1. Perceive the beauty of poetry, music, architecture and painting in A Farewell to Cambridge.
2. Learn how to appreciate new poems.
A. Learn to appreciate the musical beauty of poetry by reading aloud under the guidance of the teacher.
B. Through the teacher's analysis and appreciation, learn to appreciate poetry from the aspects of image and form.
Teaching focus
1. The poet's unique image choice;
Farewell to Cambridge is beautiful in music, architecture and painting.
Teaching methods: recitation and appreciation.
Class schedule: one class.
Classroom teaching design
I. Introduction:
? I left quietly, just as I came gently? A parting poem with a touch of sadness touched the hearts of many literati. Xu Zhimo, he came quietly like this and left quietly like this. What kind of person is the poet Zhimo? Let's follow Zhimo's Biekang Bridge into the poet's heart.
2. Mo Chi and his writing background.
Xu zhimo (1896? 193 1), a native of Haining, Zhejiang Province, has a well-off family. Pen names Yun Zhonghe, Nanhu and Shizhe. Middle school is in the same class as Yu Dafu. 19 16 was admitted to Peking University. In the same year, she married Zhang Youyi, who was only 16 years old. 19 18 went to study in the United States. 1920 went to the University of Cambridge, England to study for a doctorate. During this period, Xu Zhimo had an extramarital affair with Lin, and left Cambridge in August of the same year. 1923, he founded the crescent society with Hu Shi and others as the main members. 1924, Tagore, a great Indian poet, visited China, with Xu Zhimo as translator, and then Thailand roamed Europe. In the same year, I met Lu Xiaoman, a married woman, and fell in love. 1June, 926, Lu Xiaoman and I got married. 1June 927, Professor of Shanghai Guanghua University,1June 929, Editor of Zhonghua Book Company. /kloc-in the autumn of 0/930, he was invited by Hu Shizhi to be a professor in Peking University. During this period, Xu Zhimo traveled between Beiping and Shanghai for a living. But it's still hard to satisfy Lu Xiaoman. He has made a new start, but it's hard to divorce again because of old feelings and face. He fell into deep pain. 193 1 year 1 year 1 year 65438+9 years, I flew from Nanjing to Beiping, and my plane crashed on the way, and I died at the foot of Mount Tai at the age of 35.
Many of his poems tend to be mysterious, vague, sentimental and decadent, but there are also many excellent works with fresh language, appropriate metaphors and soft and lively style. Farewell to Cambridge is selected from Tiger Collection, which is favored by readers because of its harmonious syllables and beautiful artistic conception. 193 1 year1month 19, did he take it? Jinan? The plane flew from Nanjing to Beijing. In Dangjiazhuang, 50 miles away from Jinan, it was caught in a fog, caught fire on the mountain and was killed. ? I left quietly/just as I came quietly; /I waved my sleeve./I didn't take a cloud with me. ? The poem Farewell to Cambridge has become his language. Did he really become a piece? Cloud? At the age of 36.
Farewell to Cambridge is a poem that typically shows Xu Zhimo's poetic style.
Poetry records the poet's emotional experience of returning to England and bidding farewell to Cambridge in the autumn of 1928, showing a kind of sadness. Cambridge, or Cambridge, is the seat of the famous Cambridge University in Britain. Everything about Cambridge has long left a good impression on him. Now I want to say goodbye to it, and thousands of tender feelings and feelings come to my heart. The He Kang River opened the poet's soul and awakened the passion that had been dormant for a long time, so it became this masterpiece handed down from generation to generation.
Play "Farewell to Cambridge" read by Huang Lei, and the teacher will guide the reading. Pay attention to the rhythm of poetry, full of affection.
4. Overall appreciation of Farewell to Cambridge. Appreciate this poem in image and form.
(1) Tip: There are countless farewell poems written since ancient times. What poems are you familiar with?
Qing: Wang's "Yishui gives someone a stunt": Here Jing Ke bid farewell to Yan Taizi Dan, and the strong man was sad and heroic, and his anger rushed to the crown. No one was there at that time, and the water is still cold today. ? Farewell the viceroy to serve in Shu:? We said goodbye sadly, and our two officials went in opposite directions. After all, the world is just a small place. ? Wang Changling's Farewell to Xin Jian at Furong Inn:? Misty rain enveloped Wu's day overnight; Send you in the morning, lonely and sad in Chushan! Friends, if my friends in Luoyang invite me; Just say I'm still Bing Xin Okho, and stick to my faith! ? Li Bai's gift to Wang Lun:? Li Bai was just about to leave when he heard a farewell song from the shore. Even if the Peach Blossom Pond is deep, it is not as deep as Wang Lun's sending away my love. ?
