Guangdong senior high school physical culture knowledge 1. High school physics and literature knowledge.
Einstein (192 1) proposed that electromagnetic radiation itself is discontinuous, and explained the photoelectric effect. It is suggested that photons have energy.
Millikan (1923) The Planck constant was measured by experiments in the United States, and compared with the Planck constant of blackbody radiation, thus proving the correctness of Einstein's theory. The electron charge was measured by oil drop experiment.
Compton (1927) explained that there is a component of light with a wavelength greater than the original wavelength in the light scattering phenomenon (Compton effect), and proved that photons have momentum.
De Broglie (1929) proposed that physical particles also have fluctuations (de Broglie wave, matter wave).
Lauder used the crystal gap as a diffraction grating to verify the fluctuation of Roentgen rays.
Davisson (1937) conducted electron diffraction experiments with crystals, and proved the electron diffraction pattern.
GP Thomson ( 1937)
Born de proposed that light is a kind of probability wave.
Heisenberg (1932) proposed uncertainty relation, matrix mechanics.
N Bohr (1922) Denmark established the early quantum theory; Bohr atomic model was born.
Three hypotheses of Bohr's theory
⑴ Steady-state hypothesis: Atoms can only be in a series of discontinuous energy states. In these States, although electrons move at a variable speed, they do not radiate electromagnetic waves. Such a relatively stable state is called steady state.
⑵ Transition hypothesis: When the electron rotates around the nucleus in a steady state, it does not radiate electromagnetic waves, but when the electron transits between two different steady States, it radiates (or absorbs) electromagnetic waves (photons), and its frequency is determined by the energy difference between the two steady States, h ν = △ e.
⑶ Orbital quantization hypothesis: Because of the discontinuous energy state, the orbital radius of electrons moving around the nucleus cannot be chosen arbitrarily, and it must satisfy MVR = (NH/2π) (n = 1, 2,3 ...).
Planck's quantum theory is introduced into the atomic model, and the spectra of hydrogen atoms and hydrogen-like atoms are successfully explained. But it retains too many classical theoretical components, so its theory can't do anything for a slightly more complicated atom.
Schrodinger wave mechanics, Schrodinger equation
Cathode rays were discovered in Pluckel, Goldstein and Germany.
Schuster and Kaufman measured the specific charge of electrons earlier than Thomson, and Kaufman found that the specific charge varies with the speed of electrons.
Rutherford carried out the British alpha particle scattering experiment and put forward the nuclear structure model; The atomic nucleus of nitrogen was bombarded with alpha particles, and O- 17 and protons were produced, which was the first time in human history to artificially modify the atomic nucleus.
Flawn Hof discovered the solar spectrum (dark line on continuous spectrum).
Kirchhoff pioneered spectral analysis in Germany.
Frank, G. Hertz Frank-Hertz test: bombarding mercury atoms with electrons proves that the energy of mercury atoms is quantized.
Bekkerel (1903) was the first person to discover radioactive elements when French discovered that uranium can emit invisible rays and penetrate black paper to make photographic negatives sensitive.
Marie Curie (1903,191), pierre curie (1903) and his wife Poland's research on radioactivity (1903); Polonium Po and radium Ra( 19 1 1) were discovered.
Geiger, Miller German G-M counter, which can be used to detect rays.
Iorio and Curie (1935) bombarded aluminum nuclei with α particles to synthesize P-30, which is the first time to synthesize artificial radioactive elements.
Weinberg, Salam, glashow (1967) Weinberg and Salam put forward a perfect unified theory of electric weakness based on glashow's unified model, and put four kinds of interactions into the unified theory.
2. High school physics literature knowledge
Einstein (192 1) proposed that electromagnetic radiation itself is discontinuous, and explained the photoelectric effect. It is pointed out that photons have energy Millikan (1923). Planck's constant was measured by experiments in America, and compared with Planck's constant of blackbody radiation, thus proving the correctness of Einstein's theory. Compton (1927) The United States explained that there is a light component (Compton effect) larger than the original wavelength in the light scattering phenomenon, and proved that photons have momentum.
