Pavel korchagin was born in a poor railway worker's family, lost his father in his early years, and made a living entirely by his mother washing and cooking for others. /kloc-when he was 0/2 years old, his mother sent him to the station canteen to do odd jobs and was humiliated there. He hates shopkeepers who bully the poor and rich people who waste time.
After the "October Revolution" broke out, imperialists and reactionaries attempted to strangle the nascent Soviet regime. Paul's hometown, Shebetokka, Ukraine, has also experienced years of foreign armed intervention and civil war. The Red Army liberated SheBertak Card, but soon retreated, leaving only the elder Bush Vic Zhu He to do underground work in the town. He stayed at Paul's house for a few days and told Paul a lot about the revolution, the working class and class struggle. He Zhu came to Paul.
On a fishing trip, Paul met tonya, the daughter of a forestry official.
One day, Zhu was captured by the white bandit troops. Paul inquired about his whereabouts everywhere. On the way of the bandit troops escorting Zhu, Paul swooped down, knocked the bandit troops down in the trench and escaped with Zhu. Paul was arrested and imprisoned because of the snitch of Victor, the son of Polish aristocrat Lizensky. In prison, Paul withstood the torture and persevered. He came to town to welcome Petriu, the leader of the white bandits. A second-class officer mistakenly released Paul as an ordinary prisoner. Afraid of falling into the clutches again, he didn't dare to go home, so he involuntarily came to the front of tonya's garden and jumped into it. Because Paul saved Niya for the winter when he went fishing last time, and she liked his "warm and stubborn" personality, he made her very happy. Paul also thinks that tonya is different from other rich girls. They all feel hazy love. In order to take refuge,
Paul worked as a scout after joining the army and later became a cavalry. He is a good political propagandist, who dares to take the lead on the battlefield. He especially likes reading The Gadfly and Spartacus, and often reads or tells stories to his comrades. In a fierce battle, his head was badly injured, but he overcame his death with tenacious perseverance. His physical condition prevented him from returning to the front. Autumn rain, mud, heavy snow, frozen soil, lack of clothing and food, camping, but also attacked by armed bandits and threatened by disease.
During this period, his love with tonya was in crisis, and tonya's vulgar individualism disgusted him. When he saw her again when he was building the railway, she had married a rich engineer. When Paul was the secretary of the Youth League Committee in the railway factory, he had frequent contact with Lida, a member of the Youth League Committee, and they gradually developed feelings. But he mistook Rita's brother for her lover and lost the chance to fall in love with her.
At the end of the road construction work, Paul got typhoid fever and caused pneumonia, so the organization had to send Paul back to his hometown to recuperate. On the way, the news that Paul had died was misinformed, but Paul returned to this world for the fourth time. After his illness, he returned to work and joined the party. Due to various injuries and selfless work, Paul's health became worse and worse, and he lost his ability to work, so the party organization had to terminate his work. Let him stay in the hospital for a long time. When he was recuperating at the seaside, he met Daya and fell in love. While constantly helping Daya to make progress, Paul began to study tenaciously and improve his writing ability. 1927, Paul was completely paralyzed, then his eyes went blind, and the raging disease finally bound this soldier full of fighting passion to his hospital bed. Paul once had the idea of suicide. But he quickly came out of the trough. This man who was paralyzed, blind and had no writing experience began his heroic career-literary creation. Paul endured great physical and mental pain, first made a box out of cardboard, then dictated it himself and asked someone to record it for him. With the help of his mother and wife, his novel The Birth of the Storm, written with his life, was finally published! Paul took up new weapons and started a new life.
