1. Poetry 1 Common thoughts and feelings when worrying about the country and people: Exposing the fatuity and decay of rulers, such as Du Mu's "Crossing the Qing Palace in China" (Chang 'an looks back at the embroidered pile, and the top of the mountain opens a thousand times. As soon as I rode on the smile of smoke and smoke, no one knew that the fresh fruit litchi was sent from the south. ) reflects the pain of leaving the troubled times, such as: Du Fu's "Spring Hope" (Although a country is divided, mountains and rivers last forever, and plants are all spring. Sad state, can not help but burst into tears, amazing birds, leaving sorrow and hate. At the peak of March, a letter from home is worth a ton of gold. Twisting with melancholy, scratching my head and thinking, the more I scratch my white hair, I can hardly insert a hairpin. ) Sympathize with the people's sufferings, such as "The Hut is Blown by the Autumn Wind", Bai Juyi's "Selling Charcoal Weng", and worrying about the country and the people, such as Du Fu's "Climbing the Building" (flowers are as high as my window, hurting the wanderer's heart, because I see, looking from this height, it is sad everywhere). The spring scenery of Jinjiang flooded in, and the clouds on the mountain, ancient, varied and changeable. The imperial court, like the North Star, will not change in the end, and the Western Hills of Kohl will not invade Tibet. However, in the twilight, I felt sorry for the sorrow of a long-lost emperor. I sang the songs that his prime minister sang when he was not unfamiliar on the mountain. ) 2. Have the desire to make contributions to the country, such as: Cao Cao's "Although the tortoise is long-lived" (Although the tortoise is long-lived, there is still time. The snake rides the fog and eventually turns to dust. An old horse crouches, aiming at a thousand miles. The martyrs were full of courage in their later years. The year of surplus harvest is not only in the sky. Blessings that nourish grace can last forever. I am glad to use this poem to express my inner desire. Lu You's "Anger" (When I was young, it was difficult to be a governor) was determined to defend my country as follows: Wang Changling's "Joining the Army" (There are dark snow mountains in Qinghai, and the lonely city overlooks Yumenguan. Yellow sand wears golden armor in hundreds of battles, but the loulan is not returned. There is no way to serve the country, such as Xin Qiji's "Jingkou Gubeiting Nostalgia" and "Ugly Slave? Teenagers don't know the taste of sorrow. The pain of the decline of mountains and rivers is like: Lu You's "Xiuer" (I didn't know everything was empty until I died, but I was sad to see Kyushu. Julian Waghann set the Central Plains Day in the north, so don't forget to tell Nai Weng about family sacrifices. ) Wen Tianxiang's "Crossing the Zero Ocean" (Once you encounter hard work, the war is sparse. The mountains and rivers are broken and the wind is floating, and life experiences are ups and downs. The beach of fear says fear, and there is a sigh in the ocean. Since ancient times, no one has died in life, leaving a heart that shines through history. ) As time goes by, the sigh of ambition is hard to pay, such as: Su Shi's "Water Tune? "Nostalgia at Red Cliff reveals the militaristic attitude of the rulers: Du Fu's Chedian has unknown ideals and melancholy emotions, such as Qu Yuan's Shejiang Ji; 3. He is homesick and homesick, such as Meng Haoran's "Sleeping in Jiande" (my boat is sailing in a foggy berth, and the old memories begin at sunset). The vastness of the wilderness is deeper than trees, and the moon is very close to the moon. ) Wen Tingyun's "Going to Good Morning" (I will levy in the morning and I will mourn my hometown. When a chicken crows at the Maodian Moon, people walk on the Banqiao Frost. Mistletoe leaves fall on the mountain road, and orange flowers are on the wall of the post. Because they remembered Ling Du's dream, the geese returned home full of food. Miss your relatives and friends, such as Wang Wei's "I miss my Shandong brother on vacation in the mountains" and Su Shi's "Jiangchengzi"? Ten years of life and death are two boundless "frontier homesickness, such as: Fan Zhongyan's" Fisherman's Pride "(Qiu Lai scenery is different, Hengyang geese walk carelessly. The four sides are connected with each other. Thousands of miles away, the long smoke closes. A glass of turbid wine is Wan Li's home, but Ran Yan hasn't come home yet. Guan Qiang frost is sleepless in the world, and the general is white-haired and in tears! Wang Changling's "Forever in My Heart" (Young women in boudoir don't know how to worry, and spring will make up a brothel. Suddenly