Roman history is generally divided into three periods.
The period of 1 was the period of Wang Zheng (753 BC ~ 5 BC10). During this period, Latin villages formed alliances and merged with other regions to establish Roman city-states. At that time, Rome was still in the transitional stage from clan to class society, and slaves began to appear. Residents are divided into two categories: nobles and civilians.
The second period was the period of * * * and (5 10~ 27 BC), when the monarchy was overthrown and the slave aristocracy and the country were formally established. In the early Republic of China (5 10 ~ 264 BC), classical slavery was initially formed. In order to oppose debt slavery and fight for political rights, civilians began to wage fierce struggles with nobles. During this period, Rome conquered Italy. * * * In the middle of the Republic of China (264- 133 BC), the society was further divided, and rich nobles and wealthy civilians engaged in commerce and finance (called "knights") took control of the political power, forming an oligarchy and new noble's national system. For the benefit of these two classes, Rome began to expand to the Mediterranean region. After three Punic wars and three Macedonian wars, Rome conquered the western Mediterranean and most parts of the Balkans and became a huge power. * * * At the end of the Republic of China (BC 133~ 27), due to the war, the number of slaves increased sharply, and the Datianzhuang system appeared. The intensification of exploitation of slaves led to large-scale slave uprisings, such as those in uprising of sicilian slaves and Spartak. The big farm system bankrupted the small-scale peasant economy, and farmers flowed into cities, resulting in unemployment. In the struggle against aristocrats, the urban and rural lower classes United to become Democrats. In order to fight for political rights, the knight class used landless peasants and urban poor to oppose elders and nobles. Under the complicated domestic class contradictions, the growth of military power and the expansion of territory, the harmonious city-state system could not be maintained and gave way to dictatorship and imperial system.
The third period is the imperial period (27 BC-476 AD), which can be divided into two stages. The early period of Octavian's reign to A.D. 193 was the period of imperial prosperity, also known as "Roman peace". During this period, the production was developed and the imperial territory expanded to the greatest extent. The emperor maintained his rule by strengthening military dictatorship and bureaucracy. He waged a fierce struggle with the nobles of the Senate who opposed the monarchy and insisted on * * * *, and the liberal democratic movement revived. The emperor often suppressed the opposition by cruel and horrible means. The provinces of Rome were squeezed by the bureaucratic system economically and adopted the policy of divide and rule politically to suppress the people's resistance. However, with the rapid economic development of the provinces, the Roman continent gradually lost its leading role in the empire. The source of slaves decreased, and slave farming system was adopted more and more. In the later period of the empire, the economy declined, slaves, immigrant farmers and poor peasants revolted, people's movements in other provinces continued to develop, barbarians invaded repeatedly, and the decadent slave empire finally collapsed under the impact of these forces.
The language of Roman literature is Latin. Including Truglia, Greek, Gaul and other language factors. Literary language is very different from spoken language used in daily life. Literary language is characterized by conciseness and strength, and its grammatical structure is rigorous. Latin originally had light and heavy sounds, and under the influence of Greek poetry, Roman poetry also adopted a "volume system" dominated by long and short sounds. With the expansion of the empire, in the 4th century, Latin replaced the local dialects of western provinces, and eventually developed into "Roman" languages such as French, Spanish and Portuguese. Greek is still the main language in the eastern provinces.
Roman mythology can be said to be nonexistent. The earliest Italian gods were inseparable from religious superstitions. The ancient Romans believed that every place or place had its gods, such as family gods, kitchen gods, hoarders and door gods. The Romans were engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry, so they thought that fields, mountains, springs and rivers were inhabited by gods, such as Funus, the god of crops and flocks, and Di Anna, the god of forests. In order to seek peace and protection, people must make sacrifices to these gods.
After contact with Greek culture, many primitive Roman gods merged with Greek gods, which have the characteristics of Greek gods, that is, personification, and have some attributes of Greek gods. Jupiter, the god of the sky believed by the Romans, is equal to Zeus in Greece, his wife Yuno is equal to Hera, Neptune is equal to Poseidon, Des is equal to Pluto (also known as Hades), Venus, the goddess of spring worshipped by the Romans, Bacchus is equal to Dionysus, Vulcan is equal to hephaestus, Di Anna, the god of the forest, and Hermes, the messenger of God.
These Greek and Roman gods were handed down to future generations, and some of them were handed down under Greek names. This is because the Romans did not have similar gods, and accepted the Greek traditions intact, such as Apollo and Muse. I'm afraid some of them are accidental, such as Prouteau, Greek ghosts and gods, spreading and not spreading. Some of them have been handed down in Roman names, or are unique to Rome, such as the cellar of the god Penatos, or are widely used by poets and artists in past dynasties, such as Mars (Ares in Greece) and Cupid in little love god (Elos in Greece).
The earliest literary works in Rome include poems sung in labor and religious ceremonies, as well as original comedy dialogues, but they are rarely preserved. The earliest literary works handed down are plays. In the middle of the Republic of China, Rome expanded outward and carried out large-scale war plunder. Slave owners accumulated a lot of wealth, and their lives became increasingly luxurious. Nobles, knights and their large number of diners need entertainment. In this way, under the influence of early festival songs and dances, folk dramas and Greek drama traditions, Roman drama gained a certain prosperity. Due to the powerful power of Roman elders and nobles and the suppression of democracy, Roman dramas rarely directly involved major political issues at that time.
There are two main types of early Roman drama: tragedy and comedy, some of which imitate Greece, and some are based on Roman history and real life. Tragedy has been lost, and comedies handed down mainly include the works of Plautus and Terrence. They had a great influence on the European Renaissance and later dramas.