I have written an article about the writing of old-style poems. Now, according to the question my friend asked me, let me briefly talk about it.
Many friends who like old-style poems want to write rhymes or lyrics, and find it difficult to follow them or rhyme. Some friends also think that metrical rules limit the play of ideas. I think for beginners, it is probably because of the following problems: unfamiliar with leveling; Do not understand phonology; Not familiar with instruments; You can't use the meter to make it a shackle.
Let me talk about these aspects.
1, the phonology of old-style poems
Old-style poetry must rhyme first. So, first of all, you should be familiar with phonology. Because the metrical pattern of old-style poetry is composed of flat and even words, it is impossible to talk about metrical pattern without knowing flat and even words. Before the Qing Dynasty, people wrote poems and words according to "poetic rhyme" and "rhyme", with books as the basis. But for modern people, these books can be said to be outdated. When I say "outdated", I mean that I have deviated from the modern language. The pronunciation of the words in these books is completely different from the present pronunciation. In the past, such books were officially revised. There is no imperial examination now, so there is no need to revise it.
For modern people, the most important basis of phonology and even tone is Chinese Pinyin based on Putonghua. The so-called rhyme book is a dictionary based on Chinese Pinyin, which is called New Rhyme. This simplifies the problem.
Of course, many friends are already familiar with and like to use Pingshui rhyme. Of course, Pingshui rhyme is still used. New friends like to use Pingshui rhyme, and of course they will help themselves. I just think it's easier for everyone to master the new rhyme. Therefore, I advocate the use of "new rhyme"
Metric poems are generally balanced in sound and rhyme, while ancient poems in old-style poems have sound and rhyme. Words are different. In the epigraph, there are flat rhymes, low rhymes and flat rhymes, depending on the epigraph.
As for the lyrics, I advocate that all words should use new rhymes except those with entering tones. Because according to the pronunciation of Putonghua today, rhyming is obviously unreasonable. For example, the thirteenth part of rhyme does not need to be listed separately. For example, according to the present sound, the vowels of needle, anvil, present, Jindu and the sixth part are exactly the same. The list of invasion sites is formed by the pronunciation difference between ancient people and modern people. At present, the rhyming thirteenth part should be exactly like the sixth part. After the merger of these two films, they are basically the same as Today's Rhyme.
However, Rusheng has a special meaning in words. Some aphorisms lose their original charm if they don't rhyme with the tone. For example, in Yi Qin E, it is appropriate to use Rusheng. Therefore, I suggest that when writing lyrics, for aphorisms with special requirements, we should still use the intonation of the fifteenth to nineteenth parts of the original rhyme. .
Metric poems generally rhyme, while ancient poems in old-style poems rhyme. Words are different. In the epigraph, there are flat and even rhymes, and there are flat and even rhymes, depending on the epigraph.
2. About leveling.
If the four tones are pronounced correctly, the flat tone will be easy to distinguish. And I can't tell whether it is flat or not, mainly because the four tones are not allowed.
On the premise of reading four tones correctly, one or two tones are flat, three tones are up and four tones are down. According to the current Mandarin, Rusheng has been merged with other parts. For example, white is a flat voice, and the country is a flat voice, but in poetry, it is all the same tone.
There is a difference between four tones. The words that read the first and second tones are all flat, and the words that read the third (rising tone) and fourth (falling tone) are all weak. If you speak a dialect, you can distinguish four tones with the help of Modern Chinese Dictionary, and it can also distinguish flat tones.
I thought the purpose of writing metrical poems was to emphasize hierarchy and balance. However, there is room for metrical poems, such as writing metrical poems, which can generally be "one, three, five, two, four and six distinct" It is the second, fourth and sixth words of the seven-character poem. In the first, third and fifth words, there are both strict and flexible. However, when the requirements are strict, it is also required that "isolation" and "three levels" and "three shortages" cannot be committed. On this issue, in the book Poetic Metrics written by Mr. Wang Li, it is very concise and easy to understand at first reading. I don't need to repeat it here.
When writing lyrics, there are also words that can be leveled in the rhythm of words, which are generally indicated by a+sign, and other words that indicate levelness cannot be changed.
