levied three counties. This poem includes "Yan" (prelude) and four explanations. Yan concentrated on the poet's complex mood when he went to war. Explain "Watching the Sea" and write about the impressions when marching through Jieshi; Second, explain "October in Winter" and third "Cold in the River", and write about what you saw on your way home; Fourth, explain "although the tortoise lives long" and write about the ideological activities after winning this important battle. Among them, "Looking at the Sea" describes the seascape, "The autumn wind is bleak, the waves are rough, and the trip between the sun and the moon is unexpected; The stars are brilliant, magnificent and magnificent, which embodies the poet's broad mind of embracing the universe and devouring the sun and the moon. Guibishou expresses the poet's views on life and career with a series of vivid metaphors: "An old man rode on a horse, aiming for a thousand miles, and a martyr died with great courage". This is the true confession of the poet's active and enterprising spirit all his life.
The poems that mainly express ideals are Du Guan Shan, Duijiu, and Short Song. The political ideals of the first two poets. His vision of peace and prosperity is the politics of virtuous monarch and good minister, which combines Confucianism and law with kindness and prestige. This is undoubtedly of progressive significance under the realistic background of social destruction in the late Han Dynasty. The theme of "A Short Song" is to be thirsty for talents. With the poem "The mountain is not too high, the water is not too deep, the Duke of Zhou vomits and feeds, and the world turns to the heart", it expresses the mood of seeking talents and recruiting talents to achieve its great cause.
You Xian's poems include Exhale and Autumn Hu Xing. Cao Cao didn't believe in the alchemist's theory of immortality, so he wrote these poems as something else, so he can't be equated with Qin Huang and Wu Han's quest for immortality.
In artistic style, Cao Cao's poems are unpretentious and unpretentious. They won with deep affection and charm. Poetically, it is characterized by generosity and sadness. Generosity and sadness, originally the keynote of Jian 'an literature, are the most typical and prominent in Cao Cao's poems. In terms of poetic genre, Cao Cao's Yuefu poems did not copy the rules of Han Yuefu, but developed. For example, Lu Luxing and Good Li Xing are both elegies in the Han Yuefu, but he used old topics to express brand-new contents. Cao Cao initiated the tradition of writing current affairs with Yuefu, which had far-reaching influence. A large number of Yuefu poems created by Jian 'an writers and many poets from the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty can be said to be the inheritance and development of this tradition.
Cao Cao's prose is mostly applied words, which can be roughly divided into three categories: table, preface and book. Representative works include Please Add Guo Jia Feudal List, Make the County Self-evident, Letters with Wang, Old Monument of Taiweiqiao, etc. These characters are characterized by simplicity, simplicity, frankness and fluency, and write the unique voice of Cao Cao. For example, "Let the princess know her will" describes her struggle experience for most of her life, analyzes the situation at that time, and analyzes her own thoughts. Besides, the country is not owned by one person, and I don't know how many people are emperors and how many people are kings. "Words very frankly and verve. From the Eastern Han Dynasty, prose appeared the trend of parallel prose, and gradually appeared at the end of Han Dynasty. Ordinary prose writers began to emphasize duality and use allusions. But Cao Cao was unique at that time with his simple, practical and practical style. Lu Xun once praised Cao Cao as "the founder of reforming articles" (Wei and Jin demeanor and the relationship between articles and medicine and wine).
Cao Cao's achievements in literature are also reflected in his constructive role in Jian 'an literature (see Seven Children of Jian 'an). Jian 'an literature can flourish under the background of long-term war and social fragmentation, which is inseparable from his attention and promotion. When discussing the reasons for the prosperity of Jian 'an literature, Liu Xie pointed out that "Wu Weizun loves poetry and elegance" (Wen Xin Diao Long Time Series). In fact, the main writers in Jian 'an period were closely related to him. Cao Pi and Cao Zhi are his sons, and the "seven sons" and Cai Yan are also sheltered by him. It can be said that "Ye Group" was formed on the basis of the material conditions he provided; And their creation is also under the influence of his advocacy.
