The latter is the pioneer of "political Zionism". They grafted the political ideal of seeking and suggesting the establishment of a "Jewish nation state" on the branch of religious Zionism, and successfully completed the docking of political strategy and religious tradition. In this way, the context of the whole thing is clear: after using the sacred religious tradition, the "political Zionist" announced that it would establish a "secular state." Of course, it is a common phenomenon in human political practice to use religion or directly combine with religion to rule in the name of false gods, such as Israel, Iran, Arab countries and the United States, the largest democratic country in the world. Therefore, what deserves more attention is the political practice of Israel, the "Kingdom of God" established in the name of God.
As a master of political Zionism, Theodore? After thinking hard in Vienna, Heckel summarized his logic of "rejuvenation" as: 1. Jews all over the world, no matter which country they live in, constitute a "nation"; 2. "Jews" are always persecuted whenever and wherever; 3. "Jews" cannot be integrated with other ethnic groups in the country where they live. (Theodore? Hecl's Jewish state, 1896), the first of which, we have clearly discussed in the section "Jews are not a nation" in this paper; We are not going to comment on article 2. However, it should be emphasized that Jews have been persecuted by religion and racism many times in history, from the Pharaoh era to the Crusades of the Holy See, from the Spanish Catholic emperor to the modern czar Russia, Poland, Romania and other eastern European countries, including the Dreyfus incident in France, to the modern German Third Reich; The most interesting thing is the third article: the "Jewish nation" cannot coexist with other ethnic groups in the host country. The logic of this thought is exactly the same as all racist ideologies in history and reality. Including anti-Semitism, including Nazi theory, including apartheid in South Africa not long ago, and of course, the basic national policy of racism implemented by Israel today.
For the latter, Shulamit, a former Israeli parliamentarian and leader of the civil rights movement? Ms. Aroni once made a sharp criticism: "All this happened to instill an idea in the Jews in Israel. This view holds that there are essential differences between Jews and non-Jews. This distinction has become the principle of judging internal affairs in international law and international organization law. It has also become a principle for judging personal situation, family situation and settlement standards. It is this principle that enables us to treat Israelis, Arabs, nomads, West Bank residents and Gaza people in different ways. At the same time, it also taught us how to satisfy the ambitions of the Israelis. " (Shulamit? In the name of Judaism, published by Aluni in the Israeli newspaper Yediot Izvestia on June 25th 1978). Is that why Nelson? Mandela said this after South Africa overthrew apartheid and gained independence and freedom: "We know very well that our freedom will not be complete until Palestine is liberated and free."
This great inspiration consists of a trilogy: drawing on the nutrients of European nationalism theory, the Jews who have been maintained by religious culture for thousands of years are designed as a "nation" as a religious group; Distorted the theory of "superior voters" in Judaism and described it as a "higher nation" different from other human beings; We will use the European anti-Semitic forces to accuse other regions of dark psychology and the theory of "promising to build the kingdom of God" advocated by religious Zionism to promote the establishment of an independent Israeli state. -This is the core of the theory of political Zionism and the basis of the theory of Israel's founding. The essence of this theory is that the theory of political Zionism replaces religious belief with nationalism and God worship with national worship. From this, we can clearly see that the relationship between political Zionism and Europe's long-standing theories of racism and colonialism is not excessive, or it is directly the product of the latter. Hecl himself is not shy about this. He clearly wrote in the book Jewish State: "We must form a part of the European fortress there (Palestine) to deal with Asia and make it an outpost of civilization against barbarism."
According to the theory that the state of Israel today is related to the' Israel' promised by God in the Old Testament, he can be called the greatest Jewish thinker Martin? Buber wrote: "Judaism as a religious belief was uprooted. The germination of Jewish nationalism in the middle of 19 century is the concentrated expression of this disease. " As for the relationship between the state of Israel today and ancient Israel in history, the last section of this paper has made a clear analysis. It is just a short-lived kingdom established 3000 years ago after many wars-it only existed for 73 years, and its residents are not of a single race. It has already disappeared without a trace with the passage of time, like countless ancient kingdoms.
