Literature of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
foreword
1. Symbol of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (Medieval Literature): Prosperity of Modern Poetry in May 7th.
2. Factors of Wei Jinnan's literary transformation
(1) Literary Consciousness and the Prosperity of Literary Criticism
First, literature is differentiated from knowledge and independence in a broad sense (in the Han Dynasty, literature refers to knowledge, which was juxtaposed with history, metaphysics and Confucianism only in the Liu and Song Dynasties).
Second, we have a clear understanding of various genres of literature, and have a clear understanding of the system and style characteristics of genres. It was the system in the Southern Dynasties.
The third is the conscious pursuit of literary aesthetic characteristics (literature is ultimately manifested in the conscious pursuit of aesthetic characteristics).
(2) The fate of China people being killed in the unrest.
Wei-Jin literature is a typical turbulent literature, which should adapt to both war and regime change. It is easy to feel the shortness of life, the fragility of life, the unpredictability of fate, the impermanence of fate and personal powerlessness, thus forming a tragic tone and releasing it as compensation. So there are some * * * same themes, such as life and death, wandering immortals and seclusion.
(3) Literary creation under the concept of gate valve.
A. The gate system blocked the promotion of the poor as officials, and their injustice was reflected in their literary creation.
B. Literature and even culture are concentrated in a few aristocratic families. With the transmission of political power from generation to generation, the emergence of a large number of literary families is related to it.
C. the trend of attaching importance to family status is also manifested in attaching importance to clan relations and ethical concepts, or chanting to show off family status and ancestors' merits.
(4) The infiltration of metaphysics into literature.
Metaphysics originated from Laozi and Zhuangzi, and was influenced by Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, which had a great influence on literature. Among them, the distinction between nature and truth, speech and meaning, name and reason, form and spirit has become the theme of literary discussion and works, and interest has been integrated into literature.
(5) The influence of Buddhism and the translation of Buddhist scriptures on literature.
3. The development of medieval literature.
A. Summary
Jian 'an: Cao Shi, RoyceWong and Serina Liu.
Political ideal and pragmatic spirit, free and easy attitude and adaptability. Don't stick to Confucianism, showing a distinct personality. It reflects lofty ideals, short life, personality and strong tragic color.
Zhengshi: Ji Kang, Ruan Ji
Advocating nature, opposing Confucianism, exposing the conflict between ethics and current politics, as well as repression and protest under political pressure. Taikang: Three, two lands, two sets and one left.
Characterized by red tape, he lost the style of Jian 'an, but made a lot of explorations in the use of language to protest against the clumsiness of the door valve and calligraphy.
Jin Dynasty: Metaphysical Poetry.
Changes in Jin and Song Dynasties: Tao Yuanming Initiates Pastoral Poetry.
The simple poetic style of Han and Wei Dynasties was brought into a more exquisite situation, and "nature" was promoted to the extreme of beauty.
Early Song Dynasty: Xie Lingyun, metaphysical poetry turned to landscape poetry.
B. general remarks
Trend of thought: literature enters the conscious stage, and literary creation tends to be personalized.
Metaphysics and Buddhism have brought new creative factors, the development and application of formal beauty of language.
Achievements: The Five Dynasties inherited the Han Yuefu, strengthened the poet's personality and made parallel prose flourish, adding a new lyric style. Dr. Han evolved into lyric poetry, adding elements of lovers, and established folk songs and novels in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
On Jian 'an and Zhengshi Literature
1. Characteristics of Jian 'an Era
(1) Jian 'an literati are quite ambitious and outstanding. The lofty political ideal and tragic and generous spirit have become the characteristics of the times.
(2) Social unrest makes life short a theme. In this regard, the poet just lamented. (Seven Wounded Poems) Or lament that the years are short and the fame has not been established, but still work hard. (short song) or try to break through the limitations of fate and pursue higher life value (although turtles live long).
(3) At this time, literature began to be conscious, and it was also an era of high creative personality. The poet did not follow the example of his peers, found another way and developed a unique style, either straight and sad, or graceful and graceful.
