In the article "Kong Yiji", Lu Xun concentrated on the poor life of Kong Yiji under the destruction of the feudal imperial examination system through the character activities in the special scene of Xianheng Hotel until later.
I had no money and had to steal it, and my leg was broken. I also have no money to drink. But the last debt has been written for a long time, and he never came again. According to his fate, people will naturally think that Kong Yi is dead. But no one cares about his life or death, and no one goes to him personally to verify it. The conclusion of death is only inferred from his fate. Therefore, Mr. Lu Xun expressed these complicated contents (this is for readers to think, but unfortunately many readers did not think, but made wrong comments) in a concise sentence: Kong Yiji is indeed dead. Probably, it is a guess that the watch didn't see his death. Indeed, according to the development of Kong Yiji's fate, he was addicted to alcohol, never owed money for drinks, and finally owed a few drinks for a long time in the future, concluding that he would die. Such a complicated meaning can be expressed in a short sentence, and only a master like Lu Xun can do it. For the meaning of the sentence, I did spend such words to explain it, which reflected this. We should believe in the sublimity of the master, not affirm our shallow doubts.
As a Chinese teacher, when I talked about this text and read "He is really dead" (I remember the original sentence was: Kong Yiji is really dead), of course, I want to say that according to the reference book, this is not a sick sentence, and I want to tell students that this is not only a sick sentence, but also a meaningful sentence.
I think I convinced the students very hard, but I never convinced myself in my mind. Since I taught students this article twenty years ago, I have always suspected that this is a sick sentence.
Up to now, I no longer doubt, I'm sure it's a sick sentence.
Although the sentence "he is probably dead" is a sick sentence, Lu Xun wrote it correctly. I say this not because Lu Xun is a great writer, but because I am afraid of it. But because of the time when Lu Xun wrote this article.
As we all know, since the May 4th New Culture Movement, our written language has gradually changed from classical Chinese to vernacular Chinese, and a large number of pioneers who advocated vernacular Chinese, such as Lu Xun, have made great contributions to the popularization of vernacular Chinese from scratch. As a pioneer, in the process of applying spoken Chinese to the text, not only will it not be as standardized and rigorous as we modern people, but sometimes it will even directly use spoken Chinese as a sick sentence in the article today. Therefore, this article, written before 19 19 May 4th New Culture Movement, has a sentence that we modern people think is a sick sentence: "He is probably dead."
The formulation and standardization of modern Chinese vocabulary began in the 1950s. So we can't use today's modern Chinese standards to measure the articles before the New Culture Movement.
Therefore, when we tell students this article, we must look at this so-called "sick sentence" from two aspects: point out the reason why it is a sick sentence: according to the standards of modern Chinese, it is a sick sentence. At the same time, we should tell the students why it is not a "sick sentence": it was written before the May 4th New Culture Movement, and when the norms and standards of vernacular Chinese did not exist at all, there were inevitably some contradictions or deficiencies in spoken English. Even though there are many intentional or unintentional mistakes and contradictions in the spoken English we usually use today, it does not affect our daily communication.
This "sick sentence" does not contain the deep meaning excavated by some people, and it was not killed with a stick. Bite hard is a sick sentence. It means that it reflects the author's ambivalence about Kong Yiji's death, which is probably a guess and a fact.
If it is not a sick sentence, those who admire this sentence and say how clever it is, did you use "about indeed" in your articles like Lu Xun when writing? How come you never use it?
I have never seen the second person write an article with such a collocation as "about truth".
A family view, a hole view, please give us more advice!
Nice title. Let me correct it first. Lu Xun's original words were: "Kong Yiji is indeed dead." This sentence is really a sick sentence, but it is a classic statement that transcends the sick sentence. This is not because Lu Xun said this, but because there are logic and rhetoric to control language besides grammar. Many people who don't know the language use it to question or attack Lu Xun, and some people with ulterior motives play dumb and discredit Lu Xun. Here, the wild fox explains this phenomenon from language and other aspects, hoping to be useful to the subject.