Another school of Jews, adhering to the traditional spirit of Judaism, never gave up criticizing and resisting political Zionism. As early as the book "Jewish State" was not published, and before the Pittsburgh Conference published the Bulletin on the Revision of the Eight Principles of Judaism, Hecl advocated its political Zionism. 1885, the vast majority of American Jewish law doctors announced: "We don't regard ourselves as a nation, but only as a religious group. Therefore, we do not expect to return to Palestine, nor do we expect to revive the spirit of sacrifice or restore any laws related to the Jewish state among Harun's descendants. " From June 65438 to June 0942, 92 Jewish doctors of law held a meeting in Nicktown, Etla, USA to discuss the issue of political Zionism. On August 2 1943, an "American Jewish Committee" formed and issued a statement to protest against the plan to establish a Jewish state in Palestine: "At that time, we must shout' Stop'! They want to use the dual nationality of the United States to incite American Jews under the banner of Judaism, the Jewish army and the establishment of a state in Palestine. This is unacceptable to us ... We can never accept the current Zionist political plan and can never support it. " At the same time, the "American Jewish Committee" put forward a specific plan to solve the Jewish refugees expelled from Europe: "We demand that the United Nations send all those who were driven out of the motherland by the Axis countries back to the motherland safely through mediation as soon as possible ... For our Jewish brothers, we don't ask for anything else, only that no matter where they are, they should enjoy the same rights and perform the same obligations as citizens of that country. We oppose the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine or anywhere else, because it is the product of a failed philosophy and cannot provide an effective and practical solution to the Jewish problem. "
Political Zionism is opposed not only by Jewish doctors of law, but also by many world-renowned Jews. Like Einstein and the philosopher Martin? Boubal, Guda? Professor Manes —— The First President of Hebrew University in Jerusalem. They believe that political Zionism is a betrayal of Judaism and a political tool aimed at religion. Guda? 1933, Professor Manes is worried about the future of Palestine: "What worries me most is that he has not put forward a constructive plan to deliberately solve the crisis and avoid the outbreak of war between the two peoples. Yes, Jews have the right to demand justice from the world, but I am not prepared to persecute Arabs in order to achieve Jewish justice. It is unfair for Arabs to accept Jewish rule willingly. Therefore, I do not support the establishment of a Jewish state. The reason I pointed out is that I don't want to fight the Arabs. "
It can be seen that not all Jews are keen on Hecl's plan. According to the American Jewish Yearbook 1943, there were 207,000 participants in the Zionist movement in the United States at that time, and the total number of Jews in the United States at that time was 5 million. Although the political zionists vigorously promoted and mobilized, they demanded that Jews from all over the world "return" to Palestine (even at the expense of artificially creating some "anti-Semitic incidents", such as in Yemen and other places). ) But by the end of 19, the Jewish population in Palestine was still less than 50,000. 19 19, two years after the Balfour declaration, the Jewish population in Palestine was only 65,000, accounting for 7% of the total Palestinian residents. From 1920 to 12 in 1932, the total number of Jews who "returned" to Palestine was 1 18378 (less than 1% of the total number of Jews in the world). Until1August 3, 9491Israel was established, Ben? Gurion's conversation with American visitors also proves this point: "Although we have realized our long-cherished wish to establish a Jewish state, we are still at the starting point because there are only 900,000 Jews in Israel. Our task is to bring all the Jews in the world back to Israel. "
In this way, observing the modern Israeli state from the founding theory to the political practice, including studying its basic law, we will find that the concept of "Jew" in this country is always ambiguous, vacillating between the concept based on blood relationship and the concept based on religious belief; The self-identity of the nature of political power has also been erratic between "secular state" and "theocratic state". The public statements of successive Israeli national leaders also illustrate this point: "The establishment of this country is the result of God's promise!" -The national spiritual pillar and ethical foundation put forward by Mrs Meier, the founder of the State of Israel and the fourth Prime Minister (Le Monde 197 1, 1,1October 5); Former Israeli Prime Minister Bei Jing once said: "This land is given to us, and we have every right to own it." (Statement issued during February 1978 12' s visit to Oslo, Norway); "We own the Old Testament, or we are subjects of the Old Testament, so we have the right to occupy the land promised to us in the Old Testament-that is, Jerusalem, Heilbronn, Elijah and their nearby lands belonging to judges and Jewish jurists!" (Excerpted from Moses, who served as Israel's Minister of Agriculture, Defense and Foreign Affairs? Dayan was published in Jerusalem Post, August issue1967), June 25th 1969, Golda? Meyer publicly stated at the Israeli conference: "Jews are the decisive and stable majority, and what we want is a Jewish state. In an unmistakable sentence, it is a Zionist country. "