Revelation: If these poems are compared with this poem by Xu Zhimo, what is the difference between the farewell objects?
Qing: Generally, people leave in parting poems, but this poem doesn't leave people, does it? Western clouds? The farewell object has moved from the human world to the natural scenery, jumping out of the cliche of greeting and addressing, giving people a fresh and elegant feeling. These images (clouds, etc. ) are entrusted with the poet's feelings, and this image entrusted with the poet's feelings is the image of poetry. How poets choose images to express their feelings is exactly what we want to appreciate.
(2) Appreciating poetry from images.
Ask questions:
1. This paper is unique in the choice of images. Please find out which pictures are in this article.
Qing: clouds, golden willows, soft waves, green grass, starlight and other natural scenery.
2. What is the purpose of discussing the selection of these images? -talk about poetry.
A, the whole poem takes the emotional ups and downs when leaving Cambridge as a clue to express the deep affection for Cambridge's departure.
Section 1, Sanlian? Gently? The real writing quietly came to and left Cambridge alone, at the same time, it showed inseparable feelings, and with a slightly jumping rhythm, it set off the image of slowly drifting away and set a lyrical tone for the whole poem.
In the second section, I wrote about the reflection of willow trees by the He Kang River, which saturated the poet's infinite joy and attachment.
The third section describes the aquatic plants of He Kanghe, expressing the poet's eternal love for Cambridge.
The fourth part, write the green pool under the elm tree. The poet integrated his lover's scene and all his nostalgia into the scenery of Cambridge.
In the fifth section, the poet's feelings reached a climax. He fantasized about rowing on a pole to find him in a greener grass? Rainbow dream? ,? Where the stars are shining? Sing loudly.
In the sixth section, the poet returns to reality from fantasy. Quietly with the sign of parting, silently appreciate the sadness of parting. The poetic scene is still returning, immersed in silence.
Section 7 echoes the beginning. ? Cloud? It can't be taken away, but the poet said? Don't take away a cloud? . This exaggeration shows that the poet is unwilling to disturb his beloved Cambridge. Here, the rhythm is the same, but with the transformation of words and expressions, more sadness has to be left. At this point, the poet put Cambridge? Too strong to melt? Feelings, in? Silence? 、? Gently? 、? Quietly expressed in it.
B,
Part I: Metonymy Part II: Metaphor Part III: Personification Part IV: Empathy and Exaggeration
Section V: Care Begins Section VI: Metaphor, Personification and Empathy Section VIII: Overlapping and Singing
C. Poems that rely on emotion to seek liberation have the same lyric characteristics, and their lyric structure is generally as follows:? I am relative, I am compatible, I am relative? . Readers can often see a clear lyric subject at the beginning of a poem, facing an object or an image or a situation, for some practical reasons. Then, absorbed by these images or situations, the lyrical subject melts into the object, or the gods swim with things, or I forget everything. When fugue or ecstasy reaches the extreme, and the harmony between object and self cannot be maintained, the lyric subject will suddenly return to the opposition with the object. This lyric structure is often used by poets to express the illusory sustenance after frustration and the short-term depression relief.
D. When the poet bid farewell to Cambridge, he avoided seeing off crowds, surrounding high-rise buildings, traffic and other ordinary objects, and chose natural scenery such as clouds, avoiding fireworks and creating a fresh feeling.
For example, the golden willow by the river is compared to the bride in the sunset, thus turning the dead scenery into a living activity, warm and pleasant. The willow reflected in the He Kang River is saturated with the poet's infinite joy and attachment. The willow branches in the sunset are covered with charming golden yellow. The golden branches sway gently in the wind, and the shadows are reflected in the water, like a beautiful bride. The beautiful shadow in this wave rippled in the water and in the poet's mind. See love in the scene, there are scenes in love, and the scenes blend together. The same is true of the choice of other images. The green grass is swaying in the soft waves, as if waving to the poet. And when he came back from boating at night, the water waves and starlight reflected each other, and the poet could not help but ask? Singing in the starlight? . The poet's happiness reached its peak through proper image selection. This is the uniqueness of this poetic image choice.
(3) Appreciate poetry from the form of poetry.
Farewell to Cambridge has three beauties in form: painting beauty, music beauty and architecture beauty.
