Raphael's most famous mural is the Athens School in Vatican Palace. This giant mural brings together more than 50 famous philosophers and thinkers since Athens School's ancient Greek painting, including Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Pythagoras and so on. In this way, we can praise the pursuit of wisdom and truth and the creativity of human beings. In Athens School, Plato and Aristotle in the center of the picture point to the sky with one hand and the other to the world in front of them, to show their different philosophical views: Plato's idealism and Aristotle's materialism. Some famous scholars, centering on the two of them, painted them on both sides, lifelike and not messy at all.
The Wedding of the Virgin painted by Raphael at the age of 2/kloc-0 not only shows that he fully absorbed the artistic essence of perugino, but also came from behind and made innovations in composition and image-building. In particular, the balance of the picture, the description of the background and the dignity and elegance of the Virgin Mary are rare in previous painters' works.
The large-scale oil painting "The Sistine Madonna" is Raphael's most successful portrait of the Madonna, and it is a hymn of the Madonna written by him with pious feelings. The picture adopts a stable pyramid-shaped composition, the characters are similar in size to real people, solemn and balanced, and the background of the picture is all composed of the head of the little angel, which is novel and unique. The image of the Virgin Mary is soft and holy, which shows the happiness and greatness of maternal love.
In "The Virgin on the Little Chair", Raphael portrayed the image of the Virgin more humanized, and the dress of the Virgin was deeply influenced by exotic customs, colorful and full of oriental sentiment. The composition of the whole work is complete, which fully embodies Raphael's unparalleled painting skills. The painter who painted the Madonna on the chair paid special attention to the Madonna. People often say that the eyes are the windows to the soul, and through a pair of eyes, we can peek into the human soul in the painting. The Madonna in Raphael's paintings has a profound meaning. There is a legend about these touching eyes: once the painter came out of the Vatican, he saw a girl holding a baby under the colonnade at the door, which looked like his sweetheart, Fu Na Lena. Seeing her eyes fascinated him, he picked up a piece of charcoal with passion and wanted to leave this touching moment on the canvas forever. He looked around and saw an empty bucket in the sky beside him. Without thinking, the painter ran to it. Raphael is very good at creating images with curves. This painting is composed of various curves of different lengths from the round frame to the combination, posture, clothing and pleats of the characters. The overall image of the picture gives the viewer a perfect feeling of fullness, softness and high harmony. The color distribution of painter's modeling basically follows the Christian concept, with red and blue as the keynote. Because in Christianity, red symbolizes God's sacred love and blue symbolizes God's truth. Therefore, in religious paintings, the dress of the Virgin Mary is generally red and blue. In this painting, the Madonna's coat is red and the cloak is blue. The yellow coat of the baby Jesus and the red and blue of the Madonna's dress constitute the harmonious three primary colors, thus enhancing the gorgeous colors and the luxury of the picture.
A neo-Platonism philosophy prevailed in Raphael's era, which not only advocated that beauty is eternal, but also pursued the creation of ideal beauty in art. In the artistic creation of humanist masters, they paid more attention to discovering the beauty of life, and they had realistic aesthetic feeling for all the beauty depicted in art.
Epiphany, also known as Transfiguration of Christ, is an altar painting painted by Raphael at the invitation of Cardinal Giulio Medici for the French Nabonne Church, and it is also the last masterpiece of Raphael before his death. The content is based on the Gospel of Matthew: Jesus secretly took Peter, James and John up the mountain, and suddenly changed his image in front of them, with his face as bright as the sun and his clothes as white as light. At this time, Moses and Elijah appeared to them and talked with Jesus. Suddenly a bright cloud covered them, and a voice came out of the cloud, saying, "This is my beloved son, in whom I am well pleased. Listen to him. "When the disciples heard this, they fell to the ground and were extremely afraid. Jesus came in, touched them and said, "get up, don't be afraid." They lifted up their eyes and saw no one but Jesus here.
In Raphael's paintings, although the light on the ground is very dark, the crowd is illuminated by the light of Epiphany. In the storm that rolled up in the air, light and clouds lifted Christ up as if he had fallen from heaven to earth. On both sides of Christ are Moses and Elijah, and on the top of the hill are frightened disciples.
The painter used the technique of spiral modeling here, which produced the feeling of rotating motion. Among the three disciples, the posture was different: Jacob buried his face on the ground, Peter panicked, and John was in a daze, all of which showed that he was powerless in the face of divine power. The picture is divided into two parts: heaven and earth. According to records, the first half of this painting was written by Raphael himself, while The People on Earth was painted by students headed by Romano. However, according to research, St. Andrew in the lower left corner of the painting was painted by Raphael. His posture moved forward and turned his head, and the light and shade of his body were in sharp contrast. This sharp contrast was developed by Caravaggio 70 years later. The color of the picture is bright, loud and rich, which shows that he has absorbed the color achievements of Venice painting school.
