On the eve of serfdom reform, Turgenev gradually diverged from the revolutionary democrat Chernyshevski and others among modern people. He opposed serfdom and sympathized with people's sufferings from the viewpoint of liberalism and humanitarianism, but he supported top-down reform and disapproved of revolution. The serfdom reform of 186 1 is a watershed in his thought and creation, and it is time for him to break with modern people openly. /kloc-at the end of 0/862, Turgenev, who was abroad, was accused of being involved with bakunin and others who fled to London, the so-called "32-person case", and the czar government recalled him to the country for trial. He made excuses to delay for more than a year. During this period, he wrote to Alexander II to express his loyalty and donated two gold coins to comfort the wounded soldiers who suppressed the Polish uprising. To this end, he was savagely attacked by the revolutionary camp.
From 1863, Turgenev and Paulina? The Viardot live together in baden-baden. Viardot is a famous French female singer. On 1843, she performed in Petersburg with the Italian Opera Troupe, got to know Turgenev, and later became a lifelong friend. Many of his overseas trips and lives are related to her. 187 1 After the Franco-Prussian War, he and Viardot moved to Paris until their death. Here, he and famous French writers Flaubert, Egypt? Goncourt, Zola, Dude and Mo Bosang kept close contacts and attended the International Literature Conference held in Paris. They were elected vice-chairmen (Hugo was the chairman). At the same time, through his own translation and introduction, he played a bridge role in the exchange of Russian literature and European literature, and promoted the wide spread of Russian literature in Europe and America. Turgenev was famous in the international literary world before his death, and he was the first writer in Russian literary history to be valued by Europe and America. His creative skills and psychoanalytic art have a great influence on writers in Western Europe and Scandinavia. At the beginning of 1882, he suffered from spinal cord cancer, and Turgenev died in Paris on September 3 the following year. According to his will, the body was transported back to the motherland and buried in volkov Cemetery in Petersburg.
Turgenev's real masterpiece is the close-up collection Hunter's Notes. The theme of this work is the relationship between farmers and landlords under serfdom. At that time, progressive ideological circles called it a "fierce artillery fire" against serfdom and a "book that lit the fire." Hunter's Notes marks the formation of Turgenev's realistic creation tendency. * * * Twenty-five articles, twenty of which were published in Modern People magazine. Based on the mountains and rivers in central Russia, the book describes the daily life of farmers and landlords in serf villages and manors, and depicts a series of images of farmers and landlords with mature realistic artistic techniques. Belinsky said: "The author looks at farmers from this perspective in the book, which has never been done before." Based on Russian natural poetry, the author shows the national characteristics, spiritual qualities and talents of Russian farmers with profound humanitarian spirit in his works, such as Hall and Karine, Singer and White Grassland. Others describe their poverty, helplessness, humiliation and oppression under serfdom, such as Office, Berry Spring and Promethean. Others directly exposed the hypocritical kindness and cruel nature of landlords, such as shaping the image of Pinocchio, the landlord in The Manager. The significance of this work lies in that the author clearly tells Russian society through real images that serfs are also human beings, they are even nobler, smarter and more capable than landlords, and they should have the right to control their own destiny, thus strongly protesting the humiliation and slavery of serfdom to farmers. When this work was published, it happened to be the time when the society was discussing whether to abolish serfdom, so it played a positive role in this movement. The Hunter's Notes is beautiful in language, accurate, vivid, fluent and full of musical sense. Some chapters are as rhythmic and catchy as poetry. The social and historical significance of the work is exciting and the artistic value is eternal.
Turgenev wrote six novels, Luo Ting (1856), Noble House (1859), The Eve before (1860), Father and Son (1862), and
Luo Ting is Turgenev's first novel. With the development of the liberation movement, Turgenev had a deeper understanding of the progressive aristocratic intellectuals. He saw their strengths as well as their fatal weaknesses. Luo Ting was a typical progressive aristocratic intellectual in the 1940s. In his youth, he was influenced by progressive thoughts in Moscow University and had lofty ideals for life. He is smart, noble, talented and eloquent. The flame of love for truth never goes out on him, and he can light it in other people's hearts. He talked about "the eternal meaning of short life" and "those who sacrifice themselves for their own benefit deserve the title of master". His speech at the landlady La Sonskaya's house surprised all the audience. He is another famous "superfluous man" image in Russian literature after onegin and Bi Qiao Lin. He is a young aristocrat who is good at thinking and full of ideals. He can arouse people's pursuit of freedom and desire to realize lofty ideals with passionate language. But he is weak-willed, daydreaming more than life knowledge and lacking practical ability. In his love with Nadalia (Natasha), it is even more exposed that he is a "giant of words and a dwarf of action" (Leninism). Due to the deepening of the liberation movement, Turgenev's criticism of Luo Ting was more severe than Pushkin's criticism of onegin and lermontov's criticism of Bi Qiao Lin. However, when the novel was reprinted in 1860, Turgenev added the ending of Luo Ting's sacrifice in the Parisian street fighting, which added some luster to Luo Ting's image. As far as the social function of Luo Ting is concerned, his role is much greater than that of onegin and Bi. He ignited the hearts of others with his brave call and passionate speech, which played a useful role. Although he has accomplished nothing himself, he has enlightened others after all. Gorky said: "If we pay attention to all the conditions at that time-the persecution of the government, the lack of social wisdom, and the ignorance of farmers on their own tasks-we should admit that Luo Ting, an idealist, was a more useful figure than a practical scientist and actor at that time. "
In The Noble House, the writer laments that there can be no real personal happiness in real life. Ralph Lenski also belongs to the image of "superfluous person". Lisa. In this novel, Turgenev shows the decline of the aristocratic landlord class through the failure of Ralph Lenski. Although the hero is an excellent member of this class, he has to admit that he is weak and useless to society. In this way, Turgenev wrote an elegy for the aristocratic class with sadness and regret, ending his creative stage with the nobility as the protagonist in the 1950s. Rigorous structure, compact plot, full of poetry, profound characterization, unique in art.
