1. Nouns are used flexibly as verbs, and nouns are causative, purposeful and behavioral.
2. Verb causative usage, flexible use of verbs as nouns
3. Adjectives are used flexibly as verbs, causative usage and intentional usage of adjectives.
4. Numerals are used flexibly as verbs, and their causative usage
5. Nouns are used as adverbials
Flexible use of nouns
1. Nouns are used flexibly as general verbs.
(1) Noun+Noun, non-coordinate modifier, no predicate, generally the former noun is used as a verb.
For example: Jin Jun's mausoleum. (Garrison) "Candle defeated Qin Shi"
(2) Nouns+pronouns, when nouns are generally used as verbs.
Example: A person has a hundred mouths and a hundred tongues. You can't name all of them. Stomatology
(3) Adverb (will verb)+noun, when nouns are used flexibly as verbs.
The dark clouds were darkened by the rain. (Rain) Dreaming of Mount Tianmu
4 Nouns are connected with verbs or verb phrases with "er" and "zhe", and nouns are used flexibly as verbs.
Example: You can tell from the clothes. (puts on clothes and hat) Feng Xuan guest Meng Changjun.
⑤ In ancient Chinese, not only ordinary nouns can be used flexibly as verbs, but also locative nouns are often used flexibly as verbs.
Example: Xiajiangling, downstream to the east. (capture; Red wall fu before the crusade
2. Nouns are used flexibly as causative verbs.
When a noun is used as a causative verb, it means that the noun has an object, so that the person or thing represented by the object becomes the person or thing represented by the noun.
Exodus: Thanks to my husband, life and death are nothing but bones. (Bring the Dead Back to Life, Let the Bones Grow Meat) The Story of Zhongshan Wolf
Exodus: Yuanji confessed in the city and walked down the sincere ladder. (Production ...) "Snowy Night Lee is Recorded in Cai Zhou"
3. Watch of people or things.
Exodus: The people in the city are very strange, and the guests are slightly different from their parents. (treat ... as a guest) Shang
Exodus: I killed a horse thief several times and took his things, so I got back at me. (Holding ... as the enemy) Pass the big iron cone.
Flexible use of verbs
The verb 1. is used flexibly as a noun.
The main function of a verb is to act as a predicate, but sometimes it also appears in the position of subject or object, indicating the person or thing related to the action and behavior of this verb, and then it can be used flexibly as a noun.
Exodus: Am I a good marksman? Oil man (archery skill)
For example, big countries are unpredictable and have hidden concerns. (Ambush troops, ambush) The Cao Gui Debate
2. Causative usage of verbs
A verb and its object are generally not dominated and dominated, but make the person or thing represented by the object produce the action represented by the verb. Generally speaking, verbs used flexibly as causative verbs are mostly intransitive verbs. An intransitive verb originally has no object. When it is used as a verb, it is followed by an object. Translation should be in the form of parallel language.
Exodus: Countering foreign princes. The Qin Dynasty (making ... fighting)
Example: Jin Hou drank Zhao Dun wine. (Let Zhao Dun drink) "Zuo Zhuan Jin Linggong Bujun"
Flexible use of adjectives
1, adjectives are used flexibly as nouns.
In ancient Chinese, adjectives can be used flexibly as nouns if they are in the position of subject or object, act as predicates of judgment sentences, and have obvious characteristics and significance of expressing people or things.
Example: four beautiful tools, two difficult to combine. (beautiful things; Rare and distinguished guests) "Preface to Wang Teng Pavilion"
Example: I have an old relationship with Wu Ju, the satrap of Cangwu, and I want to appeal to him. (long-standing friendship) Battle of Red Cliffs
2. Adjectives are used flexibly as general verbs.
Adjectives themselves cannot take an object, but sometimes they will be followed by an object (but not intentionally). At this time, adjectives are used flexibly as verbs.
This is not near heat, but far cold. (Feel hot, feel cold) "Two children debate day"
Exodus: Wei Tian didn't use RMA. (deterrence, sublimity) "If you get the Tao, you will help more, but if you lose it, you will help less."
3. The causative usage of adjectives
After an adjective takes an object, if the object has the nature and state of an adjective, then the adjective is flexibly used as a causative verb.
The spring breeze in Jiang Nanan is green. (Making ... Green) Boarding in Guazhou
4. Verb usage of adjectives
Adjective is used as conation, which means subjectively thinking that the person or thing represented by the object behind has the nature or state represented by this adjective.
Example: Fishermen are very different. (thinking ... strange) Peach Blossom Garden
Flexible use of numbers
Numerals as notional words were rarely used as verbs in ancient Chinese. Generally speaking, numerals are used as verbs directly in the position of predicates.
For example, the ancient world was scattered and there was no other way. It's based on the governor. (Unified) Historical Records Qin Benji