De Broglie (1929) proposed that physical particles also have fluctuations (de Broglie wave, matter wave). Lauder used the crystal gap as a diffraction grating to verify the fluctuation of Roentgen rays. Davisson (1937) conducted electron diffraction experiments with crystals. Prove the diffraction pattern of electrons GP Thomson (1937) Born Germany proposed that light is a probability wave Heisenberg (1932) Germany proposed the uncertainty relation, and matrix mechanics N Bohr (1922) Denmark established the early quantum theory. Bohr atomic model was born.
3. High school physics knowledge * * *
Uncle Liu's blog
1, Galileo
(1) overthrew Aristotle's view that "force is the reason to maintain motion" through ideal experiments.
(2) Overthrow Aristotle's view that "heavy objects fall faster than light objects"
2. Kepler: put forward Kepler's three laws of planetary motion;
3. Newton
(1) put forward three laws of motion.
(2) discovering the law of universal gravitation;
4. cavendish: The gravitational constant g is accurately measured with a torsion balance device.
5. Einstein
(1) put forward the special theory of relativity (classical mechanics is not suitable for microscopic particles and high-speed moving objects)
(2) Put forward the photon theory, successfully explained the law of photoelectric effect, and won the Nobel Prize in physics.
(3) The mass-energy equation is put forward, which provides a theoretical basis for the utilization of nuclear energy.
6. Coulomb: Coulomb's law, the law of interaction between charges, was discovered by torsion balance experiments.
7. Joule and Cold Words
The law of thermal effect when current passes through a conductor has been independently discovered, which is called Joule-Lenz law (this is very unpopular! Give priority to with teaching materials! )
8. Oster
It is found that the charged straight wires placed north and south can deflect the surrounding magnetic needles, which is the so-called current magnetic effect.
9. Ampere: Study the law of current in magnetic field (Ampere's Law), and the hypothesis of molecular current. Magnetic field can act on current.
10, Lorentz: Put forward the viewpoint that moving charge generates magnetic field, and the magnetic field acts on moving charge (Lorentz force).
1 1, Faraday
(1) Discovered the condition and law of current generated by magnetic field-electromagnetic induction phenomenon (there is one in the textbook, but there is no historical reason, so the textbook is the main one! )
(2) Put forward that there is an electric field around the charge, which can be described by electric field, and put forward the concepts of electromagnetic field, magnetic induction line and electric field line.
12, Lengci: the law that determines the direction of the induced current, the law of stagnation: the induced current has such a direction that the magnetic field of the induced current always hinders the change of the magnetic flux that causes the induced current.
13, Henry: Self-induction was discovered (this is also relatively unpopular).
14, Maxwell predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves, pointing out that light is electromagnetic waves, which laid the foundation for the electromagnetic theory of light.
15, Hz:
(1) The existence of electromagnetic waves is confirmed by experiments, and the propagation speed of electromagnetic waves is determined to be equal to the speed of light.
(2) The existence of electromagnetic theory is confirmed.
Planck 16
Put forward the "energy quantum hypothesis"-explain the law of thermal radiation (blackbody radiation) of objects. The emission and absorption of electromagnetic waves are not continuous, but one after another, that is, quantum theory.
17 Bohr: The hypothesis of atomic structure was put forward, and the radiation electromagnetic spectrum of hydrogen atom was successfully explained and predicted.
18, de Broglie: predicted the fluctuation of physical particles, and put forward wave-particle duality, matter wave. De Broglie wave, any moving object has its corresponding wave.
19, Thomson (Xun)
The discovery of electrons by cathode ray tube shows that atoms can be separated and have complex internal structure, and a jujube cake model of atoms (raisin pudding model) is put forward.