I saw the green willows, and I felt uncomfortable; Oh, I regret that I shouldn't have asked my husband to find Hou Feng. ) Ouyang Xiu's "Walking on the Sand" (When the pavilion is destroyed, the creek bridge is thin and the grass is warm and swaying. Sadness is getting farther and farther away, and the distance is like spring water. Inch by inch, my heart is tender, my eyes are full of tears, and the height of the building is not close to the dangerous fence. Pingwu is full of spring mountains, and pedestrians are even outside. ) Li Bai's Midnight Wu Ge (a bright moon hangs high in the capital, and ten thousand washing hammers knock. The autumn wind blew Yi Dao's voice, and every household remembered the people guarding the border. Oh, when will the Tatar army be conquered and when will my husband come back from the long battle! ? ) 4. Miscellaneous feelings of life send mountains and rivers to relax, such as Wang Wei's "Autumn Night in the Mountain" and Meng Haoran's "Passing the Old People's Village". The feelings of the past ups and downs, such as Slow Yangzhou by Jiang Kui and Wuyi Xiang by Liu Yuxi, satirize the feelings of the present by using the past, such as Xin Qiji's Gubeiting in Jingkou, such as Li Qingzhao's fleeting youth. Last night, the rain scattered suddenly, such as Bai Juyi's pipa, Su Shi's water tune? When will there be a bright moon? Comfort the joy of life, such as Du Fu's Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, The Yellow River is Recovered by the Imperial Army, and Xin Qiji's Xijiang Moon (the bright moon surprises the magpie, and the breeze knows at midnight. The cool evening breeze seems to have spread to cicadas in the distance. In the fragrance of rice and flowers, people talk about the harvest of a year, and frogs croak in their ears, as if in a bumper harvest year. In the old days, Maodian was near the forest, and the road turned to the stream bridge. Changting people bid farewell to reluctant souvenirs, such as Yulinling by Liu Yong and Weicheng Qu by Wang Wei. Affectionate encouragement, such as Wang Bo's "Send Du Shaofu to Ren Shuchuan" (across the wall of Sanqin, across a layer of fog, five rivers are merged into one river). We said goodbye sadly, and our two officials went in opposite directions. After all, the world is just a small place. Why are you wandering at the fork in the road? The child is holding a towel. Tan Chen's new confession is as follows: Wang Changling's "Parting Xin Jian at Furong Inn" (seeing off guests in Chu Mountain in the cold rain at night. Friends, if my friends in Luoyang invite me; Just say I'm still Bing Xin Okho, and stick to my faith! ) 2. Ideological evaluation of works 1. Knowing the writer's life, thoughts and creative style is helpful to understand and grasp the content of his works. 2. An era has its own characteristics, and an era has its own literature. A correct understanding of the style and characteristics of an era is also helpful to accurately grasp the literary works of this era. 3. Many ancient poems are preceded by a brief preface, some explaining the creation time, some explaining the creation reason, some explaining the creation process, some explaining the creation background, and some laying the emotional tone for the whole work, which is also very important for understanding the ideological content of the work. 4. The thoughts and feelings of most works are not single, which may be mixed with many very complicated emotions. Pay special attention to this point. Of course, readers can sometimes use their imagination to re-create on the basis of the original. In addition, a writer's overall creative interest and style should be fixed, but it does not rule out the existence of special cases in individual works. Third, to appreciate all kinds of poems, we should master some macro appreciation essentials: 1, borrow scenery to express feelings, understand the artistic conception of scene blending in poems, understand the feelings expressed by poets when writing scenes, and grasp their writing skills and language characteristics; Expressing poetry by things means that the poet does not directly express his thoughts and feelings, but uses symbols, interests and other means to integrate his ideals and personality interests into a specific thing to achieve the purpose of expressing his will; 2. Cherish ancient poems by chanting history, and connect with the background to understand emotions (feeling the rise and fall, or pinning grief, or satirizing the present); 3. The farewell poems for hurting spring are used to express fleeting youth and unrequited love feelings, or express infinite thoughts for relatives, friends and