Gu Yanwu
Autumn mountains follow autumn mountains, and autumn rains continue to fall on the mountains. Yesterday we fought at the mouth of the river, today we fight at the mountainside. I have heard that Zhen on the right has collapsed, and I have seen that the left is disabled. The flags are buried in the ground, and the ladder rushes to the end of the dancing city. Once Changping was defeated, corpses lay all over the hills. Go north to the Three Hundred Ge Ge, Ge Ge is so beautiful. Wukou is crowded with camels, and they enter Yan Pass with whistles. In the past, the Yanying people were still in the south of the city.
Autumn mountains return to autumn waters, and autumn flowers are still red. The autumn wind blows on the hills, and the phosphorus fire comes to the city. The Tengu descends from the witch gate, and the white rainbow belongs to the military fortress. Poor Zhuangzai County, once Jingqi grows. He returned to the Yuan Dynasty as a wise doctor, and cut off the sons of good families. The people of Chu burned the deer for a long time, and the common people held the old sacrifices. Gou Jian lives in the mountains, and the people of the country can die. Sighing and remembering the ancients, life and death begin from now on.
Gu Yanwu (1613-1681), courtesy name Ning, was a native of Tinglin Town, Kunshan County. The World Honored One called him Mr. Tinglin. As a young orphan, he read everything. When he took the Nanjing Provincial Examination in the late Ming Dynasty, he joined the Fushe. Qing troops invaded the south and repeatedly resisted the Qing Dynasty. Finally, he settled in Huayin, Shaanxi, where he cultivated fields and studied as usual. He is knowledgeable and has written many books, including more than ten kinds of famous books, including "Book of Benefits and Diseases of All Countries and Prefectures under Heaven", "Rizhilu", and "Tang Yunzheng". When writing poems, he pursues deep substance, simplicity and melancholy, inherits Du Fu's realism tradition, and writes many heroic and tragic works. The discussion of poetry is based on expressing aspirations and observing folk customs, advocating that "poetry is about temperament, not fancy skills." It had a positive impact on the poetry world at that time.
These two poems were written in the second year of Shunzhi (1645), reflecting the massacre in Jiangnan. In May of this year, the Qing troops fell into Nanjing, and in July they occupied Suzhou and Kunshan. People in Jiangyin, Jiading, Songjiang and other places rose up to resist, but were massacred and suppressed by the Manchu nobles, which was extremely cruel. The poem describes the rapid advance of the Qing army at that time, praises the heroic struggle of the people, and expresses one's desire not to surrender to the captives.
The first poem describes the resistance of the people in Jiangnan and the burning, killing and looting by the Qing army. "Autumn mountains return to autumn mountains, and autumn rains continue to the mountains." Autumn mountains are connected to autumn mountains, and the continuous autumn rain makes the rocks in the south of the Yangtze River bright red. This is a metaphor for the struggle against the Qing Dynasty in the south of the Yangtze River. The people fought one after another, dripping with blood. It highly summarizes the historical facts of that time. The people of Jiading raised the flag of righteousness three times to resist the Qing Dynasty, but unfortunately failed and were massacred. It is known as the "Three Massacres in Jiading" in history. The people of Jiading participated in the struggle and killed 180,000 people, and sacrificed more than 20,000 people. Later, the people of Jiangyin fought unyieldingly, but in the end they ran out of aid and food and the city was destroyed. Not a single man, woman, or child in the city surrendered. The Qing army carried out a massacre for three days, killing more than 172,000 people, leaving only 53 people alive, old and young, and the city was bloody to the shins. The Qing army also suffered heavy casualties, with three kings, eighteen generals and more than 75,000 soldiers killed. (Han Shu (Jiangyin City Shouji)) At that time, the anti-Qing uprising was raging. In Jiangnan alone, there were the Huizhou uprising headed by Jin Sheng, Wu Yingji, and Jiang Tianyi, the Songjiang uprising headed by Shen Youlong, Chen Zilong, and Xia Yunyi, and the Wu Yi and Sun Zhaokui uprising. The Taihu Uprising led by Zhu Jihuang, Wang Zuocai, and Chen Daren, the Jiaxing Anti-Shaving Uprising led by Tu Xiangmei, and the Suzhou Uprising led by Gu Yanwu himself and Guizhuang... The ancients often called "Autumn Rain" a bitter rain. The first two sentences are of great