20. Rutherford
4. Summary of Literature Common Sense of Senior One (Guangdong)
I hope it will help you ~ Come on ~ 1. China ancient literature (1). Pre-Qin literature 1. Ancient Myths The famous ancient myths in China include: Nu Wa (wā) mending the sky, Hou Yi (yì) shooting at the sun, Jingwei reclaiming the sea, (Pangu) creating the world, and the Yellow Emperor War (. )
2. Pre-Qin Prose A. The Confucian classics "Four Books" refer to The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, University and The Doctrine of the Mean. The Five Classics refer to The Book of Songs, Shangshu, Book of Rites, Yijing, Chunqiu and Six Classics, also known as Six Arts (Yue).
B. historical prose. Zuo Zhuan (Chronological Style), Warring States Policy (National Style), Mandarin (National Style), Three Biographies of the Spring and Autumn Period, Zuo Zhuan, Gu Liang Zhuan and Ram Zhuan.
C. Hundreds of famous prose writers are: ① Laozi, Li Er, founder of Taoism and author of Tao Te Ching. (2) Kong Qiu, Zhong Ni.
He is the founder of Confucianism, and The Analects of Confucius is a book for Confucius disciples to record the words and deeds of Confucius and his students. ("Historical Records" and "Harmony") 3 Mozi's real name is Di (dí), the founder of Mohism.
Mozi 53 articles. (4) Mencius name, word Yu Zi.
The successor of Confucian school. Mencius is a book in which Mencius students record Mencius' words and deeds.
The more help you get from the Tao, the less help you get from the Tao. ) Born in sorrow, died in happiness. (5) "Zhuangzi" week, when the Warring States period, Taoism wrote "Zhuangzi".
("My Skillful Craftsman Helps Cows") 6 Xunzi, a Confucian in the Warring States Period, wrote 32 articles of Xunzi. ("Encouraging Learning") 7 Han Feizi, Legalist.
Everything is wrong. Bian Que meets Cai Huangong and Wu Zhu, and Naoko suspects his neighbor.
(8) Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, also known as Lu Lan, was jointly created by Prime Minister Qin and his disciples. ("Check the Gold") Pet-name ruby Reese's masterpiece is the essay "Exhortation to drive away guests".
3 Pre-Qin Poetry A. The Book of Songs. The Book of Songs is China's first poetry collection, with 305 poems in total.
It is divided into three categories: wind, elegance and praise. Wind is a folk song, elegance is a music song, and ode is a sacrifice song. The performance of The Book of Songs is Bi Xing Fu.
"Bi" is a metaphor, which is compared with other things. "Xing" says something else first to arouse the words to be sung, and "Fu" goes straight.
B. "Chu ci". Liu Xiang, a scholar in the Western Han Dynasty, edited the works of Qu Yuan, Song Yu and others into a book, and named it Chu Ci.
Qu Yuan (before 340? -Top 277? Ping Ming, a great patriotic poet in China, was a left disciple in Chu State, such as Dr. San Lv. His representative works include Li Sao, Nine Songs and Nine Chapters.
(2) Literature and Prose in the Han Dynasty (1) Jia Yi, known as Jia Sheng in the world. Also known as Jia Changsha, Jia Taifu.
The author of the ten-volume New Book. "On Qin" and "On Accumulation and Sparse Storage" are his representative works.
② Sima Qian, with a long word, was a great historian and writer. The book "Historical Records" pioneered the "biographical style", which is divided into biographies, aristocratic families, biographies, famous watches and books.
Lu Xun called "Historical Records" "A historian's swan song, leaving Sao without rhyme". (3) Ban Gu's Hanshu and Liu Xiang's Warring States Policy are both famous in history.
B. Yuefu folk songs and fu. 1. Yuefu folk songs: music, folk music; Government, government.
Yuefu was originally a poem collected by the music authorities in the Han Dynasty. Peacock Flying Southeast is the peak of narrative development in Han Yuefu.
