Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906), Norwegian dramatist, founder of modern European drama. His works emphasize individual happiness in life and ignore the outdated etiquette of traditional society. The most famous ones include the poetic drama "Pierre Günter" (1867), the social tragedy "A Doll's House" (1879), "Ghosts" (1881), "Enemy of the People" (1882), "Hedda Gab" Le" (1890); his symbolic plays "The Wild Duck" (1884) and "When We Awaken from the Dead" (1899) reflect his thoughts of "spiritual death". Basic introduction Chinese name: Henrik Ibsen Foreign name: Henrik Ibsen Nationality: Norwegian Birthplace: Skien, Norway Date of birth: 1828 Date of death: May 23, 1906 Occupation: Dramatist, poet Main achievements : An outstanding representative of modern European realist drama
Created representative works based on doubtful conception: "Mrs. Inge of Estero", "Pierre Inte", "Pierre King" "Special" Biography of Characters, Main Achievements, Comments on Characters, List of Works, Biography of Characters Henrik Ibsen (1828–1906), Norwegian dramatist. His choice of writing themes and innovative writing techniques and structural processing made him a pioneer in modern drama. Ibsen provided provocative new ways of examining social and psychological issues and broke away from the writing traditions of the 19th century and began to write in colloquial prose. He had been a theater director for a long time. After the war between Denmark and Prussia broke out in 1864, he lived in Rome and other places for a long time. Henrik Ibsen In 1850, Ibsen went to the capital Christiania (today's Oslo) to take the medical university entrance examination, but was not admitted due to poor performance in Greek, mathematics and Latin oral language. Under the agitation of the bourgeois revolution sweeping across Europe, Ibsen made some friends with progressive ideological tendencies in the literary and art circles, actively wrote articles for publications such as the "Workers' Association", and participated in the Norwegian socialist Marku The labor movement led by S. Trane, and cooperated with two friends to publish the satirical weekly "Andrimana". He also wrote a set of sonnets with the title "Awaken, Scandinavians", calling on the Norwegian and Swedish governments to send troops to support Denmark and fight against the Prussian invaders. In his first historical drama Catilina (1850), he reversed the old case and wrote the "traitor" in Roman history as an outstanding figure who fought to safeguard civil liberties. The script not only reflected the revolution of 1848, It also showed his personal rebellious spirit. The script was financed and published by a friend of his. In the autumn of 1851, he composed an overture for the Bergen Theater, which was appreciated by the theater's founder and famous violinist Ole Buell. He was hired as a boarding playwright and director, and agreed to create a new play every year. In 1852, he was sent to visit theaters in Denmark and Germany. The plays he wrote at the Bergen Theater include "Midsummer Night" (1853), "The Warrior's Tomb" (1854), "Mrs. Inge of Estero" (1855), and "The Banquet at Solhaug" (1856) and "Olav Lilekron" (1857). During this period, Ibsen participated in writing and directing no less than 145 plays. His practical experience in drama creation is comparable to that of Shakespeare and Molière. Henrik Ibsen In 1857, Ibsen moved to the Capital Theater as director. The following year, he married Suzanne Thoresen. In 1862, the theater went bankrupt and he had to borrow money to survive, but he still continued to create tirelessly. He successively wrote such scripts as "The Pirates of Helgeland" (1858), "The Comedy of Love" (1862), and "The Pretender" (1863) at this theater. "The Comedy of Love", which advocates free love and opposes old-style marriage, has been viciously attacked by conservative forces in society, and he feels sad for this. At the same time, the war between Denmark and Prussia in 1864 caused him to worry about the future of independence for the entire peninsula. So he decided to travel abroad. In this year, he left Norway for Italy. In a foreign land, he was plagued by malaria and had a family burden, which made him heavily in debt and his life was extremely embarrassing. In a desperate mood, he wrote a poetic drama "Brand" (1866), which was his first creative achievement while living abroad. Later he wrote "Pierre Ginter" (old translation of "Pierre Ginter", 1867). Both plays express the theme of "personal spiritual rebellion". Through "Brand", he denounced the ugly reality of capitalist society, denounced religious morality, and put forward his own moral ideals, angrily advocating extreme spiritual individualism and showing an uncompromising spirit: "Or get everything Or nothing." In the 27 years after 1864, Ibsen lived in Rome, Dresden, Munich and other places. In 1873, he wrote "The Emperor and the Galileans", in which he proposed the concept of the "third realm" of communicating emotions and spirit. In 1874 and 1885, he returned to Norway twice for a short stay. "A Doll's House" (1879), also translated as "Nora" or "The Puppet Family". The heroine Nora forged her father's signature to borrow money to treat her husband Helmer's illness.