3. Writing of old-style poems
The quality of poetry lies in artistic conception, without which it is nothing. Of course, metrical poetry has its rhythmic beauty, but it is only a unique stage for poets. No matter how strict the meter is, no one likes the poems written by poets, or even they are nothing. However, when writing metrical poems, we should talk about metrical poems. If you don't write a metrical poem at will, it's not called metrical poem, or it's not a good metrical poem. People who write metrical poems don't think metrical is a constraint, but are good at using metrical to enhance the special beauty of poems. The key is to master the law and be good at using it.
Whether it is free-form modern new poetry or metrical poetry, it must have artistic conception. Without artistic conception, it is not poetry.
What is artistic conception? Opinions vary. I think you can write a good artistic conception by describing the scenery, expressing your feelings and expressing your views. Artistic conception is a deeper thought and emotion than the surface of words. Poetry expresses ambition, how to understand. If "ambition" must be linked to political thought, I disagree. It is necessary to say that poetry should be meaningful. But what's the point, as long as it's touching. This is the poet's freedom.
I thought writing poems and songs and painting and calligraphy were interlinked. You must have a draft before you start writing, that is, "write first." In other words, think about what to write first, what is the overall idea and how to express it. For example, after establishing the theme, it is necessary to decide whether to write long or short; Then consider what mode to choose. It all depends on the poet's own consideration, so I won't elaborate.
But what I want to say is that when writing poetry, readers must always know what they are writing. Have a general idea. Then, poetry should also have a beginning, inheritance, transformation and combination. This aspect of the problem is the poet's own play, and it is impossible to elaborate. But I can give you some examples. Let's learn from the ancients how to write poems and lyrics.
First of all, let's look at Gao Shi's farewell quatrains in the Tang Dynasty:
Ten miles in Huang Yun, during the day, the north wind blows goose feather and heavy snow one after another. A gentleman is poor, who wants to meet today without paying for drinks?
This poem is wonderful. The theme of the poem is very clear, that is, farewell. The first two sentences are about the farewell scenery: Huang Yun is full of snow, the north wind is whispering, and geese fly in the cold night. In such a bleak scenery, the author is sending his friend away. Only these two sentences are not amazing. But as soon as the third sentence turned, it began to impress readers, and the conclusion surprised readers. These two sentences turned this poem into an amazing masterpiece! This poem is by no means written by ordinary poets. The beauty of this poem lies in its combination. From this poem, we can learn how to pave the road, but how to turn and merge.
When writing quatrains, the key is almost always a turn. This is the "difficulty" in writing a poem. Let's give another simple example, such as:
The sun sets slowly near the western hills, and the Yellow River flows into the East China Sea. By going up one flight of stairs, look further.
The first two sentences of this poem seem ordinary, but the clever turning and clever combination have become the swan song of generation after generation. Without this clever turn, the first two sentences are not difficult for ordinary people to write; With this combination, it is beyond the writing ability of ordinary people.
So are the lyrics. Let's give an example, such as Su Shi's Nanxiangzi:
Looking back at the chaotic mountains and rivers, I saw no one in the city. Who is like the tower pavilion on Linping Mountain, welcoming guests to the west?
When I get home at night, it will be clear that a cold dream cannot come true. The residual lamp shines obliquely tonight, and the tears are not clear when the autumn rain is clear.
The theme of this word is also seeing off. In the first half, the scene of seeing off was written, and the tower was used to allude to seeing off. In the second half, there was no turning point and gathering, only the scenery was described. It's not interesting anymore. The second half wrote my thoughts and sadness after seeing me off, expressing my feelings. The finishing touch of "tears are unclear when the autumn rain is clear" gives vent to feelings and touches readers.
Of course, talent can't be learned, and it can only be played by poets themselves.
What is written here is my personal opinion, please criticize and correct me.
Poetry and Qufu is a bright pearl in China's splendid culture, and the descendants of the Chinese people have the responsibility to inherit and develop it. However, with the development of science and technology and the acceleration of people's life rhythm, fewer and fewer people recite poems and write lyrics. Occasionally, I saw someone fill in a certain word, but the number of words met the requirements of the selected epigraph, but most of the flat words were "informal", and some even didn't rhyme. I don't think this is filling in metrical poems at all. If you want to volatilize freely and not be restricted by metrical poems, it will be much more comfortable to simply write free poems.
Metric poetry also needs inheritance and development. Some people think that since it is a metrical poem, it should be pronounced according to the previous pronunciation, including the entering tone. In my opinion, this is precisely the main aspect that metrical poetry needs to be reformed. The intonation of metrical poems should be based on the phonetic notation of modern Chinese dictionaries, with one or two tones as flat tones and three or four tones as cadence, without entering tones. The reason why metrical poetry has such strong vitality is that the language is concise and the charm of rhythm makes different metrical requirements, just like beautiful music. Imagine what it would be like to read it if you didn't fill it in according to the prescribed grade requirements.