lovers; 4. Landscape pastoral poetry is the poet's aesthetic object of landscape pastoral poetry, casting delicate brushstrokes into quiet Shan Ye and leisurely fields to create an idyllic life, thus expressing his dissatisfaction with reality and yearning for a quiet and peaceful life; 5. The poems of frontier fortress battle reflect the fighting spirit of frontier fortress soldiers who are brave in danger and defend their country, or describe the deep feelings of soldiers and their loved ones missing each other, or satirize and persuade the arrogant rulers; 6. Send a farewell poem to a friend, rendering the bleak atmosphere of crossing the scenery when leaving, and expressing the feelings of being inseparable or encouraging; 7. Poems that will always be in my heart, writing about a boudoir woman complaining about her husband's long absence or missing her husband in the border; Poetry in the journey is the longing and yearning for the distant hometown caused by what the wandering poet saw and heard. 8. Talking about Zen poetry means that the poet tells his epiphany or observation about something similar to Zen in his poems. Such poems often have an ethereal realm that is out of touch with human fireworks and so on. Fourth, when appreciating the emotion, content and theme of poetry, the theme of the standard answering language is: writing lyric poems (such as Wang Wei's Autumn Night in the Mountain and Du Fu's Climbing the Yueyang Tower); Poems that are lyrical about things (such as Jinse by Li Shangyin, Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night by Du Fu and Liu Yong by He); Nostalgic poems (such as Su Shi's Nian Nu Jiao)? Chibi nostalgia, Xin Qiji, eternal love? Gubeiting in Jingkou nostalgia, Du Fu's book fragrance, Liu Yuxi's stone city); Poems about objects (such as Yu Meiren by Li Yu, Yulinling by Liu Yong, Pruning Plums by Li Qingzhao and Slow Yangzhou by Jiang Kui); Frontier poems (such as Wang Changling's Out of the Great Wall, Gao Shi's Ge Yanxing, and Bai Xuege's Farewell to Tian Shuji's Home). Ideological evaluation: express the thoughts and feelings of …, reflect the social reality of …, and express the feelings of … (such as love, sadness, melancholy, depression, etc. ), express the tendency of …, reveal the feelings of …, create the feelings of …, and ponder the thoughts and feelings expressed in poetry: infatuation. Stick to moral integrity, worry about the country and the people, despise the powerful, be indifferent to talents, aim high, retire to the countryside, cherish the spring and autumn, worry about traveling, miss relatives (friends), remember friends' nostalgia, don't hate leaving sorrow, know each other's love, be affectionate with children, cherish the past and hurt the present, satirize the present with the old, be cynical, climb to the top and win, and cherish the landscape. ☆ Examination direction ☆ 1, understanding of expressed feelings; 2. Reveal the deep meaning of poetry; 3. Understanding the theme of poetry. Topic types: "What kind of thoughts and feelings are expressed", "What kind of social reality is reflected", "What kind of interest is expressed", "What is the theme" or ask questions in combination with artistic conception, or ask questions for a certain sentence. Problem solving format: 1. Expressed feelings: through what content+expressed (proposed/revealed) what feelings II. Summarized the theme of the poem: what kind of poem is this+what is written in each sentence of the poem+what method is used+what feelings are expressed+evaluation (total score) points: First, according to the description of the poem, analyze what is written in the poem involved; The second is to reveal the theme and emotion. The answer is "describe … express …".
Second,
Compared with other literary works, the language of poetry is concise and implicit. The examination of poetic language in the appreciation of ancient poems is a proposition form with high presentation rate in the college entrance examination questions. Appreciating the language of poetry means reading the language implication of poetry and appreciating the language style and charm of poetry. The language appreciation part of ancient poetry contains a lot of contents, mainly involving the choice of words and sentences, stylistic color, language style and so on. From the direction of investigation, it mainly includes three aspects: (1) commenting on the art of refining Chinese characters or "poetic eyes" in ancient poetry; (2) Understand and analyze the meaning, color, emotional charm and expression effect of famous poems and sentences by combining words; (3) Overall evaluate the language features and styles of ancient poems.