1, form: four lines and one section are arranged in disorder, with almost the same number of words. The beauty of architecture
Qing: The first sentence uses three words \ \ \' gently \ \ \', which makes us feel as if the poet stood on tiptoe, like a breeze, and then quietly swung away; And the deepest feelings, in this wave, turned into a \ \ \ \' West Cloud. \ \ \ \ \' The last section corresponds to the first loop, with three \ \ \ \' quietly \ \ \ \'. Come smartly, go smartly. With a wave of his sleeve, what shook off? Needless to say. Since I once lived in Cambridge, why should I take a cloud with me? The end-to-end cycle echoes, and the structure is rigorous, giving people the beauty of the whole.
2, language: rhythm, melody, beauty, bounce? Musical beauty
Clarity: This poem is like Chopin's serenade. There are four lines and one section, and each section is arranged in a staggered way. The number of words in each sentence is basically 6.7 words (there are eight words in the middle), which is neat in the uneven changes; Each verse rhymes, changing rhymes one by one, and pursuing syllable fluctuation and melody sense. Besides,? Gently? The repeated use of equivalent overlapping words quietly enhances the brisk rhythm of poetry. The first melody of the poem has a slight bounce, as if it were the voice of a poet walking on tiptoe; The second verse of this poem is musically like a happy tune played with a violin full of bows; The end of the poem is similar to the first sentence, echoing from afar, giving people a fantastic feeling.
For example, the first sentence of a poem is used three times? Gently? This adjective appears to have a brisk rhythm, a soft melody and a slight bounce, as if it were the voice of a poet walking on tiptoe; The second verse of this poem is musically like a happy tune played with a violin full of bows; In the form of rhyme, strictly abide by the second and fourth rhymes, cadence, catchy. This beautiful rhythm ripples like ripples, which is not only the voice of pious students seeking dreams, but also conforms to the ebb and flow of poets' emotions and has a unique aesthetic pleasure. Seven verses are strewn at random, and the rhythm is slowly spread out in them, which is quite a poet's temperament of \ \ \ \' white robe and thin suburban island \ \ \'. It can be said that it embodies Xu Zhimo's poetic beauty thought.
3. Artistic conception: Liu Jin's bride flaunts a rainbow-like dream? Beauty of painting
Clarity: Almost every section of the eight poems contains a picture that can be drawn, giving people the enjoyment of visual beauty. One of the manifestations of the picture is that the poet used colorful words to create a series of vivid artistic conception, which hung over the dusk.
Shiny golden willows, green grass on soft mud and pools under the shade of trees all come into view. The two metaphors are accurate: the first one boldly imagines \ \ \' Golden Willow by the River \ \ \ \' as \ \ \ \ \' Bride in the sunset \ \ \ \'. The second is that the clear pool water is suspected to be \ \ \ \' rainbow in the sky \ \ \', which is crushed by floating algae and turned into \ \ \ \' rainbow-like dream \ \ \'. It is in the crazy love that poets, such as Zhuang Zhoumeng Butterfly, forget everything, feel the beautiful image in the waves/the ripples in their hearts, and are willing to be a swaying weed in the gentle waves of He Kanghe. This good structure of the unity of subject and object is not only a wonderful hand, but also a painstaking effort; In verses 5 and 6, the poet opens up a new artistic conception. Borrow \ \ \ \' dream/dream seeking \ \ \', \ \', \ \ \', \ \ \',/\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ At this time, silence and silence are better than many love words! . The poet seems to be caring for a lover's sleep, fearing that this dream will be damaged by the slightest bit, and the melody like a sigh is perfectly unified with parting. The second manifestation of the beauty of the picture is that the poet used words with strong action, such as \ \ \ \' wave \ \ \ \ \' ripple \ \ \ \ \ \' \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
Characteristics of new poetry
China's new poems followed? May 4th Movement? The New Culture Movement was formed when China literature entered a glorious modern period. Release? May 4th Movement? Later poetry is regarded as an independent stage and a special part of China's poetry, which is called new poetry, not only because it belongs to modernity in time, but also because it reflects the modernization process of China's poetry and is a poem in the modern sense, which is why new poetry is new. As far as its mainstream is concerned, the characteristics of new poetry are as follows: (1) As a pioneer and column of modern literature in China, it is based on the socialist ideological trend under the enlightenment of modern democracy and scientific democratic culture, and shows its concern for the destiny of the people, the destiny of the people and the destiny of the country, and it has been strengthened in the personality of the subject of creation, the self-awareness of the object of description and the breadth and depth of socialization. (2) Taking the language change of poetry as a breakthrough and vernacular as a weapon, it has experienced a real? Poetry revolution? , and break with the old tradition, consciously get rid of the strict rhythm of classical poetry, finally realized? Great liberation of poetic style? ,? From a poem that is very close to the old poem to a very free new poem? Thus, a brand-new