Xijiang Chuzhou, Dong Jiao and Cisai Mountain.
Du Fu's Poems Concerning the Country and the People
Chunwang, Worrying about Chen Tao, Northern Expedition, Sanguan, Sanbie (Sanguan: Shi Haoguan, Xin 'an Guan, Tongguan Guan Guan, Sanbie: Newly Married, Homeless, Quitting the Old) huts were broken by autumn wind.
Bai Juyi was an outstanding poet in the middle Tang Dynasty. His poetic thoughts and creations, which emphasize popularity and realism, occupy an important position in the history of China's poetry. In Jiu Shu Tong Yuan, he clearly said: "Servants aim to help the two, and they are independent. Always serve the Tao, and invent poetry. Calling it a satirical poem is also aimed at helping others; It's not bad to call it leisure poetry. " It can be seen that among Bai Juyi's four kinds of poems: satire, leisure, sentimentality and miscellaneous law, the first two poems are most valued because they embody his "serving the people and always being kind". His poetic thoughts are mainly based on early satirical poems.
Bai Juyi once divided his poems into four categories: satire, leisure, sentimentality and miscellaneous methods. Generally speaking, the first three categories are ancient bodies, and the latter category is near bodies. The first three categories are roughly divided by content, but they overlap. Among these four types of poems, Bai himself pays more attention to the first two types, and thinks that satirical poems embody the "ambition to be satisfactory to both sides"; Leisure poems show the meaning of "being independent"; It is a direct embodiment of his life goals. Sentimental poems and miscellaneous poems are "either seduced by one thing or sent by a smile, born spontaneously, not in life" (Yuan Zaju "Nine Books"). Satire is the essence of white poetry. There are 50 representative works of New Yuefu and Qin Zhongyin 10. They widely reflect the major issues in all aspects of social life in the middle Tang Dynasty, and focus on describing the darkness of reality and the suffering of the people. These poems are fiercely worded and have no scruples, breaking through the tradition of "gentle and honest" poetry teaching, and are very prominent in ancient poems criticizing current politics. Satire is more direct in form. The narrative is complete, the plot is vivid, and the plot of the characters is meticulous and vivid. The other part of satirical poetry uses allegory to support things and natural images to support political feelings. These two kinds of works have profound and broad generalizations, concentrated themes, vivid images and clear language. Some "new Yuefu" also adopt the sentence pattern of "337", which has traces of folk popular literature and art. Leisure poems mostly express the yearning for seclusion and quiet life in the countryside and the interest of leading an honest and clean life. Many poems also promote the idea of contentment, peace and happiness. However, some poems show dissatisfaction with reality from the side, which shows that his pursuit of leisure is only a helpless relief. The most famous sentimental poems are the narrative poems "Song of Eternal Sorrow" and "Pipa Xing". Song of Eternal Sorrow is a story about the marriage and love between Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and Yang Guifei, which contains both an earth-shattering satire on China's lust for beauty and endless sympathy and regret for this endless sorrow. Pipa has a sense of "returning to the world" and has outstanding language achievements. These two poems are full of twists and turns in narrative, meticulous in writing, good at parallelism, smooth and harmonious in sound and rhyme, and widely circulated. Bai also has many gifts for relatives and friends, sincere and sincere, simple and moving. However, in this kind of poems, there are many sad colors that lament the old people's illness and death, and Buddhist thoughts that get rid of the hubbub. Miscellaneous poems are the most in white poems, and some intriguing lyric landscape poems are very famous, with a few strokes and a lot of business. In addition, there are some long sentences and poems that tell the truth and contrast the melody. There is a glass of light, wine shadow and amorous feelings, which is quite imitated by people at that time. White poetry was widely spread at that time, from the court to the folk, and its reputation spread far and wide in Xinjiang, Korea and Japan. White poetry has a great influence on later literature. Pi Rixiu, Lu Guimeng, Nie, Luo Yin and Du Xunhe in the late Tang Dynasty and Wang Yucheng, Mei, Su Shi, Lu You, Wu and Huang Zunxian in the Qing Dynasty were all inspired by the style of white poetry.
