A generation of literary works has the characteristics of a generation, but it is not unique. Poetry in the early Ming Dynasty was developed on the basis of Yuan poetry, although it corrected the weakness of Yuan poetry. Many poets come from different times, such as Liu Ji, Bei Qiong, Liu Song, Yuan Kai and Gao Qi. At the end of Yuan Dynasty, some people became famous, and Yang Weizhen, Wang Mian and others became famous. Neither of them was an official in the Ming dynasty, but they had a great influence on the literary garden of the Ming dynasty, so "Ming history?" The Biography of Wen Yuan contains two people, Yang and Wang. Liu Ji's fame and fortune was in the Ming Dynasty, and several excellent works were made at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. Yuan Kai is famous for his poem "Bai Yan" (this poem is really ordinary), and there is also a story of winning at the beginning, which also happened in the Yuan Dynasty. Gao Qi's "Night Tour in the Candle of the Emperor of Ming Dynasty" and "Old Prostitute Guo Tu Listening to Chen Ge" are both famous works, both of which have a sense of pleasure and decline. Another example is his "Maid-in-waiting Map", which was written as a curse to Gao Qi by later generations, but was actually written at the end of the Yuan Dynasty.
Liu Ji and Gao Qi were both the most accomplished people in the early Ming Dynasty. But in the later period of Liu Ji, it became Mao's "my ovary" and was involved in political disputes. Gao Qi is a pure poet. His Yuefu poems are beyond Liu Ji's reach. Many poets in Ming Dynasty had their own complete literary theory schools, and Gao Qi only used poems to reflect his thoughts.
Another feature of human geography in the early Ming Dynasty is that most famous poets came from the south, while You Wei wrote in Wuzhong. Liu Ji was once known as the leader of the Vietnamese school, and Gao Qi was the top four in Wuzhong. This, of course, was because the south was relatively rich and Suzhou was relatively prosperous at that time, so friends and teachers were the first to be cited in the atmosphere. Gao Qi's poems also contain civic awareness, but it is not obvious. In Tang Yin and Zhu Yunming, it is clear.
Four outstanding people in Wuzhong refer to Gao Qi, Yang Ji, Zhang Yu and Xu Ben. Their achievements are far less than Gao Qi's, and all four of them ended in tragedy.
Gao Qi's poems are good at imitation, learning what is like and what is like, but this is also a disadvantage: always serving other people's clothes will inevitably limit their own boldness of vision. At the same time, because he was beheaded in middle age, his artistic life was destroyed with his body prematurely; If you enjoy life, you will gradually become full of energy and win more. Buried a group of talented poets, but also buried a piece of artistic vitality.
Shen Deqian said in the Preface to Poems of the Ming Dynasty: "At the beginning of Hongwu, Liu Bowen was a high school, with both high and yuan talents, and went hand in hand, but there was still a legacy of yuan, which was not on the right track." This just shows that the development of poetry in later generations can't get rid of the inertia of the previous generation to varying degrees.
Ming Chengzu's throne was seized by cannibalism and the tragedy in Miyagi, wyndell dichinson. In the literary world, the Tiger School, represented by Yang Shiqi, Yang Rong and Yang Pu, appeared, claiming to be a traitor in the world, which lasted for four dynasties.
Since all the political enemies have been wiped out, it is considered that it is a peaceful and prosperous time, and peaceful and prosperous times can only be praised and advocated. The word "whitewashing Taiping" was originally derogatory, but the Taige school thought that the article should "restore its grandeur and whitewash Taiping" (Ni Qian's Preface to Genzhai Anthology). It is reasonable to write beautiful essays in prosperous times, but it cannot be emphasized to the absolute and unique height, because it will obliterate the complexity of life and the multiplicity of personality. Only poets can smile, but not shed tears. In this way, social contradictions simply do not exist. In poetic style, Sanyang advocates mellow, upright and elegant, with the aim of being integrated with singing praises and virtues, so he is ignorant. Regardless of poetry and prose, the most taboo is stability.
It has been explained by predecessors that poetry is a work of entertainment, and Taige is a high-level entertainment work of leaving the temple. Although it was popular for a while, it was despised by people of insight. Shen Deqian said "bones are weak", and Qian and Zhu Yizun's comments also contained contempt.
Of course, in Sanyang's poems, there are also some interesting works, such as Yang Shiqi's "Send to Huai 'an", "Two sleeves and short sleeves are ashamed to be seen, and a bow is erected on the back to pick diamonds", which is really interesting. I don't know what kind of interest Jiangcun's shy action will arouse him. It seems that since he is called a poet, there is always such an aesthetic sensitivity.