poetic form completely independent of the traditional "poetry" was formed, and a new tradition of modern poetry was established. (3) Since the new poetry takes the old poetry as the revolutionary object, it is bound to take the introduction of foreign forms as the poetry model. What is our new poem? May 4th Movement? The times basically borrowed the forms of foreign poems (mainly English poems)? (Zhu Guangqian, "What does new poetry learn from old poetics", so? A new branch of the world's progressive literary tradition that has accumulated for hundreds of years? In the history of China's poetry, right? A sudden leap in a completely different way? . In this way, China's new poems are constantly influenced by foreign countries and integrated into his own national style, so that they are more and more similar to foreign poems in language casting and poetic art operation, and gradually increase the cosmopolitan color. (4) The new poetry really broke the old tradition and established a new tradition; But breaking and not breaking does not mean cutting, but sublating and absorbing, criticizing and inheriting, that is, bringing forth the old and bringing forth the new. If you don't bring forth the old and bring forth the new, you can't bring forth the new, and if you have nothing to push the old, you can't bring forth the new. The new poetry of each era is always created on the basis of folk songs and previous generation poems, absorbing new factors from other nationalities, but its root must be deeply rooted in the soil of social real life.
As far as people know, Hu Shi is the earliest pioneer of new poetry, from 19 15? 19 16 started the experiment of vernacular poetry, and from the beginning, it attacked in the direction of breaking the most stubborn language form of old poetry and moving orange. If you want to have new content and new spirit, you must first break the shackles that bind the spirit. . He argued: What is the essence of poetry? Natural language? ,? How to write a poem like you said? He once said: When did the poetry revolution begin? Should poetry be written as a composition? , he put this? Poetry exploration? Called poetry? Try it? And summed it up as? Poetic style? (On New Poetry).
Pigeon Hu Shi
Clouds are light and the sky is high. What a late autumn weather! /There is a flock of pigeons playing in the air. /Look at them in twos and threes,/Going back and forth,/As if pointing to something, suddenly, turning over and reflecting the sun, Baiyun Village is blue and beautiful! (New Youth 19 18)
From an artistic point of view, this masterpiece of China's early new poetry also has many characteristics, especially it better embodies a set of new poetry theories put forward by the author himself. For example, Hu Shi once pointed out: What are the syllables of new poetry? Natural rhythm of timbre? And then what? The natural harmony of the words used in each sentence? , civilians are not important; In terms of rhyme, there can be many kinds of freedom, or? Rhyme in modern times? , or? Ping is tired of gambling? ,? It's good to have rhyme, but why not? ; As for the artistic expression method, do you need it? How? In other words? All good poems are concrete; The more specific, the more poetic. Every good poem can make one or more things happen in our minds? Obvious offensive images? ((Talking about new poetry). In contrast to the poem "Dove", this is exactly the case. First of all, the syllables of the poem are really natural and harmonious on the whole, and the whole poem is basically natural and fluent; Secondly, poetry pays attention to rhyme (I), but it uses modern rhyme and is not limited by flat areas. In this way, the whole poem not only freely expresses ideas, but also has a poetic sense of music; Also, although the main idea of the poem (expressing the pride of the advocates of the New Culture Movement) is abstract, it is indeed adopted in the works? How do you spell it? That is, focus on the white dove in the blue sky? Going back and forth, is it like meaning? And then what? Investigation and reflection 4? Is this unavoidable in this beautiful picture? Abstract topics are written in an abstract way? The shortcomings also leave readers room for association and aftertaste.
Through a layer of paper, Liu Bannong.
There is a fire in the room. /Master paid to open the window to buy fruit. /say? It is neither cold nor hot. /Don't let it spoil me. ? /There is a beggar lying outside,/Gritting his teeth and shouting at the north wind? Die? ! /duplicity. /There is only a layer of tissue paper in the middle! (19 17 10, Beijing)
Although the new poetry movement began with the innovation of form, the purpose of the innovation of form is of course to accommodate new content. If Hu Shi's contribution to the New Poetry Movement mainly lies in advocating the liberation of vernacular poetry and poetic style, then Liu Bannong's contribution to the New Poetry Movement lies in his ability to more clearly or directly emphasize the spiritual innovation of poetry. By the end of the Qing dynasty, due to tradition, the shackles of poetic style and the obsolescence of classical Chinese had reached a very serious level. Therefore, it is urgent to liberate poetic style and revive the function of language. But the reason why the old poems are old lies not only in the conservative and closed form, but also in the stale content, which means that the new poetry movement must change both form and content. Liu Bannong was one of the earliest poets who paid attention to the theoretical and practical innovation of new poetry.
