Schools of China Song Ci. It is generally believed that Zhang Gou, an Amin poet, clearly pointed out the graceful and restrained words. Graceful, that is, tactfully implicit. Ci is originally a ode to joy, a song of hospitality, and its content is nothing more than parting from sorrow and resentment. The Five Dynasties formed a fragrant and soft ci style represented by Huajianji and Li Yu's ci. Yan Shu, Ouyang Xiu, Liu Yong, Qin Guan, Zhou Bangyan and Li Qingzhao in the Northern Song Dynasty inherited the rest of their thoughts. Although they have developed in content, their brushwork is more delicate, and each has its own charm, but they are still not out of the gentle wind. Therefore, the Ming people summarized this style of ci as graceful school. Its main characteristics are that the content focuses on children's amorous feelings, the structure is profound and meticulous, the melody is euphemistic and harmonious, the language is round and beautiful, and there is a kind of femininity. But the content is relatively narrow, and people have formed the concept of grace. Graceful and restrained ci style occupied a dominant position in the ci world for a long time. Until the Southern Song Dynasty, a large number of ci writers such as Jiang Kui, Wu Wenying and Zhang Yan were influenced.
Representative figures are Li Qingzhao (the most famous poetess in Song Dynasty), Li Yu, Yan Shu, Ouyang Xiu, Liu Yong, Qin Guan, Zhou Bang and so on.
Li Qingzhao's Yu Shu Ji, Li Zhiyi's Gu Xi Ci and Ouyang Xiu's Liu Yici are all very good works.
This bold school completely broke through the traditional barrier of the word "Ke Yan". With the courage of an innovator, Su Shi transformed Ci from a tool of "entertaining guests and people" into an independent lyric art; Push this word from "before the bottle" and "between the flowers" to a broader social life. "I don't want to enter, I have nothing to say" (Liu Zaixi's Art Outline), mountains and rivers, notes, farm scenery, feeling old, reasoning and lyric, all written between the lines. For example, Nian Nujiao (River of No Return) and Mink Head (When is the Bright Moon) are the best fairy works that can best reflect this feature. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Xin Qiji had a new development. I don't need to say anything here.
Poetic schools in China in Tang Dynasty. It mainly describes the frontier fortress scenery and reflects the life of frontier fortress soldiers. During the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, some frontier poems appeared, and the number increased continuously in Sui Dynasty. In the early Tang Dynasty, Sijie and Chen Ziang further developed it and reached full maturity in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Gao Shi, Li Jie and Wang Changling are the most famous poets in this school, while Gao and Cen have the highest achievements. Others such as Wang Zhihuan, William Wang, Cui Hao, Liu Wan and Zhang Wei are also famous. Most of these poets had frontier fortress life experience, and they profoundly expressed frontier fortress life from all aspects, and also made some innovations in art. They not only described the magnificent desolate and colorful frontier fortress scenery, but also expressed their lofty aspirations and thoughts and feelings of inviting people to abandon their wives and children. Attitudes towards war are mixed, with curses and condemnations, and often reach a certain depth in thought. His poems are generous in emotion, rich in atmosphere and rich in artistic conception, and often take the form of seven-character poems and seven-character quatrains. Excellent works such as Ge Yanxing by Gao Shi and The Journey to the West by Cen Can. In addition, Lu Lun and Li Yi in the middle Tang Dynasty also had some desolate frontier quatrains.
With the vast territory of the Tang Dynasty, the economic and cultural exchanges between various ethnic groups in China became more and more frequent, and there were more and more international exchanges. In order to maintain the unity and tranquility of all ethnic groups, safeguard the peaceful reunification of the country, and protect international trade, wars of border security occurred from time to time in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Moreover, because many emperors were overjoyed, some bureaucratic generals took credit for crossing the border, and the war of opening the border in the Tang Dynasty also appeared constantly. In this way, the frontier life centered on the frontier war became an important content of poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. On the one hand, they are inspired by the spirit of the times, on the other hand, they are attracted by the road to fame for the frontier, or they go to the frontier, or they are attached to the frontier. In addition, we can recruit some skilled craftsmen in martial arts and prose, and we can also recruit literary scholars, so that scholars can be attached to them and get a creative environment for poetry. Therefore, frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty flourished on the basis of frontier poems in the Sui and early Tang Dynasties. The representative poets are Gao Shi and Cen Can.