The Sui Dynasty was the second dynasty in the history of our country with a short time span, concentrated innovation in politics, economy, culture and other aspects, and a historical turning point. Although the state of Sui Dynasty was shorter. However, new achievements have been made in culture. So which dynasty did the Sui Dynasty inherit culturally? How did the culture of the Sui Dynasty evolve? What are the characteristics of the culture of the Sui Dynasty? The cultural characteristics of the Sui Dynasty can be summarized as follows: innovation and integration. In terms of literature and art, the music and paintings after the Sui Dynasty added elements of the Hu people, and the musical instruments added the huqin, huzheng, erhu and other instruments that were not unique to the original Han people. This historical progress did not stop until the Tang Dynasty decades later. . The flowers, birds, fish, insects, and figures in the paintings have gradually become more rough, bold, elegant, and bohemian. I think this kind of painting characteristics may have affected the later "Wu Dai Dang style" to some extent. Next, I will first introduce the calligraphy and painting of the Sui Dynasty. Sui Dynasty calligraphy - "Zhencao Qianzi Wen" calligraphy The Sui Dynasty inherited the residual style of the Wei and Jin Dynasties and the style of the Six Dynasties, and did a lot of processing to become the regular script of the Sui Dynasty. As for the seal script and official script, they have long since disappeared and no longer exist. During this period, only regular script was popular in the world. It can be said that by the Sui Dynasty, regular script was regarded as an extremely standardized standard calligraphy style and became a standard for regular script in the Chinese calligraphy circle. It pioneered the official script of the Tang Dynasty, had the deepest influence on the regular script writing school in the Tang Dynasty, and made the greatest contribution. Therefore, the regular script of the Sui Dynasty is a very critical calligraphy style in the history of Chinese calligraphy. In terms of inscriptions and calligraphy, there is a trend of integrating north and south. Melt north and south into one furnace. At this time, the erection of monuments became popular in various places. To this day, there are still a large number of famous monuments that attract people's admiration. Their calligraphy skills are so superb that even some famous calligraphers in the Tang Dynasty cannot surpass them. Famous inscriptions from this period include Chiyong's "Thousand-Character Essay on Zhencao" carved on stone, "Longzang Temple Stele", "He Ruoyi Stele", "Cao Zi Jian Temple Stele", "Beautiful Lady Dong's Epitaph", "Yuan Gong's Lady Ji's Epitaph" , "K Xiaoci's Epitaph", etc. Painting Painting Among the famous painters of the Sui Dynasty, the most famous are Zhan Ziqian, Dong Boren, Zheng Fashi, Tian Sengliang, Yang Qidan, Sun Shangzi, Yuchi Bazina and others. At that time, painting was still centered on Taoist interpretations of character stories, but landscape painting had gradually developed into an independent painting discipline. Zhan Ziqian is as famous as Dong Boren, forming a new style. In addition to painting temple murals, they also painted scroll paintings, specializing in figures, carriages and horses, pavilions and landscape scenes. "Spring Outing", Yu Qian's only posthumous work currently on display, uses the outline brushing method and uses large green colors. It pays attention to the relationship between distance and distance and the proportions of mountains, trees and figures, so that it can be seen within a short distance and have the interest of thousands of miles away. The "Painting Book" of the Yuan Dynasty pointed out that "Spring Outing" was the ancestor of landscape painting. Yuchi Bazina, a painter from Khotan (Hotian, Xinjiang), was known as "The Great Yuchi" at the time. He was good at painting figures from the Western Regions. There were shadows on the painting, which is the so-called "concave-convex method". It had a great influence on later paintings. Confucian classics and phonology During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, there were differences between the Confucian classics in the north and the south. According to "The Book of the Sui Dynasty? The Scholars' Biography": "The southerners keep their simplicity and gain their splendor; the northerners learn deeply and barrenly, and lack their branches and leaves." The Sui Dynasty inherited the academic style of the Northern Dynasty. Well-known scholars include Niu Hong in the early Sui Dynasty, and later Niu Hong in the Sui Dynasty. There are Liu Zhuo, Liu Xuan and Wang Tong. In the early years of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, Yan Zhitui, Xiao Gai, Changsun Nayan and other eight people discussed phonology with Lu Fayan. They agreed that the tones in the four directions were very different, and the rhyme used in the north and the south was different. In the past, the rhyme books of various schools lacked standards for determining rhyme. There were mistakes, so we discussed the similarities and differences between ancient and modern times, and the rights and wrongs of the north and the south. Most of the decisions were made by Yan Zhitui and Xiao Gai. Lu Fayan recorded the gist of everyone's discussions. After many years of deliberation, he wrote the five volumes of "Qie Yun" in 601 (the first year of Renshou). This book unified written sound and laid the foundation for phonology. Territory Map of the Sui Dynasty