Latin name: Taxodiaceae
Chinese name: Taxodiaceae
Protection grade: 1.
Distribution: Jiangsu (Nantong, Dafeng Forestry Base), Hubei (Lichuan), Hunan (Longshan), Chongqing (Shizhu) and Shaanxi (Hanzhong).
Protection level: national first-class protected plants
[Edit this paragraph] 2. status
Rare species. Relict plant is rare in the world. Now China has also built the largest artificial Metasequoia base-Dafeng Metasequoia base. Metasequoia plants appeared on the earth in Mesozoic Cretaceous. Almost all these plants disappeared after the ice age about 2.5 million years ago, except Metasequoia glyptostroboides. Metasequoia fossils were found in the strata from Late Cretaceous to Neogene in Europe, North America and East Asia. 1948, Chinese botanists discovered the surviving giant Metasequoia glyptostroboides in Modaoxi, Lichuan City at the junction of Hubei and Sichuan, with a tree age of about 400 years. Later, the remaining Metasequoia glyptostroboides forests were found in Metasequoia Dam and Xiaohe River in Lichuan City, Hubei Province. There were more than 5,000 trees with DBH above 20 cm, and a large number of trunks and cutting pockets were also found in valleys and farmland. Subsequently, trees over 200-300 years old were found in Lengshui, Shizhu County, Sichuan Province, Taro and Tani Lake, Longshan County, Hunan Province.
Low altitude: 800 meters
Upper limit of altitude:1500m
Price of Metasequoia: First of all, we should understand the basic measurement methods of Metasequoia.
Metasequoia English: Metasequoia
Price of Metasequoia: First of all, we should understand the basic measurement methods of Metasequoia.
Metasequoia glyptostroboides survey: There are two different uses 1: For wood, for example (furniture decoration), professional meters are used to measure the cross section of a wood cube, which means a cube, for example, what is the price per cubic meter? 2. For afforestation, generally measure the diameter of one meter or DBH (measured by one meter).
Price of Metasequoia glyptostroboides: 1: If it is the first kind of wood, it is generally divided into finished products and semi-finished products, and the price is between 800-1/50 yuan.
2: If it is the price of Metasequoia glyptostroboides for greening, the meter diameter is 3-4-5-6-7-8-cm; 4.5-7.5- 10.5-25-40-70 yuan; DBH 8- 10 cm 80 yuan, 8 meters tall; DBH 10- 13 cm height 10 m 100 yuan; DBH 13- 15 cm height 12 m 200 yuan;
The above prices were reported by the National Dafeng Metasequoia Base in August, 2007, and there are certain price fluctuations according to the market and the requirements for Metasequoia.
Price of Metasequoia: In order to know the price of Metasequoia more accurately and immediately, you can search Dafeng Metasequoia Base or Dafeng Forestry Base.
[Edit this paragraph] 3. morphological character
Deciduous trees, up to 35-4 1.5m, dbh1.6-2.4m; Bark grayish brown or dark gray, split into strips and fall off; Branchlets opposite or subopposite, pendulous. Leaves alternate and pinnately arranged on the side branches of green deciduous leaves. They are linear, soft and almost sessile, usually 1.3-2 cm long and 1.5-2 mm wide. The upper part of the midvein is concave, and there are 4-8 stomatal lines along both sides of the midvein below. Monoecious, male cones are solitary leaf axils or bracts, ovoid, arranged in racemes or panicles, with 20 opposite stamens and 3 anthers, short filaments and obvious connective; The top of the solitary lateral branch of the female cone is composed of 22-28 opposite bract scales and pearl scales, and each scale has 5-9 ovules. The cone is drooping, ripe in the current year, blue, edible, nearly spherical or rectangular, slightly quadrangular, and 1.8-2.5 cm long; The seed scale is extremely thin and transparent; Bract scales are woody, peltate, with transverse rhombus on the back and transverse grooves, and dark brown when mature; The seeds are obovate, flat, with narrow wings around them and a notch at the top.
[Edit this paragraph] 4. characteristic
The climate in the production area is warm and humid, cool in summer, snowy in winter, but not cold. The annual average temperature is 65438 03℃, the extreme minimum temperature is -8℃, the extreme maximum temperature is 35.4℃, and the frost-free period is 230 days. Annual precipitation 1500mm, and annual average relative humidity is 82%. The soil is acidic mountain yellow soil, purple soil or alluvial soil, and the pH value is 4.5-5.5. Most of them are born in valleys or foothills with flat terrain, deep soil layer, wet or slightly waterlogged. They have strong cold resistance and strong water and moisture resistance. They can grow into light-proof trees in light saline-alkali soil, with developed roots, and their growth rate is often controlled by soil moisture. They grow in places with poor drainage due to long-term waterlogging, and their growth is slow, and the base of the trunk is usually vertical and swollen. Flowering in late February; Cones ripen from the end of October to June.