Pipa Xing and Song of Eternal Sorrow are Bai Juyi's most successful works, and the outstanding feature of their artistic expression is the strengthening of lyric factors. Compared with the previous narrative poems, although these two works also use narrative and description to express events, they can no longer simplify the events, and only use one central event and two or three main characters to structure the whole article, such as the dramatic Ma Wei incident that the author is about to take over, but in the most lyrical psychological description of the characters and the rendering of the environmental atmosphere, they pour ink like rain in order to enjoy themselves, even though Pipa is such a story. In addition, the lyricism of these two works is also manifested in creating an appropriate atmosphere and setting off the artistic conception of poetry with selected images. For example, in Song of Eternal Sorrow, "He gazed at the desolate moon from the temporary palace, and he heard the bell in the late rain, cutting it on his chest"; "Maple leaves and mature rushes rustle in autumn" and "When the river mysteriously expands to the full moon" in the pipa; Or combine the bleak moonlight, the patter of rain at night and the heartbroken bell into a charming scene; Or use rustling maple leaves, flowers and boundless rivers and the moon to form a sad and lonely picture, revealing sadness, sadness and loneliness.
Leisure poems and satirical poems are two kinds of poems that Bai Juyi pays special attention to. Both of them are realistic, vulgar and thrifty, but they are quite different in content and mood. Satire poems aim at "helping the two" and are closely related to social politics, and write more about lofty sentiments and excitement; Leisure poems are meant to be "exclusive", "content with harmony, and give play to one's temperament" (Nine Books of Yuyuan), thus showing an indifferent, peaceful and leisurely state of mind.
Bai Juyi's leisurely poems have a great influence on later generations. His simple language style and indifferent and leisurely mood have been praised repeatedly. However, in contrast, the "leisure" thought of retiring from politics and being content with peace, and the attitude of returning to Buddhism and imitating Tao Yuanming in these poems have far-reaching influence because they are more in line with the psychology of later literati.
Bai Juyi's thought combines Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Self-reliance, with Confucianism as the guiding ideology, "wealth will help the world, and poverty will be immune to it." His ambition of "helping the world and the people" is mainly based on Confucian benevolent policies, including the theory of Huang Lao, the technique of treating filial piety and the method of applying Korea; His mind of "being alone" absorbed the concepts of contentment, uniformity and freedom of Laozi and Zhuangzi and the Buddhist thought of "liberation". The two are roughly bounded by Bai's demotion of Jiangzhou Sima. Bai Juyi not only left nearly 3000 poems, but also put forward a whole set of poetry theory. He compared poetry to a fruit tree and put forward the viewpoint of "root feeling, Miao character, Watson and true meaning" (nine books are the same). He believes that "emotion" is the fundamental condition for the emergence of poetry, "those who touch people's hearts should not care about emotion first" (ibid.), and the emergence of emotion is related to current politics because of emotion. Therefore, poetry creation cannot be divorced from reality, but must be based on various events in real life and reflect the social and political situation of an era. He inherited the tradition of "beauty and beauty" since the Book of Songs and attached importance to the realistic content and social function of poetry. Emphasize the role of poetry in exposing and criticizing political abuses. He put forward a series of principles in poetry expression:
"Concise";
"Call a spade a spade, cut to the chase", express one's mind directly and be close to the facts;
"Things are true", the content is true and well documented;
"The body is smooth and smooth" and the words are smooth and easy to sing (Preface to New Yuefu).
His poetic theory is of progressive significance for urging poets to face up to reality and care about people's livelihood. It also has an important influence on the poetic style that has gradually emphasized form since Dali (766 ~ 779). However, overemphasizing the subordination of poetry creation to the needs of real politics will inevitably constrain the artistic creation of poetry and the diversification of poetry styles.