(4) Jian 'an's poems are full of tragic colors.
2. Cao Cao
(1) reflects the reality of war and people's suffering in the late Han Dynasty, and embodies Cao Cao's mind and ambition to save the people from fire and water.
(2) Showing the idea of governing the country according to law and the desire to seek talents and unify the whole country.
3. Cao Pi
Banquet poem: Write about the pleasure of enjoying the tour, with meticulous model and rich words, and often use antithesis.
Express your feelings: highlight the determination to "save the people and paint charcoal" and aim at "quelling chaos"
Recruit people to miss women: lovesickness, parting, missing.
Change is the father's position;
(1) The expression of personal feelings is different from Cao Cao's love of historical mission.
(2) The use of literati's artistic expression and the formation of artistic style are manifested in the beauty of language and the creation of artistic forms.
4. Cao Zhi
A. Early stage: singing ideals and ambitions, full of optimism, romance and self-confidence (white horse).
B later stage: express the contradiction between ideal and reality, and arouse grief and indignation.
Content:
Anger at the persecution of himself and his friends (Noda Yoshihiko);
Put your life experience on thinking of your wife and abandoning your children and express your heart (beauty);
Narrative poems, telling their heart of using the world (miscellaneous poems);
Poems about immortals, no achievements in reality, and fantasy of celestial liberation (travel notes);
Contribution: rich and colorful literary talent;
Great influence on the development of five-character poems:
The unfortunate life experience has aroused the recognition of later literati;
5. Seven sons of Jian 'an: Kong Rong, Chen Lin, Wang Jie, Xu Gan, Ruan Yu, Angelababy and Liu Zhen.
6. Wang Jie: affectionate, generous and tragic.
(1) Back to Cao Qian: Remember the war in the late Han Dynasty, and write about the feelings of restraint and sadness.
(2) After returning to Cao: (Five poems from the army) Reproduce the desolate countryside after the war in the late Han Dynasty. He praised Cao Cao's wise SHEN WOO and expressed his willingness to serve the country with Cao Cao.
Style: Deep feelings, generous and tragic, disturbed by turmoil, make him feel happy and worried about the world and himself. Compassion for the people and the desire to expand their ambitions are all expressed in the sadness of their personal lives.
7. Liu Zhen: Give the answer and play.
Serina Liu's poems won by imposing manner. Whether it is lyrical about things or writing about landscapes and birds, he has shown indomitable spirit.
8. The Great Wall Cave in Ma Yin is simple in language, profound in feelings and profound in style, which is very close to the style of Yuefu folk songs.
9. Sense of crisis and disillusionment generally appear in positive epics and political ideals. There are fewer works that reflect people's sufferings and express their lofty sentiments, and more poems that express personal worries and indignation. Due to the influence of the metaphysical style of official history, poetry gradually combined with Hyunri, and the poetic style changed from generous and tragic in Jian 'an to profound and profound.
10. Contents and characteristics of Ruan Ji's Singing Eighty-two
What he didn't do at one time and one place was to record his political feelings, express his feelings, discuss and write his ideals, and set a precedent for political lyric poetry in the history of China literature.
The poem "Yong Huai" is full of gloomy and lonely feelings. The poem or time flies, life is impermanent (18) or the flowers and trees change from prosperity to withering, and everything changes (3) or the helplessness of birds, animals, insects and fish to their own destiny. Or directly sigh all kinds of profound pain in life. Because everything from nature to human beings is full of suffering. Ruan Ji's depression is hard to get rid of. Facing the dirty society and short life, I can't find a way out, so I have to pretend to be broad-minded.
In order to find a spiritual way out, there is a theme of seclusion and immortalization in Yong Huai. Criticize the decadent regime and point out its doomed fate. Expose the hypocrisy of operators and express their ambitions.
1 1. Ji Kang
Ji Kang's poems mainly express his outlook on life, which is the pursuit of nature, independence and rejection of fame and fortune.