[Edit this paragraph] 5. Protect value
Metasequoia glyptostroboides is known as "living fossil". It is of great significance to the study of ancient plants, paleoclimate, paleogeography and geology and the phylogeny of gymnosperms. In addition, the tree is beautiful, the trunk is tall and straight, and it grows fast. It is an excellent tree species for plain greening in subtropical areas and a fast-growing timber tree species.
[Edit this paragraph ]6. Garden use
Metasequoia glyptostroboides is a famous ornamental tree species in the courtyard, with straight trunk, tall and graceful, green leaves and golden autumn leaves. Metasequoia glyptostroboides can be planted alone or in rows or groups in parks, courtyards, lawns and green spaces. It can also be planted in pieces to create a scenic forest and adapt to evergreen ground cover plants; It can also be planted in front of buildings or as street trees, with good results. Metasequoia glyptostroboides has certain resistance to sulfur dioxide, and it is an excellent tree species for greening in industrial and mining areas.
"Amazing scientific discovery-Sequoia orientalis, which dominated the world 654.38 billion years ago and then disappeared for 20 million years, is still alive in a remote village in China!" This is the number one news published in the San Francisco Chronicle on March 25th, 1948.
The "Oriental Sequoia" or "Dawn Sequoia" mentioned here is Metasequoia.
According to paleobotanists, Metasequoia glyptostroboides is an ancient plant. The ancestors of Metasequoia glyptostroboides were born near the Arctic Circle in the late Mesozoic Cretaceous more than 654.38 billion years ago. At that time, the climate on the earth was very warm, and the Arctic was not completely covered with ice as it is now. Later, due to the changes of climate and geology, Metasequoia gradually moved southward and distributed to Europe, Asia and North America. Judging from the fossils found, they are almost all over the northern hemisphere, which can be said to be a prosperous time.
In the Cenozoic Quaternary, glaciers appeared on the earth, and Metasequoia glyptostroboides could not resist the attack of glaciers. It has since disappeared, leaving only the remains of fossils. But it wasn't really wiped out. When Metasequoias around the world were destroyed by glaciers, some Metasequoias in China escaped this disaster. The reason is that in the Quaternary, although glaciers in China were widely distributed, the glaciers in China were scattered "mountain glaciers" instead of huge ice like those in Europe and America. This "alpine glacier" flows down from the mountain, covering the nearby area, but leaving many ice-free places, so some plants can continue to survive in this "shelter". In this way, several Metasequoia glyptostroboides in China hid in the ravine near the border of Sichuan and Hubei, and survived, becoming rare treasures.
These surviving "living fossils" lived in obscurity in the ravine for tens of millions of years like hermits, and were not discovered by humans until the 1940s.
[Edit this paragraph ]7. find
During the period of 1943, Professor Wang Zhan, a botanist, found three strange trees that he had never seen before in Modao West Road, Wanxian County, Sichuan Province, the largest of which was 33 meters high and 2 meters in bust. At that time, no one knew it, or even which genus it belonged to. Which subject? It was not until 1946 that Hu Xiansu, a famous plant taxonomist in China, and Zheng, a arborist, jointly studied it and confirmed that it was Metasequoia that lived on the earth's continent hundreds of millions of years ago. Since then, Metasequoia and Metasequoia have been added to plant taxonomy separately.
More than 100 million years ago, when the earth's climate was very warm, Metasequoia glyptostroboides had grown in the Arctic, and then gradually moved south to Europe, Asia and North America. In the Quaternary, a large number of glaciers appeared on the earth, and Metasequoia glyptostroboides on all continents became extinct one after another. Only a small part of China survived. Before 1943, scientists only found its fossils in Mesozoic Cretaceous strata. Since the discovery of Metasequoia glyptostroboides in China, it has caused the world to shake! Known as the "living fossil" of the plant kingdom! At present, more than 50 countries have introduced cultivation from China, almost all over the world! China has its traces from Liaoning to Guangdong and Daozhen County in Guizhou.