The reason why a good poem can be read through the ages is not only because of the beauty of the rhyme itself, but also because of the perfect combination of quips, artistic conception and connotation. Let's take the epigraph "Dream Preface" as an example to briefly explain it. "Like a Dream" is monotonous, with seven sentences and five rhymes and thirty-three words.
Spectrum: [Ping] Ping (rhyme), [rhyme] Ping (rhyme). Flat, flat (rhyme). Flat (rhyming), flat (overlapping), flat (rhyming).
Note: The expressions in [] can be flush, and those without [] must be filled in according to the requirements of flush. (Rhyme) means to use rhyme. If rhyme is not required, it should be unified in the same poem.
Example 1: Li Qingzhao's "Like a Dream": "I always remember the sunset in Xiting, and I don't know how to return home when I am drunk. Always had a good time, but lost to the swimming pool deep in Zhu Feng. Fight for the ferry, fight for the ferry, and open a beach of European herons. "
Ex. 2: I wrote "Like a Dream": "I hit the net crazily and forgot what fatigue is. Good news from photoelectric, no charge at the beginning of the month. E-mail, e-mail, waiting breaks my heart. "
How to write a good metrical poem, I think this topic will be of interest to friends who love poetry. It is not difficult to write a poem, but it is difficult to write a good poem. It involves a person's hobbies, literary background, vocabulary usage, life experience, life accumulation and many other factors, but the key lies in hobbies. With hobbies, everything can be changed.
Metric poems are both literature and art, and they are two different expressions. It is precisely because of the limitations of the artistic expression of metrical poems that the diversity of artistic expression of words is derived. Accurately speaking, at the beginning, words were filled into the music score in the form of long and short sentences according to the beat, with the purpose of serving for music rap, but later people divorced from music and made the words spread in the form of literature.
Poems written by one person do not necessarily have masterpieces in every capital, even Li Bai and Du Fu. But everyone always wants to write every poem well, which has a lot to do with the author's mood, environment and even creative atmosphere at that time, and has an indispensable internal connection with the author's skill, understanding and perception of poetry. So how can we write a good metrical poem? Let me discuss it with you, starting with metrical poems:
In fact, writing metrical poems is the same as writing articles. First of all, we must have an idea. Just like writing an article, we must establish the central idea, that is, what should I write? It's better to have an obvious title to show. Once you have an idea, you should write a whole poem around this center. Of course, writing a metrical poem is more difficult than writing an article. We should not only consider the four elements of transition, but also pay attention to the adhesion and antithesis of the upper and lower sentences, balance and confrontation. More importantly, we must consider the naturalness and fluency of the whole poem to achieve charm. This is the most common logical way. But writing poetry is often inspired by one thing, one thing, one sentence and one line, which leads to the desire to create. The poems written flow with their own thoughts, and sometimes it is difficult to determine the center for a while. Generally speaking, the poem written for the first time is rough and needs careful scrutiny and revision. This illogical way is often encountered by every poet friend. No matter what your first work is, just like the best jade, it can show its brilliance and charm.
Secondly, I am planning an article, that is, how I am going to write, what to write first, and then what to write. Make the use of sentences in poetry reasonable in layout, orderly in connection and appropriate in transformation. When I was in charge of the circle, I often found that some poems written by poetry friends were even and well-balanced, but the sentences were not well grasped and the rhythm was not compact enough, which made the overall structure of poems appear loose. It takes a certain period of continuous learning to change.