Therefore, the national nature of Israel has always been a controversial issue. Roger? Professor Groudi once pointed out in the book "The Israeli Question": "What is the logic of colonialism to establish an independent country with the financial support of Europeans who colluded with the Nazis? Because the massacre of Jews occurred on the European continent, it was a Nazi crime and a collective crime of Europeans who colluded with the Nazis. Let Arabs who have nothing to do with it pay compensation!" 1975, when the United Nations adopted the resolution "Zionism is a manifestation of racism", Yitzhak, a former Israeli foreign minister and one of the Stern Gang organizations? Chamir published an article in Izvestia on June 165438+ 10/4 of that year, criticizing this resolution of the United Nations, saying: "A group of people who just came down from trees formed a nation, and this group of people immediately regarded themselves as world leaders, which is unacceptable! How can a group of primitive people deserve the right to speak? Our recent blow at the United Nations has made us understand that we are different people from others. "
Judging from Israel's political practice, as "the only country in the world that has to fight every day to survive" (current Israeli ambassador to China Marten? In an interview with Phoenix Satellite TV on September 6th, Villenay (2012) said that since the "War of Founding" of 1948, Israel has been "reborn from the ashes": according to the statistical results published by Shahak, a professor at Hebrew University in Jerusalem and former president of Israel Human Rights Federation, 1975, * * lists the 3800. After 1948, another 475 Arab villages suffered the same fate. 1948 In August, the government decided to turn flat land into cultivated land or build new Jewish settlements on these ruins. The Naming Committee approved the new settlements to use the original Arabic place names in Hebrew: Lubya became a lion fighter, Safuria became a Zipori, and only Iteit kept its original name. David? Ben-Gurion explained that this was done to prevent Arabs from claiming these villages as theirs in the future. This action was supported by Israeli archaeologists, who believed that these names restored the map to the original appearance of' ancient Israel'. "Three quarters of the 654.38 million Palestinians have become refugees, accounting for almost 90% of the population living in countries divided by Jews. /kloc-in the winter of 0/948, they lived in tents provided by international charitable organizations, and the United Nations promised that they would return to China soon. " (Allen? After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the fourth chapter of Pepper's Modern History of Palestine, Between the Holocaust and Independence: 1948 War, states that "Israel's settlement expansion activities never stopped, 1979 intensified in the West Bank, and the Jewish residents in the settlements were armed according to the old colonial tradition. As a result, after expelling 6.5438+0.5 million Palestinian residents, 1947 "Jews" who accounted for less than 6.5% of all Palestinian land now occupy 93% of the land (75% of which belongs to the state and 14% belongs to the Jewish National Foundation). " (Roger? Groudi's "The Israeli Question")
This is not so much the Jewish classics' interpretation of the crime of the Holocaust as the selective use of the classic contents by national politics: for example, they got inspiration from the ancient massacre of Canaanites in Joshua; But they deliberately ignored Jeremiah and Micah's curse on the Holocaust. It emphasizes the racial discrimination in Israel, but avoids the desire of Ezra and Isaiah to expect the future Messiah to save the world ... The State of Israel considers itself the legal successor of Israel in the Old Testament classic, which provides a natural and just sacred foundation for its invasion and annexation of other countries' land. At the same time, Jews all over the world, Catholics who unconsciously serve the political Zionist ideology, and Christians who belong to the "Sunday school" of the new doctrine accepted them without thinking. Therefore, "some people say that Judaism in Israel today is the third mistress of secular forces, mean but vivid." (Xu "Israel: Politicization of Religion" People's Network)
Theocracy? Colonial and racist countries? Or secular democracy? As for the national nature of Israel, there is a sentence in Gilsum's book "The Liberation of Judaism" that can be interpreted as a classic: "The Nazi burned Jews and established the State of Israel are two sides of the same historical event".
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