Language is restricted by grammar, logic and rhetoric, which perform their respective duties and are interrelated. Grammar is the most basic rule of language structure; Logic is the law of thinking; Rhetoric is to decorate words and make them smart and beautiful.
Language is established, and grammar is a regular language form summed up in a large number of language practices. For example, we can say eat apples, bananas, watermelons and vegetables ... but we can't say eat stones or cars ... Eating stones is grammatically correct, but logically unreasonable, so it is wrong. But we can say that eating in the canteen, eating a lot ... logically doesn't make sense, but it is obviously rhetorical, so people can accept such language.
"Kong Yiji is indeed dead" is the last sentence in Lu Xun's Kong Yiji. This sentence is the waiter's psychological activity to see that Kong Yiji hasn't come to Xianheng Hotel for a long time, which is of course Lu Xun's arrangement for Kong Yiji's fate. This sentence contains Kong Yiji's contradictory judgment of "about dead" and "really dead", so it is logically wrong, but it is the most accurate language from the complex of the novel: I haven't been here long, have you seen or heard that Kong Yiji is dead, so I guess he is "about dead"; Kong Yiji has no money, his leg is broken, he is lazy and can't do anything. In the world of poverty, backwardness, discrimination and humiliation in Luzhen, Kong Yiji has only one dead end, so he must speculate that he is indeed dead.
This sentence is above logic and should be viewed from the rhetorical level. Rhetoric can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense. Narrow sense is what we often say, and it is also an open system with no definite number. Chen Wangdao listed more than 70 figures of speech in The Origin of Rhetoric. Rhetoric in a broad sense is a means and method to make words better, and that sentence by Lu Xun is rhetoric in a broad sense.
At the beginning of autumn night, Lu Xun said, "In my backyard, you can see two trees outside the wall, one is jujube and the other is jujube." Some people used to think that this sentence is a sick sentence, because the principle of language is the principle of economy, and repetition is a disease of language. It can be said that there are "two jujube trees", which is not in line with language habits. But the beauty of this sentence is that it permeates Lu Xun's repressed emotions and unyielding rebellious spirit at that time.
There used to be a very controversial saying: "The whole building is black, except for the light in the window of Mr. Wang's office." Because the sentence does not match, it is considered to be a sick sentence; It is not a sick sentence, but that the window of Mr. Wang's office is lit because of darkness, which can better reflect Mr. Wang's diligent working attitude. I don't think we should see the disease. Such sentences are all creative and good sentences.
Being sick is not necessarily a bad thing. Niuhuang is a gallstone of cattle, and natural Niuhuang is better than Huang Jingui. But if people get gallstones, that's a bad thing. Gallstones in cattle are bad and good for people.
Tree tumor is a gall tumor left by a tree injury or illness, which is called tumor in people, but it is not necessarily bad in trees, and some trees are more ornamental. A few rare trees have large tumors, and the fibrous tissue inside the tumors has changed, forming beautiful patterns. People call it "beech wood", which is a very precious decorative material with gorgeous texture.
This is the truth in the world: on the one hand, it is disease, on the other hand, it is treasure. As for language, this is especially true, so language is an art, you can not understand grammar and logic, but you can not only understand grammar and logic. Many languages in poetry are not grammatical or even logical, but they are not ill sentences, so poetry is the highest art form and it is also difficult to understand.
This sentence is not a sick sentence. Where is the celebrity effect? This sentence comes from Kong Yiji written by Lu Xun. Combined with the above, it is not difficult to see that after Kong Yiji went crazy, he lived in poverty and could not eat without wine. He is old, and in that social background, he will not live long, and he can't tell whether he is dead or not, so Mr. Lu Xun used the word "about"; Kong Yiji was a well-read man, suffering from the decay of the social system at that time. Finally, he was crazy because of the joy of winning the lottery, so miserable that he was dead in Mr. Lu Xun's mind, so he used the word "really". To sum up, this sentence only reflects Mr. Lu Xun's superb writing skills and literary accomplishment, and does not involve any celebrity effect.