It was first seen in the New Yutai Fu compiled by Xu Ling in the Southern Dynasties. 2. Fu is a synthesis of China's ancient poetry and prose.
Sima Xiangru's son Xu Fu and Shang Fulin. Jia Yi's ode to Qu Yuan is very famous.
(3). Literature of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties A. Poetry of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties ① "Three Cao". "Three Caos" are Cao Shi's father and son Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi. Cao Cao's view of the sea, Cao Pi's vast journey, Cao Zhi's famous white horse and Luo Shenfu are all famous.
(2) "Seven sons of Jian 'an" refers to Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, (y incarnation) and (yáng) Liu Zhen. Wang Shen's seven-wound poem is his highest achievement.
(3) "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest" refers to seven authors such as Ji Kang, Ruan Ji and Xiang Xiu. (4) Tao Yuanming, whose name is latent and his word is bright, is known as Mr. Jingjie. Peach Blossom Garden, returning home, returning to the garden and drinking are all masterpieces handed down from generation to generation.
⑤ Besides, Zhuge Liang's Model, Ye Fan's History of the Later Han Dynasty, Chen Shou's History of the Three Kingdoms, Wang Xizhi's Preface to the Lanting Pavilion, Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long and Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics all go down in history. B. novels of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
(novel development period) ① Strange stories are represented by Gan Bao's Searching for God. Mo Xie.
② Anecdotal novels are represented by Liu Yiqing's Shi Shuo Xin Yu. Zhou Chu.
(4). Tang literature 1. Four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty: Yang Jiong, Lu and Luo. Wang Bo's Send Du Shaofu to Ren Shuchuan and Preface to Wang Tengting are both famous.
② "pastoral poets" Wang Wei and Meng Haoran. Wang is a great poet and a famous "painter and musician"; People say that he "has pictures in his poems and poems in his paintings".
His representative works include Embattled, Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains and so on. Meng Haoran is a close friend of Wang Wei, and his famous work is Passing the Old People's Village.
(3) "Frontier poets" Gao Shi, Cen Can, Wang Changling and Wang Zhihuan. Gao Shi's Ge Yanxing, Cen Can's Bai Xuege, Wang Changling's The Lotus Tower and Wang Zhihuan's The Bird Pavilion are all famous works.
④ Poet Li Bai, poet Du Fu and people's poet Bai Juyi. Li Bai, whose word is too white, is called a violet layman.
Li Bai is a great romantic poet. His representative works include Entering Wine, Difficult Road to Shu, Dream of Climbing Mount Tianmu, Song of Autumn Pu, Poem on a Quiet Night, Gift to Wang Lun, etc. Li Taibai's collection. Du Fu, also known as Du Gongbu, was a great realistic poet.
His representative works include Three Officials (Tongguan Officer, Shihao Officer and Xin 'an Officer), Three Farewells (Homelessness, Resignation and Wedding), Northern Expedition, Military Vehicle Shop, Cottage Broken by Autumn Wind, etc. Bai Juyi, the word Lotte, is a famous Buddhist in Xiangshan.
Bai Taifu and Bai Juyi, who are known as the White Xiangshan Mountain, advocate that "articles should be written in time, and songs and poems should be written". Famous works "Song of Eternal Sorrow" and "Pipa Travel".
⑤ "Little Du Li": Li Shangyin and Du Mu, the authors of Fan Chuan's Collected Works. ⑥ "Three Li in Poetry" are Li Bai, Li Shangyin and Li He.
2. Tang Dynasty Prose ① Han Yu. Han Yu, the word back, is named Changli, also known as the Korean official department.
Han Yu was the leader of the "ancient prose movement" in the Tang Dynasty, and he wrote "Collected Works of Mr. Changli". (2) Liu Zongyuan, thick word, also known as Liu Hedong.