Brief introduction of the author
Nikolai Alexeevich Ostrovsky (1904 ~ 1936) was a Soviet writer. Nikolai Alexeevich Ostrovsky 1904 was born in a poor peasant family on September 29th, ranking fifth. 1 1 years old began to do child labor. 19 19 joined the * * youth league and immediately took part in the civil war. 1923 to 1924 as the head of the * * * youth league in the border areas of Ukraine, 1924. At 1927, his health deteriorated sharply, but he did not give in and fought the disease with amazing perseverance. At the end of the same year, he began to write a "historical lyric hero story" about Kotovschi divisions (namely "The Birth of the Storm"). Unfortunately, the only manuscript was lost by the post office when it was sent to a friend for close reading. This cruel blow did not break his strong will, but made him
1929, he was completely paralyzed and blind. 1930 began to write the novel how steel was tempered. This novel was a great success and was praised sincerely and enthusiastically by its contemporaries. 1934 ostrovsky was accepted as a member of the Soviet writers association, and the Soviet government awarded him the Lenin medal in recognition of his creative work and outstanding contributions in literature. On February 22nd, ostrovsky died in Moscow because of a serious illness. 38680.88868888686
Nikolai ostrovsky is Russian, but his birthplace is in Ukraine. His father is a brewer, and he also worked part-time in other villages or cities. He also worked as a postman for five years. He has been to Petersburg, served in military service, met with progressive college students, and knows the stories of some revolutionaries against the tsar. His mother was born in poverty and had to work for others, raise geese, grow vegetables and look after children since she was a child. They gave birth to six children after marriage. Two people died. Ostrovsky is the youngest, with two sisters and one brother. Besides doing housework and taking care of children, his mother also works as a maid. When he was ten years old, due to the outbreak of World War I, his family fled to Shchepetov to settle down. At this time, life is more difficult.
Ostrovsky entered the local railway station canteen as a waiter at the age of eleven, and entered the power plant at the age of fourteen, working as a helper for firefighters and electricians, and also doing chores such as sawing wood and unloading coal. He has a strong thirst for knowledge since he was a child, but he only went to school intermittently for a few years. At school, he not only got excellent grades, but also was very active. He is a good assistant to the teacher. He tried to write fairy tales, short stories and poems. He once published a student's written and handwritten exercise, The Color of Youth, in a magazine. He also likes to play drama and play a heroic role on the stage. He dropped out of school several times, mostly because of poverty, and once because he offended a priest who taught theology. So the boy tried his best to borrow books and even gave his lunch to a newspaper vendor in exchange for reading newspapers. At the age of twelve, he read Voynich's masterpiece.
Nikolai Alexeevich Ostrovsky was born in a Ukrainian worker's family in 1904. After graduating from primary school, he had to drop out of school to work because of his poor family. 19 19, joined the * * * Youth League in Soviet Russia and participated in the Red Army's fight against the white bandits. Worked in +0923- 1924 * * * Youth League Committee. He joined the * * * production party in +0924. He was paralyzed by illness and became blind in +0927. He wrote the novel Steel with amazing perseverance. This paper describes the experience of Soviet youth growing up in the revolutionary melting pot. "How Steel was Tempered" was translated into Chinese as early as 1942, and the hero Paul Kochagin became a model for China youth. 1February 22, 936, ostrovsky died.
The hardships and heaviness of real life, as well as the perseverance and brilliance of the characters in the book, made the boy sensible and precocious. He helped the Bolshevik underground to post leaflets and spy on information. When he was fifteen, he was walking in the street when he suddenly found a member of the underground revolutionary committee being escorted by a heavily armed bandit soldier. Desperate, he rushed at the bandit soldiers. The revolutionary was rescued unexpectedly, but was arrested. The boy was tortured, but
The Red Army and the Rebel Army defeated the bandit troops. In July of the same year, ostrovsky joined the Youth League. In August, he volunteered to join the Red Army, went to the front with the troops and stood the test of the fire of war.
He has been a cavalry and scout and has been to various places. The young man not only fought bravely and won a written award, but also was good at inspiring his comrades, showing his propaganda and agitation ability. In August of the following year, ostrovsky was seriously injured in the abdomen and head, and was in a coma for two months in a field hospital bed. After leaving the hospital, his right eye only retained two-fifths of his vision. So he jumped ship and came to a place.
Participated in the work of the Committee to eliminate counter-revolutionaries, worked as an electrician assistant in the railway general factory and was elected secretary of the League branch. At the same time, he went to the electrician technical school to study. At the age of seventeen, he took the lead in completing the arduous work of building a railway branch line. On the railway site, many people were killed by bad conditions, diseases and bandits' sneak attack. Ostrovsky gritted his teeth and worked hard. But when he was about to finish, his knees were red and swollen. He walked hard, was infected with typhoid fever and was unconscious. He was sent back to his hometown. He barely survived under the care of his mother. After returning to the factory, he worked while studying in a technical school. His health is getting worse and worse because of injury and unbearable hard work. He was sent to a nursing home for mud treatment. His condition improved a little. He returned to Kiev and rescued Wood in knee-deep and biting cold river with many youth league members. He is ill again.