content, praising the heroic struggle of the people of Jiangnan in the miserable wind and rain, and exposing the crimes of the Manchu nobles who shed rivers of blood with their butcher knives. The following six sentences of "Yesterday" are specific descriptions, on the first day of the sixth month. When an uprising broke out in Jiangyin, Chen Ming met the main force and appointed Shao Kanggong from Huizhou as the general. The two men guarded the city. Zhou Ruilong, the Ming Dynasty's capital commander, led his troops to park at the mouth of the river. "Yesterday's battle at the mouth of the river" refers to the Zhou army and the Qing army. After losing a fierce battle on the riverside, the Qing army forced the city to attack. "Today's battle is on the mountainside." Jiangyin City is on the mountainside of Junshan. "We have heard that Youzhen is defeated, and we see Zuojiichan again." Youzhen, the long formation on the right; Zuoji, The square formation on the left wing. "History of the Ming Dynasty: Biography of Yan Yingyuan": "Kang Gong was defeated, and Ruilong's navy was also defeated. Ming Yu invited Ying Yuan to enter the city for military purposes. ... Liu Liangzuo used cowhide tents to attack the northeast of the city. ...On August 21, the Qing soldiers entered from the back gate of Xiangfu Temple. "The flags were buried in the ground, and the ladder rushed to the end of the city." According to Xu Jia, this supplemented the situation of the Battle of Jiading. The author's own note: "Han. "Li Ling Biography": "So all the flags and treasures were cut off and buried in the ground." On the fifth watch of the fourth day of July, heavy rain fell. The soldiers and civilians in Jiading City fought in the open for three days and nights. Their eyes were swollen and bruised, and their bodies were soaked. Food and drink were cut off. Hou Tongzeng, Huang Chunyao and others who led the team also stood upright in the rain. The soldiers and civilians who had been holding on for more than two months were exhausted and could not support themselves. The Qing army used cannons to bombard the city and the walls collapsed. , rushed into the city. "Once Changping was defeated, corpses lay all over the hills." No one in Jiading City surrendered, and almost all the gentry and common people were martyred in Changping's defeat, which is a metaphor for the Qing army's massacre in the Warring States period. Cruel. Changping, the name of Zhao State, was located in the northwest of present-day Gaoping County, Shanxi Province. In the 17th year of King Qin Zhaoxiang, Qin general Bai Qi defeated Zhao soldiers in Changping and buried 400,000 Zhao soldiers alive. The above describes the rapid advance of the Qing army and the misfortune of the rebels. Failure. The following four sentences of "Going North" describe the atrocities of rape, burning and killing by the Qing army. "Three hundred men went north, and Ge Ge was so beautiful." "Jiading Massacre": "Women who are ugly will be killed at the sight of them." All beauties and folk women were taken into captivity. Those who refused to obey were forced to commit prostitution. Jiading’s customs emphasized women’s integrity, and many people died tragically.” Only the traitor Li Chengdong (formerly the president of Xuzhou in the Ming Dynasty) The soldier) used three hundred ships to transport the children, jade, silk, cattle, sheep, horses and hogs he had plundered. "Wukou was crowded with camels and whistles and entered Yanguan." Wukou, the author's note: ""Book of Jin· "Murong Chaozai Ji": "The envoy sent thousands of people from Wukou." That is, the children of Wu.
Ming Jia, blowing Hu Jia. Yanguan, the pass of Yandi, the Manchu base is between the white mountains and the black water, and the Shengjing of the Qing Dynasty is in Shenyang. The four sentences say that there are countless large ships sailing north, and they are full of beautiful women. Even the camels walking on the shore and the carts are also full. The Manchu aristocrats proudly blew their bamboo flutes and transported the stolen wealth from the Wu people to their hometowns in the north. It’s such a tragic scene after the country’s subjugation that makes you want to cry without tears! “In the past, the people of Yanying were still in the south of the city.” Yanying, the author’s own note: “"Warring States Policy": Yongmen Sima said to the King of Qi, Yanlingzhi The officials do not want to surrender to Qin, but there are hundreds of people marching south of the city. This means that although the country is occupied by Qing troops, there are still many people who are unwilling to surrender. This is a tribute to the unyielding patriots who are the backbone of the nation.