Yves, a new civilian intellectual, is a Bulgarian-born Englishman Salov (anti-Turkish) and a native of Ye Linna. Dobrolyubov, when will the real day come? Published in Modern People, Turgenev opposed failure and finally broke with the magazine.
In "Smoke" (1867), the author compares the social and political movement to a mass of light smoke and thinks that it is only a void in the end. Since then, Turgenev's creation has obviously turned into a low tide. He abandoned the sharp social theme and fled into the world of art and beauty. It was not until 1877 that Virgin Land, the most direct and extensive reflection of social movements, was written. The last long article. He eulogized the passion of self-sacrifice of revolutionary populists "going to the people", but doubted their goals and methods of struggle, thus endowing the protagonist Nez Danov with Hamlet's personality characteristics. On the other hand, he also satirized the aristocratic bureaucrats who completely turned to reactionary liberalism in the 1970s, vividly depicting their despicable nature. The writer pinned his hopes on the new bourgeois salomon, a "deep plow" who could go deep into Russian virgin land, and pinned his progressive thoughts on him.
Turgenev's novels not only create vivid artistic images and reveal the beautiful hearts of the Russian people, but also depict a broad picture of Russian social life, which is a vivid display and typical summary of various stages of Russian social and cultural development.
Turgenev also wrote a large number of short stories and novellas. If Turgenev's novels are based on all-inclusive life and are artistic reflections of a historical juncture and the central figures at that time, then short stories are based on personal life events and can explain people's complicated inner feelings in this secret world. Under the colorful natural background, these works are full of philosophical meditation and sad tone. Faust, summer, first love, spring tide,
Turgenev's later works are prose poems (1878-82), among which 82 works became the last milestone in Turgenev's life creation. The author combines prose with poetry to make the language of Russian prose more concise, accurate and beautiful. These essays seem dull, but they are full of profound meaning, and they are the most sincere poems of a literary old man from the heart. Threshold.
Turgenev is loyal to the principle of realism, and sometimes even goes beyond the limitations of aristocratic liberalism. Although living abroad for a long time, he can quickly and timely reflect Russian social phenomena. Almost all his works have become chronicles of Russian social life in the 1840s and 1970s. He is a writer with a unique artistic style, who is good at both delicate psychological description and lyricism. His novels are rigorous in structure, compact in plot and vivid in characters, especially good at carefully carving female artistic images. His description of the charming nature is also full of poetry and painting, and his melancholy temperament makes his works slightly sad. He had a great influence on realism in Russian literature, especially on the development of novels. He is a real language artist. His style is concise, simple, delicate, fresh and lyrical, which has made great contributions to the standardization of Russian language.
2. Father and son. "Newcomers" among Russian intellectuals. The work reflects the ideological conflict between two social forces-Democrats and liberal nobles-on the eve of the abolition of serfdom. The contradiction between "zi" and "father" in the novel is actually the contradiction between civilian intellectuals and nobles. In the novel, the two sides have a heated debate on literature, art, natural science, philosophy and social principles, and the focus of the debate is the attitude towards the feudal serfdom society. Bazarov, a representative of his younger generation and a Democrat, is strong, calm and confident, attaches importance to practical actions and concentrates on scientific experiments. What he dares to deny is not only art and poetry, but also the "accepted law" in daily life, that is, everything about autocratic serfdom. These nihilists are "more sensitive to the needs of the people" and their hearts are connected with the people. Bazarov overwhelmed Bawell, a representative of his father's generation and an aristocratic conservative, in spiritual quality and morality. Jill Chad's. Nikolai Ozinzova. Get sick and die. This novel caused a heated debate in different camps. Different from other works, this novel has almost no lyrical atmosphere and landscape description.