Metasequoia glyptostroboides is a deciduous tree with a straight trunk and branches extending sideways. The whole tree looks like a pagoda. It has sparse branches and leaves, beautiful tree shape, simple and elegant, solemn and dignified. Its bark is reddish brown, its leaves are slender and flat, and it droops and falls off after autumn. Metasequoia glyptostroboides is not only a famous ornamental tree species, but also a good tree species for afforestation in barren hills. Strong adaptability and rapid growth. Young, can grow more than 1 meter every year. Metasequoia glyptostroboides has high economic value, its heartwood is purplish red, and its material is delicate and soft. It is a good material for shipbuilding, construction, bridges, farm tools and furniture, and also a paper-making raw material with excellent texture.
Metasequoia, Cetaceae, looks like Chinese fir and leaves. The height of the tree can reach 35 meters, the bark is peeled into thin slices, the lateral small trees are opposite, the leaves are linear and flat, and they are paired with each other, and they fall off at the same time as the lateral small branches in winter. These cones are monoecious and monoecious. The male cones are opposite on the branches and gather at the branches. There are no leaves on the branches, so the overall shape is general. The female cone was born alone on the top of a small tree. At this time, the branchlets have leaves and the cones are not drooping. There are usually 22-24 seed scales, which are alternately opposite, shield-shaped, and spread at the top. Each seed has 5-9 seeds, which are flat and surrounded by wings.
This tree is a specialty of our country. Like light and wet, it grows fast and can be planted and propagated by cutting. It is an ideal tree species for landscaping. Its wood material is light and soft, and can be used for building, making utensils and making models.
Study on genetic diversity of Metasequoia glyptostroboides cultivated population
The genetic diversity of 9 Metasequoia glyptostroboides cultivated populations was studied by RAPD technique. With random primers of 16 10 bp, * * amplified 103 loci, of which 37 were polymorphic. Accounting for 35.92%. The percentage of polymorphic loci in each population is between 16.50% and 33.0 1%. The software processing results of POPGENE version 1.3 1 are as follows: Shannon information index of population is 0. 1930, genetic distance is 0.06533.1000000006, and genetic consistency is 0.9370-0.987/kloc-0. AMOVA analysis showed that genetic variation mainly existed in populations, accounting for 89.05%, and there was some differentiation among populations. The above results show that the genetic diversity of cultivated Metasequoia glyptostroboides population is slightly lower than that of natural population, covering nearly 80% of the genetic diversity of natural population. It can be determined that the provenance of Metasequoia glyptostroboides is mixed. They represent the level of genetic diversity of natural populations to some extent. Nine Metasequoia varieties. Bambusa fasciculata in Qianjiang did not amplify a unique locus, so it was regarded as a population and clustered with three populations in Hubei, Nanjing and Chengdu according to genetic consistency. Metasequoia glyptostroboides is not clustered into independent branches, but scattered, so it is not supported to classify Metasequoia glyptostroboides as Metasequoia varieties. According to the genetic relationship, Metasequoia glyptostroboides should belong to Banghu Seed Orchard (BH) in Qianjiang, Hubei Province and Guanghua (GH) in Qianjiang, Hubei Province, which is consistent with its distribution status.
Chinese name: Leopard
Latin scientific name: Panthera pardus
Common names: leopard, leopard, cheetah, leopard tiger
English name: Leopard
National key protected animals level 1: level 1.
IUCN: Endangered
Red Book Endangered Level Endangered (E)
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Animals and Plants: Appendix I
Ecological environment: forest shrubs, tropical rain forests, mountains, hills, plains, dry land, wetlands and even deserts.
Classification status
Portal: Chordata (Chordata)
Class: mammals
Objective: Carnivora.
Family: feline, leopard subfamily
Genus: leopard
[Edit this paragraph] Distribution
Leopard is widely produced in China and Asia, so there are China leopard and Asian leopard. It is also produced in large quantities in Africa, so there are also African leopards. However, Europe does not produce leopards, and Australia (home of marsupials) does not produce leopards; Leopard production in North America and South America is even lower. There are three subspecies in China: South China Leopard, North China Leopard and Northeast Leopard.
China leopard first appeared in the middle Oligocene, which means that this animal has lived for at least 500,000 years.