The second poem writes about the desolation that war has brought to urban and rural areas, and praises the fighting will of the people in Jiangnan. "Autumn mountains return to autumn water, and autumn flowers are still red." The scenery is still used to symbolize that the blood is not dry, the lingering grief is deep, and the resistance is getting stronger. "The autumn wind blows on the hills, and phosphorus fire comes to the city. The heavenly dog ??descends from the witch gate, and the white rainbow belongs to the military fortress." Xu Jia explained, writing about the fall of Suzhou. The autumn wind blows, and ghost fires enter the city, bringing disaster to people. The Dog Star fell on the Wumen of Suzhou City, and the menacing military elephant-white rainbow dotted one military camp after another. The enemy was murderous and Suzhou was ravaged. The poet compared the Qing army to "phosphorus fire", "tengu" and "white rainbow", expressing clear hatred. "Pity Zhuangzai County, once thorns and thorns grow there." Jiangyin, Jiading, Kunshan, Suzhou and other prefectures and counties were once the richest areas in the country. After looting, thorns were everywhere and turned into ruins. Zhuangzai County, from "Historical Records: Chen Ping Family", refers to a large and prosperous county with endless fertile fields. These two sentences are a deep sigh, expressing the sorrow of the country and the family. "Return to the Yuan Dynasty as a virtuous doctor, cut off a good family son." Under the claws of the invasion, everyone worked together to fight. Wise officials are upright officials and scholars, and good family members are good people. They all sacrificed their lives heroically, spilling their blood on the battlefield, throwing their heads and giving their lives. Return to Yuan, beheaded; cut off the coat, break the neck. These two sentences summarize the arduous and evocative struggle of the Han people. The four sentences "Chu people" use historical stories to euphemistically praise the people of Jiangnan for their determination to resist the Qing Dynasty. "The people of Chu burned the lotus, and the common people worshiped the old sacrifice." The author's own note: ""Zuo Zhuan" dates the fifth year of the Duke's reign: Wu Shi lived in the lotus (southeast of Yueyang City, Hunan Province today), and the (Chu) Ziqi will burn it (to The fire returned to the Wu army). Zi Xi said: "My father and brother's bones are broken. We cannot collect them and burn them." Zi Qi said: "The country is destroyed! If the deceased knew it, they could use it to worship the old ones, so why not burn them?" "Fen Zhi fought again." Chu finally defeated the Wu army. Pay tribute to the old sacrifices and enjoy the sacrifices made over the years. "Gou Jian lives in the mountains, and the people of the country can die." According to "Mandarin", King Gou Jian of Yue lived in the mountains of Kuaiji, lying on firewood and tasting courage, and finally made the people of Yue unite and dare to die, and finally destroyed Wu to take revenge. These four sentences say that when the Chu people resolutely attacked the Wu army that invaded the land of Lu, they did not care about the bodies of their father and brother lying on the battlefield. They burned the Wu army for the sake of the motherland, and the bodies of their father and brother were also burned, leaving the loyal souls to enjoy the past sacrifices in peace. King Gou Jian of Yue did not forget the shame of subjugation, and finally relied on the power of the people to destroy Wu and restore the country. This is to encourage the people of Jiangnan not to be discouraged by temporary twists and turns. They should inherit the legacy of their father and brother, learn Goujian's spirit, and prepare for long-term struggle. Then he ends the poem with "Sighing and thinking about the ancients, survival and destruction begins from now on", emphasizing once again that survival and death will continue from now on, there is great hope, and we should work hard to do it.
"Two Poems on the Autumn Mountain" is the representative work of Gu Yanwu's poetry and has always been highly praised. He deeply felt the pain of national oppression, and his poems were filled with the pain of national subjugation, showing his indomitable will to attack forever, burning with patriotic enthusiasm, and full of faith in victory in the fight against the Qing Dynasty. Since the author was a leader in the academic circles at that time, poems such as "Autumn Mountain" and "Thousand Miles" spread like wildfire after they were written, exerting a huge influence on the members of the Fushe, encouraging the remaining poets to adhere to their ethics and write a large number of battles full of righteousness. movement. Artistically, "Autumn Mountain" inherits Du Fu's realist spirit, reflects the current fighting life, and expresses deep emotional experience, thus forming a style that is intense, desolate, and profound. Shen Deqian said: "Ning people devote themselves to learning...the basics are extremely basic, and rhyme and language are all other things. However, the words must be written by oneself, and the work must be accurate and precise. The atmosphere of wind and frost, and the quality of pines and cypresses, both are present. As far as poetry is concerned, "I don't want to be a second-rate person." (Collection of Poems of the Ming Dynasty) Peng Shaosheng said: "As for the survival of the country, he is generous and sad, or raises his voice and wails, or mourns and weeps, to look at Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng. The public encounters are different, but the same nature is stimulated.
"("Preface to Mr. Tinglin's Remaining Collection")