In the early Ming Dynasty, Fujian poetry appeared, among which Lin Hong, Gao Kun and others were called ten scholars in central Fujian, while Zhang Yining, Lan Ren and Lan Zhi were pioneers. Gao Yun inherited Yan Yu's tone theory in the Southern Song Dynasty and compiled A Collection of Tang Poems, which had a great influence. The comments and opinions of Li Dongyang and Qianhouqizi are all related to this book. However, Gao Kun's own poems are not very distinctive, and there are not many poems to choose from. Just like Yan Yu's poems in the Song Dynasty, we also see that argumentation cannot replace creative practice.
Mao is fierce and suspicious, so many scribes can't die, even Liu Ji died in a mysterious way. After Chengzu ascended the throne, he slaughtered Fang Xiaoru and other ministers. The story of filial piety waiting for death is quite commendable, but poetry is not a specialty. However, the disillusionment of the myth of "Peace and Prosperity" led the poets of Ming Dynasty to return to the real existence of society.
From Yongle to Tianshun, the political situation was often turbulent, but the poetry world was very dull.
Li Dongyang is also an important official of Tiger, leading the literary world together with Zaifu. However, during the period of Chenghua and Hongzhi, he was an important figure to save the trend and change the poetic style. Whether wealth and happiness are isolated from poetry mainly depends on the poet himself.
Li Dongyang emphasized many times that prose is different from poetry. As long as prose is logical, poetry can be praised and satirized, so we should pay attention to the harmony of tone. He has written some proud works and taught Zhang Taige who is good at singing. He said in "Poems of the First Step": "Poetry must have eyes and ears. The eyes are dominant and the ears are dominant. " In other words, poetry must also give people hearing, that is, it must have musical value. One of the reasons why Wang Changling's Seven Wonders are dumped by people is his melodious timbre.
Dongyang's History of Lutang is full of the poet's bitter words. In his own creation, those Yuefu poems are still well written, such as Song of the Immortal Staff. Du Fu's scale is ups and downs and his mind is broad, which is absolutely not found in Sanyang's cabinet style. In addition, the work of going north and south, writing down what you saw and heard along the way, combined with your own feelings, is also attractive. There are five clouds in Wang Shizhen's Yiyuan: "Li Ruqiu Pool, Wang Yang is in the water, and it is easy to see the bottom." Small talk, so to speak. Volume Six Clouds: "What happened from Changsha (referring to Li Dongyang) to Jingming and Li (Meng Yang)? How high was the beginning?" This statement is also insightful, indicating that Li Dongyang has played a positive transitional role at this stage.
Li Mengyang and He Jingming, originally from Li Dongyang School, later attacked Dongyang, mocking it as weak and unable, so they advocated that literature must be in the Qin and Han Dynasties and poetry must be in the Tang Dynasty, which is retro; The purpose of restoring ancient ways is to seek truth and wash away the popular mediocre and slick customs. But later, there was also a dispute between Mengyang and Jingming.
They think that truth and nature can only be seen in the works of the ancients. In a sense, it is not unreasonable. But if we want to restore the old ways, we must imitate them. As a result of imitation, it is inevitable that some things can't be drawn, so they are ridiculed as fake antiques. Secondly, their arrogance is also easy to arouse the resentment of others. Some people seem to gnash their teeth when they mention the seven sons. Too many good words and too many bad words are not convincing.
The gains and losses of Li and He's poetics are too complicated, and what they say in theory is often inconsistent with their creative practice (not surprisingly). However, as far as the appreciation value of his works is concerned, there were only Li and He Qizi in the poetry circle in the middle of Ming Dynasty, even though they also had some poor works that were not worthy of attention. Ding Qian of Chen Tian's Chronicle of Ming Poetry even said: "There were Li He, Du Li and Su Huang in the middle of Ming Dynasty." Although the praise is too high, it is not divorced from the portal. Look at Li Mengyang's four-line poem "Frontier fortress" and "Bianjing Yuanxi", how to reduce the late Tang Dynasty! The beauty of syllables in his poems also deserves our attention. Some selected poems of Ming Dynasty since the Qing Dynasty are mostly concentrated in the works of Li and He, including Qian's Selected Poems of Past Dynasties. Shen Deqian is a perceptive critic. In his Poems of the Ming Dynasty, he chose 49 poems by He and 47 poems by Li, ranking first and second respectively in the book. Due to the limitation of space, this book feels too much about Shi Li's poems and is quite sorry.