After the husband found out the whole story, he was afraid that it would affect his reputation and status, so he angrily scolded his wife for *******. When the creditor took the initiative to return the IOU under the influence of Nora's girlfriend, Helmer pretended to smile to his wife again. Nora saw through her husband's selfishness and the inequality between husband and wife. She was unwilling to be her husband's doll and ran away angrily. Engels once pointed out that Nora is a representative of "Norwegian petty bourgeois women" with free will and independent spirit. The script raises issues such as ethics, law, religion, and women's liberation in capitalist society, but it does not and cannot resolve them. After the performance of "A Doll's House", it caused a fierce response. Nora's firm attitude to demand liberation of personality and not to be a "good wife and mother" was criticized and criticized by the upper class society. But Ibsen did not retreat in the face of criticism. He continued to create problem plays and expose social problems. In 1891, Ibsen returned to his motherland as a famous writer. His later works "The Architect" (1892) and "When We Awaken from the Dead" (1899) are autobiographical works. Stroke in 1900. He died on May 23, 1906 after a long period of illness. The Norwegian Parliament and people from all walks of life held a state funeral for him. Main achievements Ibsen is an outstanding representative of modern European realistic drama. His outstanding contribution was that he held high the banner of realism and democracy and created the idea of ??questioning in an era when European realist drama was in decline and naturalism and decadent literature were rampant. It is a "social issue drama" genre with argumentative dialogue and retrospective techniques as its basic artistic features. His creative practice and social influence are comparable to those of Shakespeare, Molière and other drama masters. He has written 25 screenplays in various genres. According to its ideological development process, it can be divided into three stages: in the 1950s and 1960s, it mainly wrote romantic historical dramas rich in patriotism and personal "spiritual rebellion"; in the 1970s and 1980s, it mainly wrote dramas that criticized social ugliness and promoted individual liberation. "Social issue drama"; after the 1980s, he mainly wrote exploratory dramas with a mysterious and symbolic spirit. Henrik Ibsen Ibsen's works have been translated and introduced to China as early as 1907. It has always played a positive role in China's anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggles or socialist revolution and socialist construction. Character commentator Ri Buluo pointed out in "A Simple Interpretation of the Global Drama Master Ibsen": "The Western world is developing at a high speed, but for China, time seems like a rusty clock, rotting in stagnation! For example, "In the capital of the Yuan Dynasty, the sound of trumpets was heard, and an execution procession passed through the street. A young woman who had been wronged was taken to the execution ground. Many kind-hearted people lamented the tragic fate of this woman. Aunt Liu in the street tavern told Guan Hanqing about the unfortunate experience of the female prisoner Zhu Xiaolan and her tragic life experience. Zhu Xiaolan's tragedy aroused Guan Hanqing's infinite sympathy for this weak woman and his incomparable indignation at the government's disregard of human life (quoted from Internet information - quoted from Jiang Fang's blog). ". Guan Hanqing lived approximately between 1240 and 1310, while the outstanding Norwegian playwright and poet Ibsen (also translated as: Ibsen) left a colorful collection of twenty-five plays and rich works for the world library. (poetry, letters, and literary prose), but lived between 1828 and 1906. His masterpiece "A Doll's House" is as famous as Guan Hanqing's "The Injustice of Dou E" in the intellectual structure of old China today. Not many people know Ibsen, except for ancient Greek tragedy, and they only know a little bit about "The Injustice of Dou E". "Writing means sitting down and judging yourself." Ibsen wrote this sentence on the title page of his work, as he did. His plays are equally profound and are the epitome of an era. Living in the 19th century, he is known as the "Father of Modern Drama" for his socialized philosophical thoughts and rich outlook on life. , reflecting that specific era in Norway. The "Nora" in Ibsen's work ("Nora's Runaway") is a product of the influence of the Marxist or socialist feminist movement, or at least reflects the women of that era. In terms of economic liberation, fighting for rights in education and legislation, and gaining equality with men, there is no doubt that Ibsen's works have the shadow of the feminist movement, if we say that Yan Fu is solely based on the liberalism theory of England. Because of the New Culture Movement, Hu Shi published theoretical articles on the literary revolution, and established a "Ibsenian special account" to advocate women's liberation, which contributed to that ideological movement. The liberation movement provided sharp ideological weapons. I am afraid that the same was true for some Chinese socialists from the 1920s to the 1940s. Ibsen once said: "The artist uses his life to forge his life and his soul to forge his soul. Then a part of life is left in the original work and becomes a living body that can be felt. "Yes, the instinct in human bones determines to succumb to the tendency of the group. A writer's pen must go against the will of the majority of people. It is not to follow what others say, but to highlight the individual's nature of striving for freedom. Therefore, Ibsen deserves to be called the "great question mark." "Peer Gynt" is a classic work by the famous Norwegian drama master Ibussen. The Norwegian composer Edvard Hagerup Grieg (1843-1907) used Norwegian folk music to create a unique drama based on Ibussen's poem of the same name. The musical poetic drama "Peer Gynt Suite No. 1" and "Peer Gynt Suite No. 2" with distinctive national colors.