He hid his certificate and asked for a job. Later, he served as secretary of the Youth League Committee, political commissar of the national military training camp, member of the regional Youth League Committee and alternate member of the Youth League Committee. Joined the party at the age of 20 and served as secretary of the Youth League Committee. Unfortunately, he suffered a car accident again, and his right knee was injured, which caused chronic diseases and joint swelling and pain. At the age of 23, he was paralyzed and his eyes gradually became blind.
Since then, he has traveled back and forth to hospitals all over the country, and his treatment has not improved. At the age of 26, he underwent the ninth operation. After the wound was stitched up, a cotton ball remained in him. If the weak patient is anesthetized again, it will damage his heart and endanger his life. He proposed to cut the incision and take out the cotton ball without anesthesia. He didn't let out a moan, but he had a high fever after the operation and stayed there for eight days. After that, he flatly refused to accept any.
He made many friends in hospitals and nursing homes all over the country, some of whom were revolutionaries of the older generation. He used his remaining eyesight to read a lot of excellent literary works, including works by Pushkin, Tolstoy, Chekhov, Gorky, sholokhov, Balzac, Hugo, Zola, Dreiser and other writers. He took part in the study of Correspondence University and wrote a novella reflecting the life of fighting. Unfortunately, novels are unique.
At the age of twenty-six, he began to write the novel How Steel was Tempered. I finished my first book at the age of 27 and published it the following year. At the age of 30, the second book How Steel was Tempered came out. At the age of 3 1, I won the Lenin medal. At the age of 32, on December 14th, 1936, he finished the revision of another novel, The Birth of the Storm (Part I). Eight days later, on December 22nd, he died.
figure
Pavel korchagin (this is an English translation, which has been established. According to the original pronunciation, it should be "Pavel Kilchagin", nicknamed: Paul Fu Lusha, Paofka)
Celessa Bruzak-Paul's childhood friend, a Red Army soldier and secretary of the Communist Youth League Committee.
Valeria Ruzsak-Xie brought her sister, a Communist Youth League member.
Lida Ustinovich, a staff member of the Political Department of the Red Army Division, is a member of the Standing Committee of the Youth League Committee.
Ivan Zarki, Red Army soldier and secretary of the Youth League Committee.
IGAD pankratov-Docker, Communist Youth League Secretary of the Freight Station.
Nikolai okunev-Secretary of the Youth League Committee of the Machine Repair Factory, Secretary of the Youth League Committee of * * *
It was fyodor Zhu Laihe, the party's underground worker, the chairman of the provincial committee for eliminating counter-revolutionaries and the deputy director of the military secret service that led Paul to the revolutionary road.
Dorynnik Carpenter, the underground worker of the Party, and the chairman of the Municipal Revolutionary Committee.
Achim-* * Secretary of the Communist Youth League Provincial Committee and Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League of Ukraine.
Tokarev, an old locksmith, captain of the road construction team and secretary of the district party committee.
Alexander Puzyrevski-Leader of the Red Army
Old Bolshevik
Aerjiaom Kochakin-Paul's brother, fitter, chairman of the city Soviet.
Politowski-Train Driver
Zahar Ruzsak-Xie took his father, the co-driver of the train.
Maria Yakovlev —— Paul's mother
Daya Kochakina (nickname: Dayusha)-female worker, Paul's wife.
Tonia Tu Mannova-Paul's boyhood girlfriend, the daughter of a forestry official.
Dmitry Dubawa-* * * Secretary of the Communist Youth League District Committee, Trotskyite
Volodya Tufta-* * Minister of Registration and Distribution Department of the Communist Youth League Provincial Committee, Trotskyite.
Cvita's-Trotskyite, Secretary of the Communist Youth League Committee of the Railway Factory.
Father Vasily, member of Ukrainian Social Revolutionary Party, counter-revolutionary.