According to the textual research of Yao Zhenzong's Records of the Three Kingdoms of Qing Dynasty, Cao Cao's works include 30 volumes of Wei Wudi Collection, Sun Tzu's Art of War 1 Volume, 13 Volume and so on. There are more than ten kinds of works, but most of them have been lost, and the only one that exists is Sun Tzu's Note. 145 poems collected by Zhang Yan in Ming Dynasty were included in Wei Wudi Collection and 103 in Records of Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. Ding's Collection of Celebrities in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties also includes Wei Wudi's Collection, which has slightly more works than Zhang Pu's Collection. 1959, according to Ding Ben, Zhonghua Book Company added Annotation to Sun Tzu, and attached the Ji of Emperor Wu and Chronology of Cao Cao. , and reprinted as "Cao Cao Ji". Notes on Cao Cao's Works mainly include Huang Jie's Notes on Poetry of Wei Wendi and Wei Wudi, Peking University Publishing Group 1925 edition and People's Literature Publishing House 1958 edition, which was revised and rearranged and renamed as Notes on Poetry of Wei Wudi Wei Wendi.
Cao pi
(187 ~ 226) Wei writer. That is, Wei Wendi. Huan Zi was born to Cao Cao's wife Bian Shi. A rare scholar, he read ancient and modern classics, and a hundred schools of thought contend. He is only 8 years old and is good at writing, riding and shooting, and fencing. In the sixteenth year of Jian 'an (2 1 1), he was the governor and deputy prime minister of the five senses, and in the twenty-second year he was named Prince Wei. In the first month of twenty-five years, Cao Cao died, and Cao Pisi was the prime minister, Wang Wei. In the same year 10, Han became independent by "abdicating" and returned. After that, he went to Sun Wu twice in the year of Huang San (222) and six years, but never crossed the river. In May of seven years, he died in Luoyang.
Cao Pi's youth was spent in a group of people under Ye. The leader of this group is Cao Cao, and Cao Pi (and Cao Zhi) is the core figure of this group. His literary achievements are most prominent in poetry and literary criticism.
Cao Pi's existing poems, about 40 of which are relatively complete, can be divided into two categories. One is a portrayal of my life, and the other is a marriage proposal. The former's works, such as lotus pond works, Yu Xuanwu's stele works, Xia poems, etc. , describing the life of staying in Yecheng to make poetry and wine, traveling and enjoying. Another example is Li and Ma Zuo, which respectively express the feelings of Jian 'an 16' s westward expedition to Guanzhong and 6' s eastward expedition to Sun Wu. The poem not only describes the hardships of marching, but also shows off a lot of martial arts. The latter's works, such as two poems by Xing, two poems by Qinghe to bid farewell to sailors, and miscellaneous poems, all express their inner pain in the tone of seeking a husband or missing a woman. Although these works speak for the people in a condescending manner, they are still desirable from the perspective of mourning the suffering of the people in the chaos. The starting point for Cao Pi to write such poems is exactly what he said in "Lingshi": "The chaos has passed the discipline, and the bones are in Wan Li and lost to the people. I will sort it out in due course."
Cao Pi's poems are characterized by delicate writing. Especially those works with the theme of thinking about women, abandoned wives and widows are generally sad and touching, and have a good portrayal of their psychological activities. Secondly, the language is not complicated and fluent, and the folk songs are quite strong and fresh, which is what Liu Xie called "beauty". His articles, such as Fishing Rod Journey, Lingaotai, Yan Ge Parade and Shangliutian, are very close to the style of Han Yuefu folk songs. Miscellaneous Poems and He Qing Zuo are quite similar to classical poems, which shows that he has made great efforts in learning Yuefu folk songs. The genre of Cao Pi's poems is mostly five words, but there are also four words, seven words and miscellaneous words. His short songs and other four-character poems are not well written. Seven-character Poetry, represented by Xing, is a complete and mature seven-character poem that appeared earlier in the history of China's poetry.