The above is only a personal opinion, please correct me if there is anything wrong, thank you!
As we all know, Mr. Lu Xun is an unparalleled literary master in the modern history of China. But also the commander-in-chief of China's Cultural Revolution. Great men have clearly affirmed that Lu Xun's direction is the direction of the new culture of the Chinese nation.
Regarding Mr. Wang's sentence "He is probably dead", is it a sick sentence? I want to discuss it with my friends who ask questions from three aspects.
First of all, I think the answer is correct. Mr. Lu Xun is a master of literature and a doctor among doctors. Grammatically and syntactically, we know what it is and why it is. Lu Xun's writing style is unique. This kind of sentence wording is not available to ordinary literati.
Secondly, this sentence pattern comes from Kong Yiji, a novel by Mr. Wang. Kong Yiji, a poor scholar, also writes well, but he knows fennel better. There are several ways to write it. Because they are poor, they can't even afford to go to a small shop for a drink. They are often laughed at and looked down upon by the world, and they are not respected and attacked.
Third, at that time, the society was decadent and dark, and the world was getting worse. The poor are scum and the rich are assholes. Kong Yiji phenomenon is everywhere, nobody cares, nobody pities, nobody takes it seriously. Kong Yiji's sorrow is the epitome of society at that time, not much. Even if he still owes the shop for drinks, he hasn't seen you for so long, dead or alive. Who can tell whether he is lying in the corner or really dead?
Therefore, the sentence "He really died almost" is not only a sick sentence, but also a golden sentence with Mr. Lu Xun's character.
One person's opinion, welcome to give advice!
I don't hide my preference and admiration for Mr. Lu Xun. Since I went to college, I have read through Mr. Wang's works, no matter essays, essays, novels, poems and letters, as long as I can find them. Mr. Wang's works don't win by plot, but face the bitterness of human nature and the charm between the lines.
Lu Xun's language skills are unparalleled in the history of modern and contemporary literature in China. He is a man who has really mastered the mystery of Chinese language, and he can speak an ordinary vernacular beautifully and charmingly. Just like a person who enters the realm of martial arts, waving his hand casually seems unremarkable, but it is actually a stroke of genius.
In the article Autumn Night, Mr. Lu Xun wrote at the beginning: In my backyard, you can see two trees outside the wall, one is a jujube tree, and the other is a jujube tree.
At a small gathering between friends, an editor once took this as an example, saying that the difference between famous writers and ordinary writers is that ordinary writers write nonsense, while famous writers write classics.
I wonder, is the level of editing now rising like market currency? Later, I learned that the editor's main skill is to fish in troubled waters. At first, he joined the magazine because of some sponsorship skills. Now, the purpose of his activities is to attract sponsorship. I was relieved.
What is a good language? Mr. Jia Pingwa said: A language that can accurately express the feelings of people and things is a good language. How to express emotions? It is through the collocation of words and sentences. Every sentence of this passage by Mr. Lu Xun is plain vernacular, but when combined, it presents a different charm and artistic conception.
The article "Autumn Night" mainly expresses the indomitable spirit of jujube trees fighting against the tall and strange sky. "Jujube trees, their leaves are all gone ... and the straightest and longest branches have been stabbing the strange and high sky silently like the subway ... and qianzi, who has nothing, is still stabbing the strange and high sky silently like the subway, bent on killing him." After reading the whole article and then reading the opening paragraph, you can appreciate its beauty.
The jujube tree in the article is actually the author himself, a lonely, lonely, hesitant and rebellious fighter. If it is written as "there are two jujube trees outside the wall", it is a sketch of the scenery and has no meaning; If it is written as "there are two trees outside the wall, both of which are jujube trees", it will have some flavor; Mr. Lu Xun wrote that "one is a jujube tree and the other is a jujube tree". This language not only makes readers feel interesting, but also adds a lot of tension to this passage, accurately expressing the author's complex emotions at that time.