Domestic distribution:
The leopard in China was once widely distributed in all provinces except Taiwan Province, Xinjiang and Ningxia. South China subspecies are found in Tibet, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Qinghai, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, southwestern Shaanxi, Henan, Anhui and other provinces. North China subspecies are found in Hebei, Shanxi and northwestern Shaanxi; Northeast Asian species have been found in Daxinganling, Xiaoxing 'anling and eastern mountainous areas of Jilin, and extended eastward to the Russian coast and northern Korea.
Foreign distribution:
Mainly distributed in Asia, Africa and Arabian Peninsula.
[Edit this paragraph] Appearance characteristics
Similar in size to a tiger, but smaller in size, it is a large and medium-sized carnivore. The weight is about 50 kg, and the maximum weight can reach 100 kg; Body length 1 ~ 1.5m, and tail length is more than half of body length. Round head, short ears, strong limbs, pointed claws and strong flexibility. Leopard has bright body color, brown fur, black spots and ring patterns all over the body, forming ancient money-shaped stripes, so it is commonly known as "leopard". Men and women have the same hair color. Its back is black and its abdomen is milky white. There is also a blackened individual, whose whole body is dark brown, but there are still round spots under the microscope, which is often called the ink leopard.
[Edit this paragraph] Living environment
Habitat in mountains, hills, deserts and grasslands, especially in dense forests or forests. There is no fixed nest. Work alone. Lying in trees during the day, or lying in the grass, or resting in caves on cliffs, wandering around at night.
[Edit this paragraph] Living habits
The leopard can be said to be a perfect hunter, with a strong body and flexible body, and the running speed can reach 65 kilometers per hour. I can swim and climb trees. Smart temperament, good sense of smell, hearing and vision, extraordinary intelligence and strong concealment are all beyond the reach of tigers and lions.
Leopards are extremely strong in physical fitness, extremely sensitive in sight and smell, and alert in temperament. It can swim and climb trees, which makes it a bold and fierce carnivore with a wide range of eating habits. Good at jumping and climbing, living alone at night. Often wandering in the forest, preying on apes, rabbits, wild deer and birds, and sometimes hunting livestock. He is fierce by nature and can even fight tigers, but generally he won't hurt people.
Panthers mainly hunt deer, antelopes and wild boar, but they also hunt civets, monkeys, birds, rodents and even carrion, depending on the source of their prey. Leopards also have records of preying on chimpanzees. When prey is scarce, it will also prey on domestic animals, thus causing conflicts between humans and leopards. Like ordinary cats, leopards will sneak up on their prey under the cover of dense forests, and make a sudden attack on their prey's neck or mouth and nose, so that they will suffocate and die. African species usually drag their prey to trees and eat it slowly to prevent predators such as lions or hyenas from coming to snatch it. In the food chain, leopards are inferior hunters, which also means that leopards are prey of both tigers and lions. .
[Edit this paragraph] Growth and reproduction
The breeding period is from late winter to early spring, and estrus mating occurs in March-April. Pregnancy is about three months, and babies are born in June and July, each with 2-3 babies, and the newborn baby is about 500 grams. The cubs left the mother leopard that autumn and lived independently. About three years of sexual maturity. The service life is 10 ~ 20 years.
[Edit this paragraph] Subspecies situation
There are more than 20 subspecies in the world, and there are 3 subspecies in China: South China Leopard (P.pardus fusea), North China Leopard (P.p.fontanieri) and Northeast Leopard (P.p.orientalis).
Zanzibar island subspecies -P. p. adersi (extremely endangered and possibly extinct)
South China subspecies-Epinephelus fuscipes (low risk)
Indian subspecies zhina-P. p. delacouri (vulnerable)
North China subspecies -P.P. Japonica (vulnerable)
Sinai Peninsula subspecies -P. p. jarvisi (extremely endangered and possibly extinct)
Sri Lankan subspecies -P. p. kotiya (endangered)
Java subspecies -P. p. melas (endangered)
Arabian peninsula subspecies -P. p. nimr (extremely dangerous)
Northeast Asia species-Oriental fir (extremely dangerous)
North African subspecies-P.P. Panther (extremely endangered and possibly extinct)
Named subspecies-leopard spider (low risk)
Persian subspecies -P. p. saxicolor (endangered)
The European subspecies-sick pigs-have become extinct.
Asia minor subspecies-p.p. tulliana (extremely endangered and possibly extinct)
[Edit this paragraph] Endangered status quo
The leopard produced in Yunnan is famous for its short hair, clear spots and luster, and it is a first-class fur economic animal. Once spread all over the province, but in recent years, the number has dropped sharply and it is on the verge of extinction.