Thirdly, artistic conception, the flesh and blood of poetry, determines the quality of a poem, which is the most difficult thing to write a poem. Let me take a poem "Seven Wonders" written by Du Mu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, as an example: "It rains a lot during the Qingming Festival, and pedestrians on the road want to die. Ask local people where to buy wine? The shepherd boy pointed to Xinghua Village. " To truly understand ancient poetry, we can't appreciate and understand it with modern eyes. We should put them in the historical background of the author at that time to understand them, in order to realize their profound connotation. Du Mu (803 ~ 852 AD) was a poet in the Tang Dynasty. The word Mu Zhi. Jingzhao Wannian (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi) people. Grandfather Du You was a famous prime minister and historian in the middle Tang Dynasty. In the second year of Daiwa (828), he was a scholar and was awarded the title of librarian of Hong Wen Library. In the same year 10, he left Chang 'an, went to Jiangxi as the director of the general office of the government, and then transferred to Huainan as the secretary in charge of Niu Sengru and observation tasks. After four years (839), he returned to Chang 'an and served as Zuo Vacancy, Food Department and Bibi Foreign Minister. After two years in Huichang (842), he successively served as the secretariat of Huangzhou, Chizhou and Zhou Mu. As far as local officials are concerned, they often reform the abuses within their own power to avoid defrauding the exorbitant taxes imposed by officials. In the third year of Dazhong (849), he returned to Korea as Si Xun's foreign minister and historian, and returned to Huzhou as a secretariat. A year later, he was transferred to Kao Gong Langzhong and Zhi Zhi Patent. Finally, the official wrote a book. Poetry creation is Du Mu's most outstanding aspect, which is as famous as Li Shangyin, another outstanding poet in the late Tang Dynasty, and is called "Little Du Li" by the world.
Du Mu lived in the late Tang Dynasty, which was a period of further decline in the Tang Dynasty. Ethnic contradictions are rising, the bureaucratic class's exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous taxes make the people complain, and factional struggles make the Tang Dynasty exhausted. Under such a historical background, Du Mu's Four Wonders: Tomb-Sweeping Day was relegated from Chang 'an to work in other places, and his heart was full of unspeakable desolation. Now let's comment on this song "It rains in the Qingming Festival, and pedestrians on the road want to die". Ask local people where to buy wine? The shepherd boy pointed to Xinghua Village. "Let me start with a hypothetical explanation: Today is Tomb-Sweeping Day, and it rains a lot in Mao Mao. It's a day to sweep the ancestors, and pedestrians coming and going on the road are very sad. Tired and hungry, I asked the shepherd boy where there was a restaurant to stay. The shepherd boy pointed to the distant village and said, it's called Xinghua Village, and there is a hotel to stay in. If the artistic conception of Du Mu's poem is so superficial, it can't stand more than a thousand years of historical scrutiny and can be passed down to this day!
My opinion on how to write metrical poems (2)
A few days ago, I posted the first seven sentences on a forum, and a very enthusiastic netizen gave this poem a good price, but later I pointed out several mistakes, so I posted it for advice. In fact, he didn't tell me. What he meant was that several places that were already difficult to save were "out of law". It should be said that this friend is a little lacking in the basic knowledge of metrical poetry. If you don't know how to appreciate and write metrical poems, you won't understand many famous works of predecessors, and you may regard metrical poems as an ancient custom. Writing your own metrical poems also has great constraints. Let me briefly talk about "about loneliness and trying to save": about loneliness and trying to save in the sentence of metrical poetry, if there is only one flat voice (except flat rhyme), it will be lonely. Loneliness is a taboo in metrical poetry. People not only avoid writing poems, but also avoid using words. Even in the ancient style, some people like to use "shovel shovel shovel shovel shovel shovel shovel shovel shovel shovel shovel 2 1 1 1" to avoid loneliness, there are two ways. One is to avoid using the word "one" in the sentence pattern of "Yi Ping Pingping". Take the following example: a mooring at the foot of Beibao Mountain. .................................................................................................................................... ..................................., until the low tide, the river bank widened, and there was no wind blowing my lonely sail. ... night gives way to the ocean of the sun, and the old year melts in freshness. I can finally send my messenger, the wild goose, back to Luoyang. The first word of the second sentence of the first couplet of this poem, "My boat and I, along the green water", is "OK". If you use the word "slander", you will be lonely. The same is true of the word "Jiang" in the second sentence of the neckline. Second, save Gu Ping: If the first word of the five words and the third word of the seven words in the above example must use the word "lifetime", then the problem of Gu Ping should be solved by saving. We usually call it "difficult to save". What do you mean, hard to save? All flat and irregular sentences are hard to save. The word "awkward" in front must be omitted in one word or in the opposite sentence. The so-called rescue is to make up the taste, make up the flat, and make up the flat. Let's talk about several rescues first;
1; This sentence saved yourself:
Basic sentence patterns of metrical poems (taking five words as an example)
A: (even) even; B: Even numbers.