Victor Lescinsky-Polish hereditary aristocrat, middle school student and informer.
Petriura-bandit leader
Clara Vicek-Czech Republic, member of the Youth League.
Writing characteristics
The greatest achievement of the novel How the Steel was Tempered is to successfully create a typical image of a new capitalist Paul Kochakin who was trained by the Bolshevik Party and trained in the revolutionary bonfire and hard environment. He wrote magnificent poems for the party and the people with his class stand of distinguishing love from hatred, lofty moral outlook, high revolutionary passion, magical vitality and iron will.
Paul is a self-conscious and selfless revolutionary fighter. He always puts the interests of the party and the motherland first. In the war years of blood and fire, Paul and his brothers galloped on the battlefield together to defend the Soviet regime and fought bloody battles with foreign armed cadres and white bandit troops, showing their dedication to the revolutionary cause without fear of sacrifice. In the difficult years of healing the wounds of war and restoring the national economy, he devoted himself to peaceful labor with all his enthusiasm. Although he used to be an iron horse and fought a bloody battle, he did not take credit or consider personal fame and fortune. He just wants to do more for the party and the people. The party told him to build a railway, but he went. The party assigned him to be a league cadre, and he went and gave his life to do it. He even sacrificed his love for the revolution. He loved Ada, but influenced by the gadfly, he wanted to "devote himself completely to the revolutionary cause", so he left without saying goodbye in the form of gadfly. After being paralyzed and blind, all the needs of his life were met.
Paul is a firm and strong revolutionary fighter, who has withstood the severe tests in all aspects of life. He is strong and unyielding in the face of the enemy's torture. On the battlefield of bullets, he went forward bravely; In the struggle against diseases that devoured life, he discouraged death many times and created a miracle of "coming back to life". In particular, when he was dying, he struggled to climb the palace of art, showing the highest realm that a revolutionary soldier's iron will could reach.
Paul is also an ordinary and great hero. There is nothing remarkable in his resume. He always starts with the most common things. Faced with the heavy blow of the disease, he also had the idea of suicide. Even in his heroic passion of fighting the disease, there was a danger of "left-wing" infantilism. Paul finally realized that his behavior of not caring for his body could not be called heroic. But a wayward and irresponsible. Therefore, Paul is great and ordinary. He is an iron warrior who gradually matured in the fire of revolution, and he is a true and affectionate example.
Paul is also a typical autobiographical image based on the author himself. The author describes Paul according to his own life experience and real feelings. So Paul's touching story is not an artistic fiction, but basically a true story, which is more touching because it is true. However, the author opposes to regard this novel as the author's autobiography completely, because "this is a novel, not a biography". He concentrated the thoughts and personality characteristics of many similar figures in his contemporaries on Paul and adopted typical methods. He said: "In this book, I am not writing about Paul Kochakin alone, but about millions of men and women who are searching for gold and fighting for their own happiness!" Paul's image is autobiographical and sketchy. He is the most outstanding and typical representative of the socialist young generation.
theme
"How Steel is Tempered" is a story that describes the growth process of new people and reveals their excellent qualities. When a British journalist asked the author why the title was How Steel was Tempered, ostrovsky replied, "Steel is cast and quenched in fire. Only in this way can we work hard and be afraid of nothing. Our generation was also trained in such struggles and arduous tests, and learned not to be decadent in front of life.
This title vividly summarizes the ideological content he wants to express; The growth path and ideological character of my generation.
Through Paul Kochakin's growth path, the novel tells people that only by defeating the enemy in the hardships and hardships of the revolution and defeating oneself in the great pressure of life, and only by linking their pursuit with the interests of the motherland and the people, can they create miracles and grow into iron soldiers. This is an important theme of the novel.
By revealing Paul's resolute character of daring to overcome any difficulties and hardships for the cause of the party and the people, the novel vividly tells the younger generation what is the ideal of * * * and how to work hard for the understanding of * * *. What kind of life revolutionary soldiers should lead is another theme of the novel. What Paul said when he visited the cemetery of his female comrade-in-arms, Valen, was a confession of his outlook on life.