Chen Wu in the Ming Dynasty, Deng Guo and Yu Qian in the Yingzong period (later Qi Jiguang in the Sejong period) all cherished talents in a name that was not worthy of the name, and they were not used to joining the cabinet. However, in the palace coup, Yu Qian was wronged and Deng Guo was almost killed, which is really not easy for Jia Zhu to help himself. Secondly, Chen Xianzhang, Zhuang Chang and other Neo-Confucians think that romantic love and flying birds can be included in poetry, so there are also sentimental scenes.
In addition, there are Tang Yin, Zhu Yunming, Wen Zhiming and Xu Zhenqing Wuzhong. The poems of Tang and Zhu reflect the civic consciousness, and we can also see the change of language. However, Tang Yin's poems are superficial and vulgar, and he doesn't care about poetry. Among the four, Xu Zhenqing achieved the highest achievement, and was one of the first seven sons. He also wrote a monograph "Shuowen", but his death was too short.
Wu is a talented person, including Shen Zhou. Wu Kuan belongs to Chaling School in Li Dongyang. Shen Zhou is famous for his paintings, but his poems are unadorned, and his materials are mostly clouds and moons in the south of the Yangtze River.
During the reign of Hongzhi and Zheng De, the political situation in the Ming Dynasty gradually declined. Wu Zongzhi is more disrespectful than Wan Kun, and poetry is pushed to * * *. Sanyang and Li Dongyang are both people in Taige, and the rise of Li Mengyang and He Jingming, as Chen Tian said, "the altar moved down to Shu Lang", so poetry is also dare to speak out in illness.
Influenced by the retro movement of the first seven sons, the last seven sons, led by Li (Panlong ornaments) and Wang (Shizhen ornaments), followed suit. Among the last seven sons, Xie Zhen was originally the longest, so Shen Deqian said: "The four words (referring to Xie Zhen) are close to the body, and the words are refined, so the seven sons are absolutely." Xie Zhen's poems are also full of warnings. His "Four Poems", Volume 2, should not be cut too much and should not be attacked. Volume III said: "All poems cannot be realistic, such as looking into the distance, beautiful green hills, hidden and lovely, and its haze changes beyond description. Climbing miracles, but only a few trees. What you see far and near is different, and beauty is ambiguous, so you can see it. " It can be seen that he doesn't like imitation, and both he and Li Panlong are arrogant, so they are excluded from the name.
The mistake of Li Panlong's poetry lies in imitation. Poetry is often repeated because imitation is not true. He once said in the preface to Nineteen Ancient Poems: "Control?" Halfway up the mountain, I was too careless about the horse. I couldn't get out, but I actually had a thousand miles of breathing, which was very difficult for Wang Liang and Zhao Fu. "It means that imitating the past should be like riding a horse in a small mound, so that the horse can gallop and not be out of range. Such a state is actually very difficult to achieve. He writes his own Yuefu poems, which may be really hard, but he often cuts his feet and fits his shoes.
The achievements of the last seven sons are all Wang Shizhen's complacency. He has high expectations and excellent conditions in all aspects. Therefore, he is not only a poet but also a scholar. He is a star in the whole Ming Dynasty poetry circle. Qian's "Biography of Poems in Past Dynasties" has different comments on Li and Wang. Shi Zhecun later regretted his early view of right and wrong, which Qian called "self-denial, not self-protection". He wrote some poems when he was in trouble at home, especially when he was in tears. Besides father and son, he also beat his hands and feet.
Due to Wang Shizhen's extensive friends, there are other five sons (Zhang Jiayin, etc. ), light fog (Lu Biao, etc. ), Xu Wuzi (Li Minbiao, etc. ) and the last five sons (killing dragons, etc.). ) In the later Seven-Son Retro Movement, it was a spent force, but the rest were mediocre. However, the habit of imitation and description and flashy prayer finally brought the "retro" of poetry to an end.
At that time, Yang Shen was independent of the Seven Sons, and Chen Tian's so-called "destroying the stove and cooking again" sprang up. His talent is not under Li and Wang, and his fake Miscellaneous Secrets is showing off his talent. His poems like to use unusual things, full of color, partly brilliant, partly out of encounters. Because of lifelong exile and scruples, I can't confide in my heart.
The late Ming Dynasty began in Wanli, which lasted for 48 years. The political situation is extremely corrupt and dark, and the river is getting worse. Strange to say, this seems to be a kind of power, which not only contributes to wealth, but also stimulates the surge of various heretical ideas; The wave of individual freedom and sexual satisfaction is impacting the traditional spiritual dam, but it is only an impact. Li Zhi, Xu Wei, Tang Xianzu, Yuan Hongdao and Zhong Xing. Active in that era, Jin Ping Mei was also popular in this period. Yuan Hongdao borrowed it from Dong Qichang.