On Taikang's Poetic Style
& lt 1 & gt； Characteristics of Taikang's Poetry Style: Complexity
(1) Language has changed from simple and archaic to gorgeous and gorgeous.
(2) Description tends to be simple and complicated.
(3) The sentence pattern changes from scattered lines to parallel pairs.
In a word, the pursuit of gorgeous rhetoric, detailed description and extensive use of parallelism are the main manifestations of Taikang's poetry style, which is also an inevitable trend from the perspective of the law of literary development.
& lt2> Causes of Taikang's Poetic Style
Most poets in the Western Jin Dynasty were conceited with their talents and tried their best to display their talents. In order to show their talents, they all attached great importance to the ci which could best show their talents at that time. The creation of Ci Fu not only brought them great reputation, but also gave them good artistic skills training.
Because of the times, it is impossible for Pan Lu and others to sing the generous voice of Jian 'an poems, nor to write Ruan Ji's profound works. Their efforts lie in two aspects, one is to learn from the past, the other is to pursue the progress of formal skills, showing a complex poetic style.
& lt3> Zuo Si's Ode to Histories
The main content of the poem is the injustice of poor scholars and their contempt and struggle against the gentry. Some express their contempt for the gate valve system, some express their affirmation of their own values, and some lament the poor life of the poor.
Key points of exams in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
Zuo Si's poems often cite historical facts, hence the name "Dian". This attitude of satirizing the present from the past and criticizing the real politics is therefore called "resentment". The complaints of literary classics are very profound.
On Metaphysical Poems in Wei and Jin Dynasties
1. Reasons for the prevalence of metaphysical poetry in the Eastern Jin Dynasty:
(1) Metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties, the wind of talking was prevalent;
(2) The unique literati mentality formed by the local political situation in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
2. The combination of mystery and interpretation:
Ideologically, the new meaning of Zhifu's annotation "Happy Wandering" is accepted by everyone. Under the guidance of this thought, the people of the Eastern Jin lived a relatively stable and prosperous life. They did not despise fame and pursue nature, but pursued seclusion and righteousness, and lived a romantic and chic life. Their theme was landscape.
Tao Yuanming, an independent theory
1. The classification of Tao Yuanming's poems: pastoral poems, poems chanting for the bosom, poems chanting for objects and poems answering.
2. Pastoral poetry:
Content: Some people express their carefree mood by depicting rural scenery and rural life scenes. Mainly based on the life experience of farming, but also write about the decline of the countryside.
3. Artistic features of Tao's poems
(1) Poetic daily life
Find important meaning and lasting poetry in daily life.
(2) Blending of situational factors
Tao's poems pay attention to the integration of soul and scenery and the understanding of life.
(3) See the warning in the plain and the beauty in the simple.
It often describes the most common things. Once a poet starts writing, he often has epigrams, less rhetoric and simple description.
On Landscape Poetry
1. Xie Lingyun's landscape poems
After Xie Shi was appointed as the magistrate of Yongjia, most of his poems were abbreviations. With rich and delicate language, he vividly and meticulously described the natural scenery of Yongjia, Huiji and Lipeng Lake, focusing on freshness.
2. The change from Tao to Xie's poetic art..
(1) From freehand brushwork to portrait
Different from Shi Tao's poems, Xie Shi pays more attention to the description of landscapes, which is independent and transcends human temperament.
(2) From Enlightenment to Realism
Xie Shi's language pays more attention to reality, gives full play to the appeal of language, and increases the effect of describing objects in language. Emotion must be extremely attractive to write something, and words must be innovative. Temperament fades, melody opens.
3. Bao Zhao:
(1) to convey the generous voice;
(2) Describe the life of conscripts and soldiers to cope with the border war;
③ Poems describing vagrants, thinking about women and abandoning their wives;
(4) Reflect the blackmail of the rulers and the sufferings of the people;
(5) the mountains and rivers are elegant and unrestrained, and they are strange and sharp.