"Man's most precious thing is life, and life belongs to him only once. A man's life should be spent like this: when he looks back, he will not regret wasting his time, nor will he be ashamed of being mediocre. In this way, when he dies, he can say,' My life and all my energy have been devoted to the most magnificent cause in the world-the struggle for the liberation of mankind.' "
The theme of the novel can be summarized as follows: one's life should be spent like Pavel Kozakin.
Artistic feature
How Steel was Tempered is an autobiographical novel. Many stories in the novel come from the author's personal experience, so it is more real and touching to read. However, the author does not stick to the facts of life, and deals with a lot of typical characters and plots. How the Steel was Tempered, like Gorky's autobiographical trilogy, has made an important contribution to the innovation of autobiographical novels.
The whole description of the novel revolves around the growth of the protagonist, with a compact and natural structure. When portraying the hero's character, he showed his excellent qualities from different aspects. By describing how Paul views prison, war, work, friendship, love, disease and frustration, that is, how to view revolution and individuals, public and private, life and death and other major issues, the image of Paul, a steel soldier, is particularly full, vivid and radiant.
evaluate
How Steel was Tempered is one of the most famous "revolutionary novels" in capitalist countries. Soviet writer fadeev once spoke highly of this work: "There is no such pure, touching and vital image in the whole Soviet literature for the time being". Sholokhov said it was a "life textbook". But in the eyes of some western scholars, this is just "a myth concocted by Stalin's propaganda organization", and Mark Slonim said it is "a plain text".
Since the mid-1980s, How Steel was Tempered has been gradually forgotten by the Soviets. 1997, Moscow University Press published 8 sets of "Rereading Masterpieces" series, which did not include "How Steel was Tempered". At the same time, some people call for not losing a hero like Pavel Colta King. The article "Paul Kochakin and Lolita" in Pravda1June/July, 997 said, "... the children of working people should know how their ancestors and fathers lived in the tsarist era, how they fought for revolution and freedom, how they carried out the revolution of working people and how they carried it out. ..... Therefore, in any case, how the steel was tempered, Young Guards and Real People should not be deleted from the existing books ... "
Influence in China
1942, Yimei translated how steel was tempered into Chinese according to English version [3]. During the 44 years from 1952 to 1995, it was printed and published 57 times and distributed 2.5 million copies.
Party member Wu Yunduo, the producer of China, lost his left eye, left hand and right leg in the process of weapon development, but he persisted in his work and wrote the autobiographical novel "Give Everything to the Party", which was called "Pavel Colta King of China". /kloc-Zhang Haidi, who was physically disabled and determined in the 1980s, was also called "contemporary Paul".
In China, how steel is tempered has a greater influence than other countries, even the Soviet Union and Russia itself. One of the reasons is that "How Steel was Tempered" was once used by the China government as a textbook of capitalist ideology to promote young people's reading, and Paul's section on road construction was selected as a middle school Chinese text; Another reason is that the publication and promotion of this book is in place.
Reader book review
This novel not only vividly depicts the characters' images, but also vividly depicts the typical tense and fiery environment in the early stage of Soviet revolutionary construction, deeply analyzes the psychological characteristics of the characters, and integrates calm and thorough objective narration with passionate revolutionary passion, thus making the artistic description of the whole novel both true, natural and poetic. In addition, the language of this work is concise and beautiful, expressive and has enduring artistic charm.
Paul's experience touched me a lot. I think his spirit is what most of us in modern times don't have. This is the foundation of one's success and the meaning of one's life. I envy his persistence, faith and desire for life.
People will be happy only if they do meaningful things. Paul is such a person. No matter in the war years or in the most difficult time of the motherland, he is so full of hope and fighting capacity. In some people's eyes, he may be a mixture of poor boy and stupid boy. He has worked hard for so long, even very hard. In the end, all he got was a mutilated body. Oh, there are also those painful experiences and some less. Here, many people may end their summary with a sigh. What they get from this book (perhaps not just this book, but their life experiences) is suffering and an indictment of the world.
Think about why Paul said that.
After thinking about it, I understand that life is a process, not a result!
The beautiful process is not composed of money and other materials, but the satisfaction and sublimation of one's own spirit.
When you die, you're free. Long before you die, you will know that the sky is blue, the grass is green, the flowers are colorful and people's faces are smiling.