He is the author of the famous Eight Records of Yongzhou and the East Collection of Liuhe. 3. Tang Legend (the mature period of novel development) Chen Hong's "Song of Eternal Sorrow" and "Biography of Li".
5. High school physics knowledge * * *
1. Mechanics: 1. 1638. In the dialogue between two new sciences, Italian physicist Galileo demonstrated with scientific reasoning that heavy objects would not fall faster than light objects; His research on the process of free fall is as follows: (1) Put forward the hypothesis that free fall is the simplest variable-speed movement with uniform time change; Mathematical reasoning: it is obtained by the sum of the average speeds of uniform variable speed motion with zero initial speed and v final speed; Then apply the above formula to eliminate v and deduce it.
Experimental verification: Because the time of free fall is too short, it is difficult to verify directly. Galileo rolled down the slope with a copper ball with little resistance. Hundreds of experiments show that when balls of different masses move along the same inclined plane, the ratio of displacement to time square remains unchanged, which shows that balls of different masses move in a straight line with uniform change along the same inclined plane. Constantly increasing the inclination of the inclined plane, repeating the above experiments, it is concluded that the ratio increases with the increase of the inclination of the inclined plane, indicating that the acceleration of the ball with uniform speed change increases with the increase of the inclination of the inclined plane. Reasonable Extrapolation: Extrapolate the conclusion to the case that the slope is 90, and the ball will be in free fall. Galileo believed that the ball would still change at a constant speed.
(The conclusion obtained by extrapolation is not necessarily correct and needs to be verified by experiments. Note: Galileo's study of free fall initiated a scientific method to study the laws of nature. 2. 1683, British scientist Newton put forward three laws of motion in his book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.
3./kloc-in the 0/7th century, Galileo pointed out through ideal experimental methods: if there is no friction, an object moving on a horizontal plane will keep moving at this speed; Descartes, a contemporary French physicist, further pointed out that if there is no other reason, the moving object will continue to move in a straight line at the same speed, neither stopping nor deviating from the original direction. 4. Quantum mechanics and Einstein's special theory of relativity established at the beginning of 20th century show that classical mechanics is not suitable for microscopic particles and high-speed moving objects.
5./kloc-in the 0/7th century, the German astronomer Kepler put forward Kepler's three laws. Newton officially published the law of gravity in 1687; 1798, the British physicist Cavendish accurately measured the gravitational constant by using the torsion balance device (reflecting the idea of amplification and transformation); 1846, scientists calculated and observed Neptune by applying the law of universal gravitation. 6. The principle of the rocket invented in the Song Dynasty in China is the same as that of the modern rocket, but the structure of the modern rocket is complex, and the maximum speed that can be achieved mainly depends on the jet speed and the mass ratio (the mass ratio when the rocket starts flying and the fuel burns out); Multi-stage rockets are generally three-stage rockets, and China has become the third country to master manned space technology.
7./Kloc-In the 0/7th century, the Dutch physicist Huygens determined the periodic formula of a simple pendulum. A simple pendulum with a period of 2s is called a double pendulum.
8. Austrian physicist Doppler (1803- 1853) first discovered the phenomenon that the observer feels the frequency change due to the relative motion between the wave source and the observer-Doppler effect. (As we get closer to each other, F increases; Second, the heat: 1. 1827 British botanist Brown found that pollen particles suspended in water kept making irregular movements-Brownian motion.
2/kloc-In the middle of the 9th century, the law of conservation of energy was finally determined by German doctor Meyer, British physicist Joel and German scholar Helmholtz. 3. 1850, Clausius put forward the qualitative expression of the second law of thermodynamics: heat cannot be transferred from a low-temperature object to a high-temperature object without other effects, which is the so-called Clausius expression.
The following year, Kelvin put forward another expression: it is impossible to obtain heat from a single heat source and convert it into useful work without other effects. This expression is called Kelvin expression. 4. 1848 Kelvin put forward the thermodynamic temperature scale, pointing out that absolute zero (-273. 15℃) is the lower limit of temperature.