Leonardo da Vinci, one of the three outstanding figures of the Italian Renaissance, is also the most perfect representative of the whole European Renaissance. He is a knowledgeable and versatile painter, fable, sculptor, inventor, philosopher, musician, physician, biologist, geographer, architectural engineer and military engineer. He is a genius. On the one hand, he is keen on artistic creation and theoretical research, studying how to express various problems of the body with lines and three-dimensional modeling; On the other hand, he also studied natural science. For a truly touching artistic image, he extensively studied optics, mathematics, geology, biology and other subjects related to painting. His artistic practice and scientific exploration spirit had a great and far-reaching impact on later generations. Da Vinci (1April 45215 ~151May 2, 9) was an Italian painter and scientist who symbolized human wisdom during the European Renaissance. His original name was Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci, and he left many famous paintings and other scientific fields.
In the 500 years after his death, people have been studying and exploring Leonardo da Vinci. European and American countries, Israel and other Asian countries have set up special institutions to study Leonardo da Vinci, and his native Italy regards him as a cultural symbol. People learn scientific knowledge only by studying Aristotle's theory like the Bible, and only believe in written records. Leonardo da vinci objected to scholasticism taking past teaching and speeches as the knowledge base. He encouraged people to learn from nature and seek knowledge and truth from nature. He believes that knowledge comes from practice, and we should start from practice and explore the mysteries of science through practice. He said that "it is the greatest misfortune that theory is divorced from practice" and "practice should be based on good theory". Leonardo da Vinci put forward and mastered this advanced scientific method, and applied it to scientific research, making great contributions to natural science. This method proposed by him was later developed by Galileo and theoretically summarized by British philosopher Bacon, and became the most basic method of modern natural science. Leonardo da Vinci believed in science. He hated religion and attacked Catholicism as a "shop selling deception and lies". He said, "There is only one truth. He is not in religion, but in science. " Leonardo da Vinci's experimental working method opened up a new way for the inventions of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, Einstein and others.
astronomy
Leonardo da Vinci held a negative attitude towards the traditional "geocentric theory". He believes that the earth is not the center of the solar system, let alone the center of the universe, but just a planet orbiting the sun, and the sun itself does not move. Leonardo also believed that the moon itself did not shine, but only reflected the brilliance of the sun. His idea was put forward earlier than Copernicus's "Heliocentrism", and even then, Leonardo da Vinci may have fantasized about using solar energy. physics
Leonardo da Vinci's theoretical heritage of civilization (Figure) (5 pieces) Leonardo da Vinci rediscovered the concept of liquid pressure and put forward the principle of communication device. He pointed out: in communication devices, the liquid level of the same liquid is the same, the liquid level of different liquids is different, and the height of liquid is inversely proportional to density. 15th century, he first began to study the theory of tribology between objects. He discovered the principle of inertia, which was later proved by Galileo's experiment. He believes that a projectile initially rises along an inclined straight line, makes a curve displacement under the mixed action of gravity and impulse, and finally runs out of impulse under the action of gravity and makes a vertical falling motion. It also predicted the atomic principle of matter and vividly described the power of atomic energy: "That thing will explode from the ground, causing people to die suddenly in silent breathing, and the castle will be completely destroyed. It seems to have a strong destructive power in the air. "
Medical science
Da Vinci's physiological anatomy map (14) Da Vinci has also made great achievements in physiological anatomy and is considered as the originator of modern physiological anatomy. He mastered the knowledge of human anatomy and studied the structure of various parts of the human body from anatomy. He first used wax to express the internal structure of human brain, and he was also the first person to imagine making hearts and eyes out of glass and ceramics.
He discovered the function of blood, and thought that blood played a metabolic role in the human body, and that blood was constantly circulating. He said that blood constantly transforms the whole body, bringing nutrition to all parts of the body, and then taking away the waste in the body. Leonardo da Vinci studied the heart. He found that the heart has four chambers and drew the heart valve. He believes that one of the causes of death in the elderly is arteriosclerosis, which is caused by lack of exercise. Later, British scientist Harvey confirmed and developed these physiological anatomical achievements of Leonardo da Vinci.
build
The ideal Milan (Da Vinci) also showed outstanding talent in architecture. He designed bridges, churches, city streets and city buildings. In urban street design, he separated the driveway from the sidewalk. When designing urban buildings, the height of houses and the width of streets are specified in detail. He designed and supervised the construction of Milan moat.
military affairs
Leonardo da Vinci's research and inventions also involve the military field. He invented the spring gun, the shrapnel, the three-barrel gun, the tanker and the snow.