Just as Ibsen said to a German reader who could not understand his plays: "If you want to fully understand me, you must first understand Norway." His later works are a reflection of his life. Ibsen, so great! . The father of modern drama, Skith, a small town south of Oslo, the capital of Norway, is a city that retains Nordic medieval architecture. In the city, people are even more amazed by the majestic cathedral with its towering tower. One day, when a boy with curly hair and good looks was passing by the church, he suddenly asked the maid who accompanied him to take him up to the tower to see the scenery. When the children saw their own house, the carriages and horses in the square, and the pedestrians the size of toys from a high altitude, they clapped their hands and cheered with excitement. At this moment, his feeling of seeing the world from a high altitude seemed to affect the child's life. Decades later, the kid named Ibsen became a famous playwright. He wrote several scripts with compact plots that vividly reflected social reality problems through character encounters, analyzed the hypocrisy and evil in the world, and broke through the tradition of dramas based on historical legends for many years. They not only shocked Norway, but also influenced Europe and America. These plays profoundly exposed falsehood, evil, and ugliness, as he said in the poem "On the Plateau": "I looked at the crowd from a height and saw their true nature..." Henrik Ibsen 1874 In the summer, in Copenhagen, Denmark, Ibsen, who had written many plays and was already famous, was talking to his friend Laura. Laura told him that because she could not raise money to pay for her husband's medical treatment, she had to forge a signature to borrow money. She never expected that her husband would refuse to forgive her helpless behavior after learning about it later. Her family fell apart. This man is too petty, Ibsen thought at the time, but he also remembered the novel "The Working Daughters" by the Norwegian female writer Colette that he had read a few days ago. The book revealed the passion for fighting for women's freedom and liberation... … Four years later, Ibsen, who was temporarily living in Rome, began to write down his thoughts. It was an article titled "Notes on a Modern Tragedy": "There are two spiritual laws in the world, two spiritual laws. There are two kinds of conscience. One is for men, and the other is for women... This society is purely a patriarchal society, and all laws are made by men..." He put down his pen and thought about the current family, which is almost the same as in the feudal era. Women She has no independent personality and is still a man's doll. Ibsen thought. Another year later, he wrote the play "A Doll's House." Two weeks after the script for "A Doll's House" was published, it was premiered at the Royal Theater in Copenhagen, Denmark. The curtain opened, and the audience saw on the stage the home of Helmer, a bank manager in Oslo. It's almost Christmas, how warm this family is, the Christmas tree has been returned. Helmer affectionately called his wife Nora "little baby" and "little dove". He loved his wife and never went out to look for women, drink or cause trouble. Nora seems to be quite happy too. She has been married for eight years and has become the mother of three children. Several years ago, because Helmer was ill and needed to recuperate, Nora had no money on hand to pay, so she had no choice but to borrow Helmer's signature from the bank and fake her father's signature to send her husband to see a doctor. Over the years, she scrimped and saved money to pay off the debt. Now, Helmer, who has been promoted to manager, wants to fire Krogstad, the employee. Krogstad was an insider of Nora's fake loan. He did not want to lose his job and wrote a letter to Helmer to report the matter and threaten him. Helmer was furious at Nora after reading the letter. When Krogstad listened to others' persuasion and wrote a letter saying that he would never mention the matter again, Helmer became affectionate with Nora again. After these twists and turns, Nora finally saw clearly the hypocritical nature of her husband Helmer, and also understood that she was just Helmer's doll and entertainment at home. She left the home angrily. "A Doll's House" vividly criticizes the philistinism and hypocrisy of the bourgeoisie, and exposes the oppression of women in the patriarchal society. Its performance caused an uproar***. "This play encourages women to run away alone regardless of their families, husbands and daughters. It is simply immoral..." "The ending of this play should be changed to Nora giving up the idea of ??running away..." This kind of use of "morality" is used to deny The remarks about the significance of "A Doll's House" put Ibsen under tremendous pressure. But Ibsen insisted on his position and continued to write plays such as "Ghosts" and "Enemy of the People", using his works to counter the vicious attacks of hypocrites cloaked in morality. In "Enemy of the People", the character who insisted on exposing the truth about toxic water pollution and environmental pollution, and was declared an "enemy of the people" by officials and gentlemen who tried their best to cover up the truth and create false prosperity - Dr. Stockmann, on the stage He said loudly: "Am I willing to let public opinion, these majorities and these monsters defeat me? Sorry, it can't be done!" "People who live by deception should be eliminated like pests!" These The lines are exactly what Ibsen felt. At the end of "A Doll's House", where does Nora go after running away? It's a question mark. At the end of "Enemy of the People", Dr. Stockmann, who insisted on the truth, became a lonely minority. Not only did he lose his job, but his daughter and friends who sympathized with him also lost their jobs. What will he do next? It's also a question mark. Dramas like Ibsen's that reveal reality do not follow the old routine of traditional dramas that solve problems in the plot. Instead, they raise questions and stimulate the audience to think. Therefore he is called "the great question mark". Ibsen also injected his thoughts on the meaning of life into some plays based on historical stories and folklore.