Understanding the language of poetry is the premise of reading poetry; Appreciating poetic language is the deepening of poetic interpretation. Especially in the language of poetry, some words have specific meanings in a specific context, such as figurative meaning, implicit meaning and implied meaning. It has outstanding artistic effects in portraying images, expressing emotions and creating artistic conception.
First, the analysis of "poetic eyes" should be based on emotional themes.
The ancients wrote poems, liked to set poetic eyes and were good at setting poetic eyes. "Poetry has eyes, and so do Jews." The so-called "poetic eye" is the most pioneering and expressive word or sentence used in poetry, and it is the window for readers to gain insight into the theme of poetry. For example, in Fan Zhongyan's The Fisherman's Pride, the "difference" in the "scenery of Qiu Lai" is "poetic eye"; Li Bai's "Difficult to Walk" and "Difficult to Walk" are poetic eyes; In Mao Zedong's Qinyuanchun Changsha, "Who is in charge of ups and downs" is a poetic look. Judging from the form of the college entrance examination proposition, some require that the "poetic eye" be found first and then analyzed, while others point out that the "poetic eye" needs to be analyzed. When looking for and judging poetic eyes, we should pay attention to the following characteristics of words or sentences: First, we should control the mood of the whole article; Second, we should deepen the artistic conception of poetry; Third, we should focus on reflecting the author's feelings. The analysis of Eye of Poetry should focus on the whole article, combining with the content of poetry, to see how to strengthen the emotional atmosphere of poetry and how to reflect the ideological theme of poetry. For example, Zhang Ji's "a night-mooring near maple bridge": "On a frosty night, Jiang Feng sleeps while fishing. Hanshan Temple outside Gusu City, passenger ships are ringing at midnight. " Through the description of the scenery, the poem renders a lonely and cold atmosphere, and "worry" is the eye of the poem. A word "sorrow" awakens the whole poem, sets the emotional tone of the whole poem and reflects the poet's inner feelings.
Second, we should pay attention to ideographic effect in the study of "refining Chinese characters"
Lu Yanrang, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, famously said, "If you sing a word, you will break a few stems." "Refined words" refers to the tempering of words, which means that the poet selects the most appropriate, accurate and vivid words from the vocabulary treasure house to describe things or express ideas after repeated pondering. The analysis of "refined words" is the deep affection of well-used words or the profound ideographic effect of their images. In the examination of "refined words" in ancient poetry, the proposition form is generally to find "the most vivid and vivid word" from a sentence, and then analyze its wonderful use, or point out that a word has always been praised by people, so it is good to analyze it. To study the wonderful use of "refined words", we should not talk about the analyzed words in isolation, but put them in the poem and analyze them in combination with the content of the whole poem or the meaning of the sentence. The key to explaining the meaning of words and describing scenes with sentences is to point out the role of words in developing artistic conception, creating atmosphere or expressing emotions. For example, Yang Wanli's "Little Pool": "Spring eyes are silent and cherish the trickle, and the shade of trees loves sunny and soft water. Xiao He just showed his sharp corner, and the dragonfly had already stood on his head. " Analyzing the beauty of "pity" and "love" can answer that the poet endowed the spring eyes and the shade with human feelings with a word of "pity" and "love"; Spring eyes cherish, the shade loves trees, and it is full of interest.
Third, pay attention to the choice of words and sentences when answering poems.