Li Zhi is actually a partial teacher of Neo-Confucianism. His heart was full of depression and contradictions, and he fell into abnormal psychology in his later years. Some people hate him for persecuting him, while others respect him. Poetry is not his job. Many poems are full of Neo-Confucianism, but his theory has great influence. For example, the theory of childlike innocence, which requires "absolute emptiness and truth", is also the goal pursued by most poets in the late Ming Dynasty, so they are naturally not satisfied with the drawbacks of retro and antique of the former seven sons.
Poetry biography of past dynasties? "Biography of Yuan Hongdao" says: "In the middle of Wanli, kings and reeds prevailed everywhere. The words are long, but the meaning is still the same, just different. It is heavy and overgrown with weeds, so it is not difficult to overcome it. With the knowledge of bright light, Zhong Lang studied Zen and poetry in Li Longhu, speaking frankly, with a clear head and extraordinary courage, pretending to make a long speech and verbally attacking, and boasting. " It can be seen that before Yuan Hongdao, Xu Wei and Tang Xianzu had played a pioneering role, and Li Zhi's influence on Hongdao's "Vertical and Horizontal Theory" was particularly remarkable.
In terms of poetic achievements, Xu is greater than Tang, but anyone with a discerning eye can see that this poem was written in the late Ming Dynasty. Do have their own personality. It is not profound, but you can get emotional satisfaction after reading it.
Police Yuan Hongdao's poems are also frank, including the language he uses. However, I improvise and play with the pen of the world. After middle age, I abandoned poetry with Zen. This era makes people feel depressed and escape, and they should also face the reality and directly express their love and hate. It is a bad thing not to be sick, but it is really a disease that must be * * *. Wu's Poems of Past Dynasties (Volume 79): Receiving Clouds: First Reading Yuan Zhen, Love It. Xu Jueqi can play many world languages, but his wife has a small heart. This is a big power machine, and politics is not necessarily a bitch. Purpose. "This passage is very amazing. Poets should have a "wife's heart", such as Du Fu.
Zhong Xing's poem Jingling has the advantage of not kitsch, and it is indeed superior to Yuan Hongdao in cooking. You can't write a poem without paying attention to cooking, which is different from showing off words. However, Zhong Shi's poems have a remarkable shortcoming, that is, they are dull to read, like wet firecrackers that can't be put down, partly because they are re-cooked, and partly because they don't emphasize syllables, and partly because they pursue the realm of "lonely shore and vast idle fields", which is also a counter-dial to the seven sons and the public security. But this poetic style can be repeated, just like Li He's poems. There are several poems about Zhong and Tan in Volume 6 of Shi Shi Hua, which are quite insightful and fair.
After the apocalypse, Xi Zongtong was unconscious, Wei Zhongxian's hand was castrated, and his seme was all over the world. The upright scholar-officials rose up against the eunuch party. Most of these literati are not pure poets. Their deeds and aspirations are touching, coming from poetry, and there are also many generous and sad works.
Chen Zilong was a great poet in the late Ming Dynasty, which ended the chaotic situation of poetry in the Ming Dynasty. He emphasized the bitter function of literature. In Shen Changgong's Preface to Poetry, he once said, "Is Long song's sad cry nothing more than calligraphy?" It is also a confession of his own participation in political life and literary life.
There are more poems in Ming Dynasty than in Tang and Song Dynasties, and there have been several anthologies by predecessors. This book is mainly a bird's eye introduction, so we can't just stare at famous articles and follow Chen Xiangyin. However, there are more than 300 poems selected in this collection of poems, so the selected poet can only be confined to the former. He died in Shen Jia in the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644). After Shen Jia, Wang Huai chickens and dogs who were still unfaithful to the Qing Dynasty had to give up their love, either going to war or hiding in the mountains, with the exception of Chen Zilong and Xia Wanchun.
The Ming Dynasty looked down on the Song Dynasty, but it was universally acknowledged that the poems of the Ming Dynasty were not as good as those of the Song Dynasty. Poets such as Ouyang Xiu, Mei, Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Chen and Lu You were not found in the Ming Dynasty. Anyway, after all, there are still a large number of poets in the world who have been working hard for 300 years. When the country was in trouble, they expressed their worries with the bounden duty of scholars, and the dispute over poetics in Ming Dynasty was unprecedented in the previous generation. From the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, China's poetic tradition can still be passed down with the rhythm of history. If this tradition can continue to spread in the future, it will not be easy.