Is "about Kong Yiji really dead" a sick sentence? If such a sentence is in official document writing, it must be hit by the board. Official document writing pays attention to objectivity, truthfulness and accuracy. Literary creation pays attention to refinement, sublimation, creation and artistic conception.
Just like another famous saying of Mr. Lu Xun: In fact, there is no road on the ground. If there are more people walking, it will become a road. Literary creation itself is about eclecticism, and the most important thing is "creation" rather than "writing". Mr. Lu Xun is a man who knows this well and attaches great importance to the conciseness, collocation and innovation of language, which can be seen everywhere in his works.
The wonderful combination of the words "Kong Yiji is indeed dead" is the conclusion of Kong Yiji and the crowning touch of the whole article, which tells the tragic fate of a down-and-out scholar at that time in one sentence.
At the beginning of the article, the boy remembers Kong Yiji because: "The shopkeeper looks at lost face, and the guest has no good voice, which makes people lively;" Only Kong Yiji can laugh when he gets to the store. "It can be seen that this poor literati is poor, down and out, still wearing a gown and talking bookish, just a joke and condiment when he is bored in the hearts of waiters and others.
Later, because of stealing Ding Gu's things, his leg was broken, and Kong Yiji, who was in rags, climbed to the hotel with his hands as his legs and drank a bowl of wine, and he disappeared. The boy thinks that with such a physical condition and lack of food and clothing, Kong Yiji will definitely not survive this winter. That's why he has the inference that he is really dead.
If it is written directly as "Kong Yiji is indeed dead", it means that the news has been confirmed, and some people still care about and know Kong Yiji's life and death. But Mr. Lu Xun wrote: "About Kong Yiji's death". The meaning of this passage is completely different, no one cares, and no one knows Kong Yiji's life and death. The tragic fate of a poor scholar and the indifference of the world are vividly on the paper.
People often ask: How can we write a good language? The method is simple. If you read Mr. Lu Xun's works carefully, your language ability will be greatly improved.
Yes, grammatically, it's a sick sentence. When the heavenly king Laozi comes, the Buddha can't save it. It's also a sick sentence. I told you!
But this ill sentence does not affect the meaning that Mr. Lu Xun wants to express at all, let alone the literariness of his works. In fact, if you have read many works and studied them, you will find that the same sick sentence appears in many famous works, which is a rhetorical device. In English works, there will also be situations in which grammar is reversed to express anxiety, confusion and embarrassment.
There are actually two kinds of so-called sick sentences. One is that, as the title asks, it is a grammatical error, and "about" and "really" are a confusion of right and wrong. One is semantic error, which is also a logical sentence. For example, I'm glad to meet you. I can say that you are "cheerful", but can I say that you are "forced to smile"? Obviously not, although everyone is laughing, but the meaning is completely different.
Back to the sentence "About Kong Yiji really died", the grammar is wrong, is there a problem with the semantics? Is there a logical problem? How to express it if it is expressed in the correct grammar? I didn't prove that Kong Yiji was probably dead, but I thought to myself that he was. Don't be embarrassed, okay? On the contrary, such a sick sentence is used in a suitable environment, which fully expresses the state of inner entanglement. Perfect, so that readers feel the same way. Such people can really survive in this world!
Our education should be flexible, reading articles should be combined with the context, and tasting a sentence should be combined with the context of this sentence. Whether a sentence is ill or not cannot be decided by grammar alone. Our language is profound, colorful and alive.
It is neither a sick sentence nor a celebrity effect, but Lu Xun's creation in short stories!
19 19 In March, Lu Xun wrote the vernacular short story Kong Yiji after Diary of a Madman, which was published in the sixth volume of the April issue of New Youth.