T=t+273. 15K The third law of thermodynamics: the zero point of thermodynamics is unattainable. 3. Electromagnetism: 1. 1785 French physicist Coulomb discovered the law of interaction between charges by using the torsion balance experiment.
(conversion) 2. 1752, Franklin verified that lightning is a form of electricity through kite experiments in Philadelphia, unified the sky electricity with the earth electricity, and invented the lightning rod. 3. 1826 German physicist Ohm (1787- 1854) got Ohm's law through experiments.
4. 19 1 1 Dutch scientist anis found that when the temperature of most metals drops to a certain value, the resistance suddenly drops to zero-superconductivity. 5.1841~1842 Joule and Lengci have independently discovered the law of thermal effect when current passes through a conductor, which is called Joule-Lenz law.
6. 1820, Danish physicist Oster discovered the effect that current can deflect the surrounding magnetic needles, which is called the magnetic effect of current. Ampere found that two parallel lines with the same current attract each other, while those with opposite currents repel each other. At the same time, the hypothesis of ampere molecular current is put forward.
Lorentz, a Dutch physicist, put forward the view that moving charge produces magnetic field, and the magnetic field has a force (Lorentz force) on moving charge. 7. The mass spectrometer designed by Thomson's student Aston can be used to measure the mass of charged particles and analyze isotopes.
1932, American physicist Lorenz invented the cyclotron, which can produce a large number of high-energy particles in the laboratory. (The maximum kinetic energy depends only on the magnetic field and the diameter of the D-box.
The cycle of that circular motion of char particles is the same as that of the high-frequency pow supply; However, when the kinetic energy of particles is large and the speed is close to the speed of light, according to the special theory of relativity, the mass of particles increases significantly with the speed, and the cyclotron period of particles in the magnetic field changes, so it is difficult to further increase the speed of particles. 8. 183 1 year, the British physicist Faraday discovered the condition and law of magnetic field generating current-electromagnetic induction phenomenon; 1834 Lengci published the law of determining the direction of induced current.
9. 1832 Henry discovered the phenomenon of self-inductance, that is, while studying the induced current, he found that the induced electromotive force was caused by the current change of the circuit itself. The working principle of fluorescent lamp is one of its applications.
Double winding precision resistance is one of the applications to eliminate its influence. 10. 1864, the British physicist Maxwell published the paper "Dynamic Theory of Electromagnetic Field", put forward the basic equation of electromagnetic field, later called Maxwell equations, predicted the existence of electromagnetic wave, pointed out that light is electromagnetic wave, and laid the foundation of electromagnetic theory of light.
Electromagnetic waves.
6. How to review high school physics?
If you want to learn physics well in a short time, you must understand the important formulas in the book and know how to use them. Please note that understanding is not memory. Rote memorization is no good, because even if you can memorize it, you don't need it. Furthermore, cultivate your interest in physics, even if you can't like it, at least let yourself not hate it. Finally, you should improve your self-study ability. In fact, many people can't directly attract a lot of knowledge from teachers in class, and most of the knowledge is obtained through self-study and consolidation after class. Also, don't do too many questions. It is better to memorize formulas than to do problems crazily. Of course, I'm not saying that you should do fewer questions, but that you shouldn't spend too much time on them. Doing some questions properly can keep your speed and reaction ability. This is the way I used to study physics. I hope it suits you. I know a good blog. It took the blogger half a year to become the champion of the college entrance examination. You can use Baidu to look at Li Sina's blog, which contains detailed review plans, problem-solving skills, review materials of various subjects, as well as physics learning methods and key summaries, all of which are his experiences. I hope I can help you! There are no stupid children in this world, only stupid methods. As long as you work hard and find the right method, I believe you can learn physics well! O(∩_∩)O~