The population of South China leopard in the provinces in the south of the Yangtze River is still quite large, and the population of South China leopard has dropped sharply due to man-made over-hunting. Huabei leopard is mainly found in Shanxi, with an estimated number of 100. The leopard in Gansu has disappeared, and the leopard in Henan and Hebei is no longer reported; For nearly half a century, Northeast leopards have disappeared all over Heilongjiang Province. In recent years, leopards in Jilin Province have basically disappeared. According to the analysis and estimation of fur purchase, there may still be hundreds of wild leopards in China by the end of 1980s.
Global estimated quantity: 220,000.
[Edit this paragraph] Risk factors
1, was sentenced as a "pest" for attacking livestock and was killed in large numbers;
2. Leopard is a precious ornamental animal with beautiful fur, which is a high-grade material for women. It was hunted in large quantities because of its bright fur, and was hunted for trade;
3. Being hunted as a medicinal ingredient;
4. Habitat destruction;
5. The population is too small and isolated, which leads to population degradation;
[Edit this paragraph] Dictionary Interpretation
leopard
leopard
[5 pages]
leopard
Ahd: [lrd]
D.J.:[6lep*d]
K.K.:[6lWp+d]
Noun (short for noun)
A large fierce cat (Panthera ocellata) of Africa and South Asia, having tawny or black fur with dark rose-like spots.
One of several cats, such as the snow leopard.
The fur of this animal.
heraldry
Side-looking lion, with one front paw raised and its head facing the observer.
middle english
From old French leupart
From the late Latin leopardus
Leopardos from Greece
Greek le[ lion]
* See also: Lion
Greek pardos[ pard]
* See also pard.
leopard
Ahd: [lrd]
D.J.:[6lep*d]
K.K.:[6lWp+d]
Noun (short for noun)
A large fierce cat (Panthera ocellata) of Africa and South Asia, having tawny or black fur with dark rose-like spots.
A fierce big cat (Panther), native to Africa or South Asia, has yellow-brown rose-spotted fur and black fur.
The fur of this animal.
The fur or fur products of this animal.
Greek pardos[ pard]
Greek pardos[ leopard]
* See also pard.
leopard
[5 pages]
n
Leopard print or leopard print?
Leopard (female: leopard girl)
leopard
[5 pages]
Noun (short for noun)
A moving leopard
A leopard cannot change his spots, can he?
Can a leopard change its spots? A leopard cannot change his spots.
Leopolds.
leopardess
clouded leopard
clouded leopard
snow leopard
snow leopard
leopard
[5 pages]
Jaguar, jaguar. jaguar
[Edit this paragraph] Poetry of the same name
leopard
-At the Paris Zoo
Author: Rilke
Its eyes were attracted by the endless iron bars.
I'm too tired to eat anything.
It seems to have only a thousand iron railings,
There is no universe behind a thousand fences.
Strong steps and gentle steps,
The pace rotates in this small circle,
As if the dance of power revolves around a center,
Great will is dizzy in the center.
Only when you look up silently. ——
So there's an immersive image,
Through the tense silence of the limbs—
Go up in smoke in my heart.
Lichen is a perennial plant, which is a composite organism composed of 1 fungi and 1 algae. Because the two plants have been closely combined for a long time, a single fixed organism of 1 has been formed in morphology, structure, physiology and heredity, which is the result of historical development. Therefore, lichens are regarded as 1 independent phylum. There are more than 500 genera and 25,000 species of plants in the world.
The combination of fungi and algae is the most prominent and successful example of * * phenomenon in nature. About 15000 species. Algae are usually green algae, and fungi are mostly ascomycetes or basidiomycetes. Lichen used to be classified as a single plant, but after the appearance of microscope, it was found that lichen was composed of algae and fungi. There are still some different opinions on how to classify lichens. Humans have always used lichens as raw materials for food, medicine and dyes. Lichens provide two-thirds of the food for reindeer and reindeer roaming in the far north.
The plant body of lichen is called thallus. In the thallus of the same layer of lichen, a large number of algae cells (called algae components) are scattered among a small number of fungal cells (called lichen bacteria). The difference between heteromorphic lichens is that the number of fungal cells is dominant. Hairy skeletons called rhizomes protrude from the lower surface of the bacteria and fix the bacteria on the substrate. Some lichens have a shell-like thallus, which is very thin and firmly attached to the substrate. This lichen is called shell lichen. Squamous lichens are small and loosely attached to the substrate like leaves. Foliaceous lichens are large and leaflike, and some species are several feet in diameter. They are fixed on the substrate with rhizomes or umbilicus, which are located in the center of their large-sized leaflike bodies.