C: (Ping) Ping D: (Ping) Ping
In the "flat tone" sentence pattern in B-type sentence, if the first word uses a flat tone, then the third word must use a flat tone as compensation, and it will become "flat tone" or loneliness. For example:
Qin Zhou's Miscellaneous Poems … Du Fu
Feng has never stopped, and it is often difficult to go fishing in the sea.
Wait for the fire, the clouds shine, and hang the curtain to dry.
The wind is moving to the west, and the moon is cold in Beidou.
Therefore, when should we discuss building an altar?
The word "phoenix" in the first sentence of this poem should be flat, but it is "awkward" when it is linked. And the third word "a" should be read in a flat voice, while "province" should be read in a flat voice. The word "brother" in this sentence omits the word "wind" and avoids loneliness. This is a sentence to save yourself.
In five-character poems, this kind of sentence saving is also called "one depression and three rescues". In seven-character poems, if the word "average" is used in the third word, then the word "average" must be used to compensate for it in the fifth word. For example;
Shen Jia Chongyang Gaodengfu
Another example is:
Yuanxi Deng Guang Street
Colorful candlelight in Shili strip, silver fire tree reflecting heaven.
Dragon and phoenix dance lights, tigers leap and chickens crow.
Every family looks at the moon at the window, and everyone wears new clothes.
The stars moved to the Hanyu wheel, and the fireworks in the city were still fragrant.
The word "number" in the first sentence of this poem's couplet should be flat and muddy, but they are all flat and muddy, while the word "car" in the first sentence of this poem's couplet is flat and muddy, so the word "car" is used to remedy the word "number". This is also an omission.
3: Can save countless;
Similarly, in the A-type sentence, in the five-character poem "(Xu) Ping" and the seven-character poem "(Ping) Pingping", the third word of the five-character poem and the fifth word of the seven-character poem all use Xu Sheng. For example:
For Li Bai at the end of the day, Du Fu
A cold wind is blowing from the distant sky. What are you thinking, old friend? ?
Goose never answers me? Rivers and lakes are flooded by rain.
A poet should be careful to prosper, but the devil can trouble a vagrant.
It should be * * * murder. Throw him the poem, where he drowned himself in the Milo River.
This poem uses the word "Ji" in the third word of the first sentence of the couplet, which is "semi-clumsy" It could have been saved or not, because "one, three" is not important. But the author omitted the third word "autumn" in the second sentence. "Autumn" and "Ji" are also a sentence. For example, seven-character poems:
Xianyang East Building ... (Tang) Xu Hun
Alone in a tall building, Wan Li is sad, and the willow is like Tingzhou.
The red sunset is in the temple outside the temple, and the wind has not yet come, and the wind has already blown the buildings in Xianyang.
The seventh sentence in this poem, "The situation is clear and the sky is fine", uses the format of "(Ping) Ping, Ping". For another example, the seventh sentence in Send the Plague "Excuse me, where is Wen Jun going?". The second article "President Mao Zedong" and the seventh sentence "I want to dream of Liao Kuo" in "Answer a Friend" all use this "(flat) flat" format. In metrical poems, this format is usually in the third or seventh sentence. Therefore, this format is called a special plane format and can also be used as a general format.
Formulas of metrical poems are hard to preserve;
(Ping) (Ping) (Ping) (Ping) (Ping) (Ping)
Flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat.
Flat (flat) flat (flat)
Even number.
5. The skills of non-metrical poetry are recognized rules in past dynasties and must be observed. In addition, there are some special requirements, of course, this is just the pursuit of a more perfect, the author does not have to abide by, just know. First; Wide mutual rescue; Even if it can't be saved, it can be saved. For example, the first and third words of seven words, except for solitary sentences, should have been ignored long ago and need not be saved. However, some authors try their best to make sentences more beautiful, cadenced and sonorous. In this sentence, the first word and the third word help each other Such as; If I hadn't seen Yushan for the first time ... Li Bai's "Qingpingdiao Ci" was full of candles and red makeup ... Su Shi's "Haitang" was also one to save one, three to save one. In addition to this sentence, other rescues also appear in the dialogue, such as: Chitose cranes still hate, is it cruel to live alone for a year? ..... After the phoenix flies away from Du Mu upstairs, the white clouds and red leaves belong to the pheasant. ..... Wang Jian changed the sentence pattern of "(ping) ping, ping, ping" to the following sentence pattern: "ping, ping, ping, ping, ping.
Poetry Wen Yuan
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