The significance of this poem in the history of new poetry lies in that it expresses the new content that embodies the spirit of the new era in the form of new poetry being tried. Liu Bannong thinks poetry is valuable in A? Really? ; ? Just write the truest point in your heart with the rhythm of natural sound. . New poetry should learn from the excellent tradition since the "national style". A portrayal of a woman who is dissatisfied with her husband and wife? What are you good at? See the truth in social phenomena? . Obviously, this poem obviously draws lessons from traditional poetry, especially from Du Fu's thought and expression. Zhumen stinks of wine and meat, and the road has frozen bones? The moral and enlightenment of the poem, through the comparative description of two contrasting scenes, clearly and concretely reveals the social inequality and the disparity between the rich and the poor, which is highly critical. This poem also shows Liu Bannong's skill in using language. Narration and description are concise, and the characters' language has characteristics and personality, such as the host's casual language, which shows his wealth and arrogance; The beggar's strong language and abrupt rhythm make people feel his anger.
Terminology: image
Image is the basic element of poetry visualization, so it exists widely in poetry works and deserves our attention. As far as the classification of images is concerned, it can be roughly divided into six categories: 1 and solid images (referred to as object images or real images for short). That is, the artistic reflection of concrete things objectively existing in reality in the poet's chest and pen. 2. Illusory image (virtual image for short). It is an illusion that exists in non-reality because the poet's brain distorts the objective reality, such as dreams or various images in the world of immortals, ghosts and mosquitoes, and it also contains a fictional image of immortals appearing and ghosts. 3. Event image (event image for short). The process and cause and effect of various events reflected in the poet's mind and pen, such as the causes of emotions, emotions and so on. 4. The image of natural forces. That is to say, those visible, audible and tangible phenomena in natural phenomena are all reflected in the poet's mind and pen, such as the rise from morning to evening, the arrival from cold to summer, lightning, rain and snow, rain and shine, and the specific impact of changes in the situation on the poet's mood. 5. Time images. It is a large number of images reflected in the poet's mind and written in the morning and evening, spring, summer, autumn and winter, and through the ages. 6. Spatial image. The spatial position and distance of the images reflected in the poet's mind and pen, such as up and down, far and near, length and width, size, thickness, etc. It should be noted that the latter two kinds of space-time images often do not exist in isolation in specific poetry works, but are always closely combined with the first four kinds of images, so they are more expressive.
In the process of selecting a topic, conceiving, conceiving and expressing a specific poem, the poet always follows his own specific creative intention and is in his own mind. Kaleidoscope? A series of images are directionally screened, spliced and combined, thus creating a variety of poetic images and artistic conception, which implies or contains the poet's feelings and interests. Because of the different ways of screening, splicing and combination of various images, they have formed different expression techniques and have different fun. As far as the connection between images is concerned, there are generally: image superposition, image disconnection, image combination, image juxtaposition, image cutting and image aggregation. Image display, image looming and overall image; Even image modeling has something to do with this.
The Background of Farewell to Cambridge
This poem was written by Xu Zhimo on his way home after his third trip to Europe. The time is1928165438+10.6, and the place is China Sea. But he revisited Cambridge this time, but it was a summer at the end of July. Is he the British philosopher Bertrand? After staying at Russell's house for one night, on a sunny afternoon, without anyone noticing, a man quietly came to Cambridge with pounding excitement to find his English friend. So-called? Cambridge? , now Tongze? Cambridge? The famous Cambridge University is a place with beautiful scenery. Because Xu Zhimo studied and lived here when he was young and made many British friends, he has always had a special feeling for this place. Unfortunately, because he didn't contact well in advance, all his familiar English friends were absent, and only his familiar Cambridge was waiting for him quietly there. So, every place and corner where he lived seven or eight years ago quietly began, and the past life scenes reappeared in front of his eyes? He didn't record this emotional activity because he was busy at that time and had to go to Tinton Manor to meet another English friend. Until he left Marseilles by boat on his way home. Facing the rough sea and the vast sky, he unfolded a piece of paper and wrote down his personal feelings about the sedan chair, a heavy means of transportation.