It is not clear when algae and fungi first met and formed lichen, but it must be after their composition matured. The relationship between algae and fungi in lichens is based on mutual benefit, providing each other with necessary materials and conditions. Algae form simple carbohydrates, which are secreted and absorbed by fungal cells and converted into various carbohydrates. In at least one case, the exchange can be completed within two minutes. Algae can also produce vitamins needed by fungi. In this biological relationship, fungi absorb moisture in the air and provide a cool environment for the algae below, which is extremely necessary for light-sensitive algae. Lichens grow relatively slowly. There are still some questions about how lichens reproduce. Most botanists believe that the most common reproduction mode of lichen is asexual reproduction. The thallus of lichen splits, and the lobes spread nearby, developing into new plants.
Most of the fungi that constitute lichens belong to ascomycetes and Sclerotinia, and a few belong to Basidiomycetes, Agaricus and Polyporales. There are also few people belonging to the subfamily Hemifungi. In addition, L species of water hyacinth have been found in Central Europe, belonging to algae.
The algae in lichens belong to more than 20 genera of green algae and cyanobacteria. Among the green algae, Tyebouxia, Trentepohlia and Nostoc commune of Cyanophyta account for about 90% of all lichen algae.
The hyphae in lichen are wrapped around algae cells and surround algae from the outside. Most of the organic matter produced by algae photosynthesis is captured by fungi, and algae are isolated from the external environment. They cannot absorb water, inorganic salts and carbon dioxide from the outside, so they have to rely on the supply of fungi. They are a special relationship of 1. Fungi control algae, and the shape of lichen is almost entirely determined by fungi.
Some people tried to take algae and fungi out of lichen and cultivate them separately, but algae grew vigorously and fungi starved to death. It can be seen that lichen fungi must rely on algae to survive.
Most lichens are plants that avoid light and need fresh air. Therefore, lichens can't be found in densely populated areas, especially near industrial cities. Lichens generally grow very slowly, only a few centimeters in a few years. Lichens can endure long-term drought, sleep during drought and grow after rain, so they can be born on cliffs, rocks, bark or desert land. Lichen is very cold-resistant, so other plants can't live in alpine zone, permafrost zone and polar regions, but lichen can grow and reproduce alone, often forming an endless lichen community.
Lichens, fungi and whole fungi are eukaryotes. In nature, lichens are often accompanied by bryophytes, so they are easily confused by people. In fact, bryophytes have primary differentiation of roots, stems and leaves and belong to higher green plants. Because it produces spores, it is called spore plant. Of course, ferns are also spore plants, but they are vascular spore plants, which are more advanced than non-vascular bryophytes in evolution. Lichens, on the other hand, have no real differentiation of roots, stems and leaves; It is not only more primitive than bryophytes in evolution, but more importantly, it is not a single plant organism, but a composite organism born of fungi and algae. Lichens are different from free-living fungi and free-living algae in morphology, anatomy, physiology, chemistry and distribution.
According to the external morphology, lichens can be divided into three categories: shell lichens, leaf lichens and dendritic lichens. Lichens are criss-crossed, with dense and sparse colorless true hyphae, with algae layer in the middle, which is composed of algae cells. Bundles of false roots also extend from the lower layer, and there are no real organs such as roots, stems and leaves.
This fungus combines with algae in lichen, which makes it have amazing adaptability to the environment. The life materials needed for its growth mainly come from rain and dust, and it can adapt to extremely dry and barren environment. Among them, some hang on trees, revealing clusters of hair, such as taupe "litmus"; Some are fixed on bare rocks with different shapes, such as brightly colored "stone flowers". In the frozen Antarctic all the year round, lichens have become the dominant species of plants, with more than 400 species, including black, gray, yellow, white and red. It is really colorful, adding strange scenery to the Antarctic.
Lichens are not only beautiful, but also widely used. Litmus in lichen, clustered on the rock surface of Arctic tundra or in the snow and ice, is an important feed for reindeer in cold areas, so it is also called "reindeer moss".
There is a precious food in China and Japan-tremella, which grows on the precipice. Different kinds of lichens are the raw materials of native foods all over the world. For example, Icelanders eat lichen powder in bread, porridge or milk. France makes chocolate candy and chocolate powder from ground clothes. Some countries also use clothes to make wine.