Astronomical Calendar With the evolution of the dynasty, the astronomical calendar has also been continuously improved, requiring more precise calculation methods. In 604 (the fourth year of Renshou), the Confucian scholar Liu Zhuo first proposed this when formulating the "Huangji Calendar" The formula for "equally spaced quadratic interpolation". In 600, Liu Zhuo measured the precession of one degree in 76 years, which is close to the accurate value. Later, Li Chunfeng of the Tang Dynasty made the "Linder Li" based on the "Huangji Li", which was used in the early Tang Dynasty. The adoption of the Shuo method was a major reform in the history of Chinese astronomy. Another astronomer, Geng Xun, made a water-powered armillary sphere. It was installed in a dark room and operated by water power. It matched the outdoor celestial phenomena and the design was very exquisite. Dan Yuanzi of the Sui Dynasty compiled the steps of the stars in the sky into a seven-character long song called "Song of Steps" based on the constellations determined by Chen Zhuo of Jin Dynasty. It has seven volumes and simple sentences. It is easy to recite and plays a certain role in the promotion and popularization of astronomical knowledge. Medicine In the Sui Dynasty, there was an Imperial Medical Office. Medicine was quite developed at that time, and medical scientists included Xu Zhizang, Xu Cheng, Zhen Quan, Chao Yuanfang and others, among whom Chao Yuanfang was the most famous. Chao Yuanfang was a doctor of imperial medicine during the Daye period of the Sui Dynasty. He wrote fifty volumes of "Treatise on the Causes and Symptoms of Various Diseases", with sixty-seven chapters and one thousand, seven hundred and twenty treatises. This is my country's first work that discusses the classification, etiology, and pathology of diseases in detail, opening up avenues for future research on etiology and pathology. The book records the use of intestinal anastomosis to treat traumatic intestinal rupture, which is a major achievement in the history of surgical operations in my country. Geography With the unification of the country and the development of Sino-foreign transportation and commercial trade, geography in the Sui Dynasty made new achievements, especially the map compilation technology that made significant progress. In the early years of the Great Cause, the imperial court compiled one hundred volumes of "Zhuzhou Illustrated Collection" based on the customs, products, and map data reported by the various states.
In the sixth year of Daye, Emperor Yang ordered his ministers to compile one hundred and twenty-nine volumes of "Diyu Tuzhi" based on the Illustrated Book. The mountains, rivers, prefectures, and city gods described in the Illustrated Chronicle were all accompanied by maps. It was a geographical treatise. A masterpiece. Pei Ju, a famous geographer during the reign of Emperor Yangdi, was ordered to go to Zhangye to manage the business transactions of merchants in the Western Regions. He collected information about the mountains, rivers, customs and other information about the Western Regions and wrote three volumes of "Illustrated Records of the Western Regions". The book contains maps and The description, as well as the colorful drawings of people of various ethnic groups wearing national costumes, is a masterpiece of geography. Sui Dynasty Architecture Zhaozhou Bridge and Bridge Construction Technology Ningjin County, Hebei Province ┖Anji Bridge (originally under the jurisdiction of Zhaozhou, so it is also called Zhaozhou Bridge) was designed by Li Chun, an outstanding craftsman of the Sui Dynasty. This bridge is a single-hole stone bridge with a total length of 50.82 meters and a width of 9 meters. There are two bridge openings on the left and right above the bridge opening. The span of the bridge is 37.45 meters long, but the height of the bridge is only 7.23 meters. The slope of the bridge body is small and the bridge deck is straight, making it effortless for pedestrians, vehicles and horses to come and go. The span of the bridge is large, making it convenient for boats to travel on the water. The four small bridge openings are also an original creation. It not only saves more than 200 cubic meters of stone, but also reduces the weight of the bridge body by one-fifth, greatly reducing the burden on the bridge base. At the same time, it can also play the role of flood diversion and buffering, reducing The force of the torrent's impact on the bridge. Because Anji Bridge has many structural advantages, it has been preserved until now. It was a very valuable creation to be able to build such a bridge structure with long span and low curvature more than 1,300 years ago. People today tend to first look at the history before the Sui Dynasty and focus on its destructive and cruel aspects. In fact, the turbulent period before the Sui Dynasty was also a period of great migration and integration of many ethnic groups. As various ethnic groups in society interacted with the Han people, Through exchanges and integration, the cultural characteristics of the Han people after the establishment of the Sui Dynasty became more diversified, complex, and more affinity and cohesion than in the pre-Sui period. Literary works after the Sui Dynasty further inherited and innovated the poetry, poetry, and prose of the Han, Wei, and Wei and Jin dynasties. The Sui Dynasty further improved the obscure parts and added elements of popular Yi Xue, which laid the foundation for the creation of prose and poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. foundation.