There are nearly 30 essays on Cao Pi's Fu, all of which are short essays. He was one of the main forces in the climax of poetry creation in Jian 'an period. However, he did not write Ode to the Building, which reflected the profound works in troubled times, nor did he create lyrical and artistic works like Cao Zhi's Ode to Luoshen, so his overall achievements were not outstanding enough. Only Fu for Women and Fu for Widows are somewhat close to his poetic style of the same theme, which is sad and touching.
Cao Pi's prose achievements are quite remarkable. For example, two books with Wu Zhi, describing friendship and mourning for dead friends, are simple and sincere in language, which makes people feel cordial to read. His Dian Lun is an important prose work. This is a political and cultural paper. The original work includes many articles, but only two are relatively complete, including self-reports and papers. The article "readme" describes the author's life experience, how to learn martial arts, and the comparison with Deng Zhan. , quite concrete and vivid, depicting the characters' language, expressions and movements. The article "paper" interprets the characters and comments on the article, which is concise and accurate. In a few words, you can grasp the key points and analyze them more thoroughly.
"Essays on Canon" opened the atmosphere of comprehensive comments on writers' works. This paper discusses the attitude of literary criticism, criticizes the ethos that scholars despise each other, and thinks that we should "treat others with their own way" and overcome the bad habit of "each has his own strengths and belittles himself". This paper makes a brief analysis and comment on the "seven sons of Jian 'an" one by one, which not only affirms their advantages, but also points out their shortcomings. The author puts forward the proposition that "literature is based on qi", that is, literary creation should reflect the temperament of each author, and should not be stereotyped. With different temperament, the "artistic sense" of the works is naturally different. When explaining the social function of literature, he said: "The great cause of the country is an immortal event". This view of attaching importance to literature is contrary to the traditional concept that literary creation is "a boy carving insects and seals" and "forcing a husband not to do it" Cao Pi's views had a great influence on some literary critics in later generations, such as Li Zhi, Lu Ji, Liu Xie and Shen Yue.
Cao Pi once ordered the compilation of Huanglan Jing, the earliest Huanglan Jing in China. It classifies and rearranges the first generation of ancient classics. This book is large in scale, with more than 1000 articles. This is another contribution of Cao Pi to the cultural cause. But he's dead.
Cao Pi's works include 23 volumes of Sui Shu Jingji Zhi, 5 volumes of Dian Lun and 3 volumes of Biography. Everything is lost. In the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Qian compiled the Collection of Wei Wendi, which was included in the Records of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties 130. Notes on Cao Pi's works include Huang Jie's Notes on Poems of Wei Wendi and Wei Wudi, Peking University Publishing Group 1925 edition, and People's Literature Publishing House 1958 edition, which were revised and rearranged and renamed as Notes on Poems of Wei Wudi Wei Wendi.
Cao zhi
(192 ~ 232) Wei poets in the Three Kingdoms period. He Zijian is the third son of Cao Cao's wife Bian Shi.
Life Cao Zhi was brilliant since childhood, 10 years old. He read hundreds of thousands of words of poems, articles and words, and wrote a chapter, which won the favor of Cao Cao. Cao Cao once thought that Cao Zhi was the "most important" among the philosophers, and wanted to make him a prince several times. However, Cao Zhi's laissez-faire behavior and repeated violations of law and discipline aroused Cao Cao's anger, while his younger brother, Cao Pi, was rather pretentious and finally gained the upper hand in the struggle to establish a reserve army, and was made a prince in the twenty-second year of Jian 'an (2 17).
In the twenty-fifth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao died of illness, and Cao Pi succeeded to Wei and soon proclaimed himself emperor. Cao Zhi's life has changed fundamentally since then. He has changed from a noble son who lives a leisurely life to the object of being restricted and attacked everywhere. In the first two years of Cao Pi's ascent to the pole, the blow to him was particularly fierce. Cao Pi, through the "ambassador to the country" and some local officials, made excuses twice and gave him the punishment of disdaining cutting the city. Huang Chu lived in the shadow of persecution all his life. In the seventh year of Huang Chu (226), Cao Pi died and Cao succeeded to the throne, namely. Cao still kept strict precautions and restrictions on him, and this situation has not fundamentally improved. Cao Zhi has written many times to ask for appointment, hoping to serve the country, and stated to Cao□ the harm of excessive use of ministers with different surnames, but Cao□ only "responded with literary talent" and had no intention of adopting it. During the period of Emperor Wenming 12, Cao Zhi moved the fief many times, and the last fief was in Chen County, so he died and thought about it, so he was called "Chen Wang" or "Wang" in later generations.