In "Peer Gynt", he wrote about the experience of Peer Gynt, a young man who is full of fantasy and lives a lazy life, wandering around the world. Peer Gynt encountered demons, and later made a fortune by selling black slaves. He did many bad things, and finally went bankrupt and returned to his hometown. When "Peer Gynt" was performed, the audience saw Peer Gynt on the stage peeling an onion near the end of the play. He peeled off layer after layer. After peeling all the skins, he found nothing. . Through this highly symbolic plot, Ibsen highlights the philosophy of the whole play: those who selfishly and tyrannically seek from life will ultimately have nothing. Ibsen died in Oslo at the age of seventy-eight. The scripts he left behind such as "A Doll's House" and "Enemy of the People" have become classic works on the theater stages around the world. His creations had a profound impact on European and American dramas from the late 19th century to the early 20th century, so he was called " The father of modern drama." Ibsen as a person When Ibsen's works gradually became popular and his life became more and more prosperous, he became less willing to contact his family members, because they were all people who needed his help. He had no contact with his poor father for 40 years. He had a lame brother who lived in extreme embarrassment, but he never helped him. The other brother successively worked as a sailor, a small shopkeeper and a lighthouse keeper, struggling to support his old father with a meager income, but never received help from Ibsen. His family members died miserably in poverty. In 1846, 18-year-old Ibsen worked in a pharmacy and had an affair with a maid, Sophie Kingstat, who was 10 years older than him. They gave birth to a boy, Jacob. Ibsen never interfered in their lives. , without paying any living expenses, until Sophie Kingstadt became blind and died miserably. Jacob lived a life of poverty. This illegitimate son who looked similar to Ibsen sought help from his father when he couldn't survive. Ibsen was shocked by the person in front of him who was "exactly the same" as himself. He had to admit that this was his child. Ibsen took out 5 crowns and threw them to Jacob, and said to him: "This is for your mother, it is enough for you!" From then on, the father and son never met again. Among Ibsen's large wealth and income, he invested more than two-thirds of his money and lived an extremely frugal life. When his son Sigurd asked him why, Ibsen's answer was simple And direct: "It is better to sleep well but not eat well than to eat well but not sleep well." Sigurd compared the marriage relationship between Ibsen and his mother to a working partnership without family affection. Look down.
List of works Catilina, 1850 Kj?mpeh?jen, 1850 Norma, 1851 Sancthansnatten, 1852 Banquet at Solhoug, Gildet paa Solhoug, 1854 Lady Inger of Osterlot, Fru Inger til ?steraad, 1857 Olaf Liljekrans, 1857 H?rm?ndene paa Helgeland, 1858 Kj?rlighedens Komedie, 1862 Kongs-Emnerne, 1864 Fire, Brand, 1866 Peer Gynt, 1867 Youth League, De unges Forbund, 1869 Digte, 1871 Kejser og Galil?er, 1873 Pillars of Society, Samfundets St?tter, 1877 A Doll's House, Et dukkehjem 1879 Ghosts, Gengangere, 1881 Enemies of the People, En Folkefiende, 1882 Wild Duck, Vildanden, 1884 Rosmer Village, Ro* ** ersholm, 1886 Fruen fra Havet, 1888 Hedda Gabler, 1890 Bygmester Solness, 1892 Lille Eyolf, 1894 John Gabler Bockmann, John Gabriel Borkman, 1896 When we dead wake up, N?r vi d?de v?gner, 1899