The ancients always spent a lot of time creating beautiful words and sentences, so they left us many classic famous sentences and became the common test sites for college entrance examination questions. From the form of proposition, most of them point out a sentence praised by later generations, analyze its beauty, and sometimes find out the meaningful sentences in the poem to analyze. To interpret key sentences, including the meaning, color, emotion and effect of poetry, we should combine the words in poetry, pay special attention to the use of verbs, adjectives, reduplications and modifiers in poetry, and also pay attention to grammatical phenomena and rhetorical devices in poetry. The general form is to interpret the connotation of poetry and point out the role of poetry in creating artistic conception and expressing emotions, or what kind of interest it contains. For example, Wang Wan's "Berthing at the North Fort Mountain": "Green hills sail around the boat, while green waters walk. Until the river bank widens at low tide, and no wind blows my lonely sail. ... night gives way to the ocean of the sun, and the old year melts in freshness. Finally, I can send my messenger wild goose back to Luoyang. " Bow tie was appraised as "a wonderful work" by predecessors. Beauty lies in that "the sun" and "spring", as symbols of beautiful things, are emphasized in the front, personified as "life" and "entrance", have no intention of reasoning, and contain natural interest-... The night now succumbs to the ocean of sunshine and will drive away all darkness; The melting of the old year in the fresh air will drive away the severe winter.
Fourth, to sum up the characteristics, we must grasp the key words.
Different kinds of poems present different linguistic features. In the long-term creative practice, the poet gradually formed his own unique language style, such as Du Fu's melancholy and frustration, Li Bai's heroic and elegant, Gao Shi's tragic and desolate, Li Shangyin's hazy and hazy, and the beauty and fragrance of his prose. The form of proposition is to summarize the linguistic features of poetry, or to point out the requirements of poetic linguistic features. This kind of test questions do not need to ponder the clever use of individual words, but grasp the key words to taste the language characteristics presented by the whole poem. The words used to answer questions are: fresh and natural, unpretentious, gorgeous, easy to understand, euphemistic and implicit, bold and unconstrained, graceful and restrained in style, concise and vivid, etc. But we can't simply answer them in isolation. Generally, one or two words are used to point out the characteristics of language, and related sentences are used to analyze this characteristic in detail, which can also point out the function of expressing feelings and themes. For example, Jin Changxu's "Spring Complaint": "Drive the oriole away, and all the fun comes from the tree. When she dreamed that she went to meet him in Liaoxi camp, they woke her up. " The language features of this poem are fresh, natural and colloquial. The vowel "yellow" shows a woman's innocence, and the last two sentences show in plain language that the oriole was beaten because it disturbed the dream of missing her husband. This poem naturally shows a woman's longing for her husband.
Third, in ancient poetry, terms used to analyze and evaluate language characteristics.
Fresh and natural, gorgeous, simple, bright, subtle, concise and exquisite.
(1) fresh and natural
Its characteristics are novel language and unconventional. That is to say, plain language, without refined words, plain reading is natural, vivid and charming. For example, the language of Li Bai's poems is known as "clear water produces hibiscus, natural carving" For example, Du Fu's quatrains: "Two orioles sing green willows, and a row of egrets rise to the sky. The window contains autumn snow in Xiling, and the Wu Dong Wan Li boat stops at the door. " The language is fresh and vivid.
(2) Gorgeous
It is characterized by rich words, colorful and fantastic feelings. For example, Li Shangyin's poems.
(3) Simplicity
Also known as plain, it is characterized by choosing exact words to describe directly, using unadorned lines, which are true, profound and approachable. Plain is not a simple and shabby meaning, but a return to the original language, which embodies the real kung fu of poets, such as Tao Yuanming and Bai Juyi.
(4) Lively
Its characteristics are direct, clear, frank, inflammatory and often decisive.
(5) Recessive
It is characterized by implication, often without direct description, but with twists and turns. What is said here is to do it intentionally, or not to send it, or to do it intentionally, so that readers can appreciate it. For example, Du Mu's quatrains and Li Qingzhao's later poems.
(6) Simple washing and training
Appendix:
Personal style of poetry
Tao Yuanming's simplicity and nature, Du Fu's depression and frustration.
Bai Juyi is easy to understand, while Li Bai is heroic and elegant.
Wang Changling's masculinity is high, and Du Mu's youth is vigorous.
Li Shangyin's obscurity and the fusion of Wang Wei's poems and paintings
The beauty, fragrance, elegance, tragic desolation.
Li Qingzhao's Tragic Patriotism in Visiting Gardens
The sudden emergence and crisis of the thin "poetry school" in Menglong (Jia) Island