Cao Zhi's life, bounded by Cao Pi's accession to the throne, has obviously formed two periods. But whether in the early or late stage, his strongest desire is to make a difference in politics. He has repeatedly said that he wants to "serve the country faithfully, benefit the people, make contributions and make a lasting legacy" (written with Yang Dezu) and "carve the tripod with one's hand and hang his name on bamboo and silk" (asking for a self-test form). He is ambitious and thinks highly of himself, and he has many pertinent opinions on the analysis of the situation of the Three Kingdoms and the internal situation of Cao Wei at that time. Cao Zhi's thought is quite complicated. From time to time, he advocated "harmony is the most important" and "changing the custom of etiquette and music", and praised Confucian sages such as Tang, Wen, Wu, Confucius and so on. Sometimes they preach "keeping chastity for a long time can guarantee vegetarianism" and "waiting for water to do nothing with nature", which means "carrying forward the legacy of Laozi and Zhuangzi". Sometimes, in an article, Confucianism and Taoism are often mixed, such as "The Four Wonders". He was in contact with the doctrines of Yin and Yang and Legalists, as well as divination and Buddhist scriptures. This kind of inclusive thought is directly related to the social thought that broke through the shackles of Confucian classics superstition since the end of Han Dynasty. At that time, Cao Cao and a group of people in the ideological and cultural circles all had the characteristics of relatively open and active thoughts, and Cao Zhi was the most complicated one. His thought has both rich and colorful advantages and chaotic disadvantages.
Cao Zhi devoted himself to writing all his life. He once said "I am good at writing" and "I have written many books" (preface). After his death, Cao also called him "since childhood, books are inseparable". It is difficult to tell the truth, but it is impossible (Wei Zhi Chen Sichuan). His poems, all kinds of poems and essays, both in quantity and quality, were the best at that time.
Poetry creation is the main field of Cao Zhi's literary activities. The content of the early stage and the later stage is very different. Early poems can be divided into two categories, one is to express his carefree life, and the other is to reflect his feelings of the times when he was born in troubled times and grew up in the army. The former works, such as Cockfighting, Public Banquet, Sitting with the King, etc. Describe the enjoyment of the amusement feast, the content is rather empty and vague. Another kind of works include A Trip to Mount Tai and Stone. Fu Liangxing on Mount Tai describes the hard life of people in coastal areas. "For people in coastal areas, this is a drama, leaving them in the wild. A wife, like an animal, is blocked by a forest. Chai Men is depressed, and the fox and rabbit want me. " From these simple and true descriptions, we can appreciate the poet's sympathy for the lower classes. "Farewell to the British Family", written in the 16th year of Jian 'an, was written to bid farewell to a friend, Ying□. In addition to describing friendship, the poem focuses on the desolate scene of Luoyang, the imperial capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the poet's inner excitement, which reflects the great damage caused by the melee between warlords at the end of the Han Dynasty and has strong practical significance. The poem "Never before, never after" is consistent with the description of Cao Cao's "White bones exposed in the wild, there are no crows in a thousand miles" (A trip to a vast distance) and RoyceWong's "When you go out, you can't see them, but the white bones cover the plain" (one of the seven sorrows).
In addition, Du Ming also wrote about the "wonderful riding and shooting, the joy of swimming" of Luo Jing teenagers. The predecessors thought it was ironic, but from the content, it was a self-portrait of the author's life. His "White Horse Piece" describes the heroic spirit of "Rangers Fighting Righteousness" and his ambition to make contributions to the country, in order to "give up who I am and settle down." Parents don't care, how can we talk about children and wives? Celebrities are strong and are not allowed to be selfish, which shows their ambition to make contributions. The poetic style is vigorous and powerful, and it has always been a famous article.