Since the New Culture Movement, China culture has entered a brand-new stage. Carrying forward the scientific spirit, criticizing feudal ignorance, eulogizing the light and lashing the darkness have become the mission of progressive writers.
In the novel Kong Yiji, Lu Xun carefully portrayed the "pedantic" image of the bottom intellectuals who were deeply poisoned by the feudal culture and education system, which can be described as incisively and vividly. It is permeated with the author's sympathy and indignation. ...
At the end of the novel, Lu Xun wrote the ending in one line:-"I didn't see it until now-about Kong Yi really dead!"
-Lu Xun's pity for Kong Yiji's fate and the exposure of flogging. Kong Yi has been a victim and martyr under the feudal culture and education system. Alas, this pedantic person is dispensable, so Lu Xun first used the ambiguous word "about"; As for the feudal system that caused Kong Yi's pedantic tragedy, Lu Xun deliberately used a positive tone-"indeed" dead.
The whole sentence means: for people like Kong Yiji, it is dispensable; And the social root of this pedantic tragedy must be "death"!
February 6, 5438+06 Changchun ※
With Lu Xun's upbringing and understanding, it is impossible not to notice a bad sentence. He also said: "It is not a pity to read it at least twice after writing and try to delete unnecessary words, sentences and paragraphs."
Lu Xun's language foundation is actually the classical Chinese foundation laid since childhood, and he reads widely, so his language has an aphoristic vigilance.
He will "delete unnecessary words, sentences and paragraphs", which shows that "about" and "really" can not be deleted.
First of all, "about" and "really" are not at the same level, "about" is a modifier, and "really dead" is the head language.
This expression is similar to "probably", that is, knowing but not completely judging.
After all, "indeed" is a rumor, and it is an inference about the truth of the rumor. With such a complicated meaning, these two sentences of Lu Xun are just right and left a deep impression on readers.
And it is a unique independent creation at all times and in all countries.
Literature is creation.
The deeper analysis is the analysis of teaching reference books, which can also be used as a reference.
"About" means indifference to the disappearance of a poor life and unwillingness to know for sure, which shows the indifference of people and the distributability of Kong Yiji; "Really" means that in that environment, Kong Yiji will die.
This analysis focuses on the criticism of society, to which Lu Xun did not give a definite answer. Lu Xun's profound attitude towards the imperial examination system and Kong Yiji is another great article.
Literature is the product of life, which is complicated and bizarre, and sometimes even contradictory. The literary language of great writers cannot be judged by the way that middle school students correct sick sentences. We should respect Lu Xun's careful choice. He worked hard, and it was not a celebrity privilege.
There are many linguists and great writers at the same time as Lu Xun, and there are also many linguists and great writers at present. No one thinks that this sentence of Lu Xun is a sick sentence-including Lu Xun's opponent.
I published a short story called Angry Students. The content is that a pupil found that Sima Qian had written a typo in his cousin's Chinese textbook, but the adults didn't find it. Her cousin and her parents who worked in the institute told her about interchangeable words, and she said, "Hum, why don't adults bravely admit their mistakes and find some reasons!"
Lu Xun is a great writer and a veritable master of language. There are many seemingly contradictory words in his works, such as "Now it has been sold to the descendants of Zhu Wengong with the house, and even the last time we met, it seems that there are only some weeds" and "From Baicaoyuan to Santan to reflect the moon"; There are two trees in front of my house, one is jujube, and the other is jujube. Judging from the grammatical logic of modern Chinese, it seems to be a sick sentence. The language of literary works has inherent logic, which publicizes or permeates the author's unique thoughts and feelings. Seemingly contradictory sentences, however, seem to have extremely profound connotations, which are inevitably related to the theme of the work and the interpretation of the characters. This is the tragedy of Kong Yiji, Kong Yiji and the whole society.
Lu Xun is too great. He digs into human nature and understands the ugliness of society. His characters still live in this era!