Leonardo da Vinci's military designs (20 pieces) shoes, diving suits and submarines, double-hull warships, gliders, flapping-wing aircraft and helicopters, rotating pontoons and so on. On April 26th, 2008, in the western Swiss city of Payne, olivier ViYeti-Tepa, a 36-year-old Swiss, successfully jumped from a helicopter 600 meters above the ground with the help of a pyramid parachute designed by Leonardo da Vinci.
water conservancy
Leonardo da Vinci's research on water conservancy was a century earlier than that of Italian scholar Costelli. In order to remove the sediment, he made a construction plan for dredging the Yano River. He designed and personally presided over the canal irrigation project from Milan to pavia. Some reservoirs, sluices and dams he built facilitated farmland irrigation and promoted the development of agricultural production. Some water conservancy facilities are still in operation today.
geology
Leonardo da Vinci inferred that the earth's crust had changed according to the fact that there were fossils of animals in the sea on the mountain, and pointed out that the traces of floods on the earth were proof of the changes of land and sea, which was quite similar to Hutton's discovery in geology 300 years later. Before Magellan sailed around the world, he calculated that the diameter of the earth was over 7000 miles.
When it comes to artistic creation, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael achieved the highest achievements during the Renaissance. Their artistic achievements reached the second peak of western plastic arts after ancient Greece, and reached the first peak in Europe only in painting. Among them, Leonardo da Vinci is the most prominent, and Engels called him a giant among giants. In artistic creation, Leonardo da Vinci solved the main problems in three fields of plastic arts-architecture, sculpture and painting:
1, which solves the problems of architectural design and ideal urban planning of memorial central dome;
2./kloc-The problem of the statue of the horse-riding tablet, which has been puzzling sculptors since the 5th century, has been solved;
3. Solved two important problems in painting at that time-memorial murals and altar paintings.
Leonardo da vinci's works of art can not only reflect things like a mirror, but also express them by thinking, observing and choosing beautiful parts of nature, thus guiding his own creation. Mural The Last Supper, Altar Madonna in the Rock and Portrait Mona Lisa are three masterpieces of his life. These three works are one of the treasures left by Leonardo da Vinci to the world art treasure house and the cornerstone of European art.
The prototype of Mona Lisa is the Duchess of Venice. At that time, the Duke of Venice asked Leonardo da Vinci to paint a portrait of his wife. After the painting was finished, leonardo da vinci packed it overnight because he liked it so much that he ran away with his servant. Mona Lisa's right hand is called "the most beautiful hand in art history".
The Last Supper is painted on the wall of Gracie Monastery Restaurant in Milan. Leonardo da Vinci changed the layout of the Last Supper painted by his predecessors, so that all the characters sat in a row facing the audience, with Jesus Christ sitting in the middle.
Leonardo da Vinci was invited to France by French King Francois I in his later years, and Francois I gave him the highest honor.
The final destination is crookes Manor (8 pieces), which is placed in crookes Manor of Amboise Castle. Please consult from time to time. 1565438+On May 2, 2009, Da Vinci died of illness. It is said that he swallowed the last one in the arms of Francois I who came here.
Representative works include Mona Lisa, Pregnancy Notice, Vitruwe Mural: The Last Supper and Battle of Anglia.
No work of art in the world is as famous as the Mona Lisa, and it has also attracted various opinions and comments. According to vasari's records, we can confirm that the person in the painting is Lisa, the wife of Florentine banker Francesco Gerardo Zogondo. She was born in 1479, and Leonardo da Vinci painted her in 1503, when Lisa was 24 years old. The main expression of the people in the painting is "smile", which is called "mysterious smile" by the world.
The banker Zogondo asked Leonardo da Vinci to paint for his wife with a generous reward. When the lady appeared in front of the painter, she wore luxurious clothes and had a fashionable hairstyle. Her hair hangs freely over her shoulders, her bright eyes sparkle, her figure looks plump, her cheeks are flushed, her neck and arms are wearing precious jewels, and her whole body is full of beautiful but luxurious aristocratic atmosphere. When she stared at the famous painter Mona Lisa, a head of Socrates with infinite wisdom came into view, with a silvery white beard on her face, which looked like a temporary god, quite different from the vulgar businessman she saw all day. A momentary heartfelt smile made her face look radiant, charming, shy and naughty, as if her lost youth had returned. The mystery of the model's soul was immediately captured by the observant painter. "I agree to start work at once." Da Vinci nodded to the Mona Lisa.
In order to maintain Lisa's smile, the painter told her wonderful and pleasant stories with his wise mind, and invited various clowns, pianists and street performers to perform for his wife, so as to wake up this depressed, indifferent and sleepy young woman. After Lisa sat down, she put one hand on the other and made a gesture of a young woman. The painter noticed that her bare neck and plump hands were unfortunately occupied by gold and silver jewelry. The painter said to Lisa, "if your wife doesn't object, I'd like to paint the neck and arms without any decoration." This is your purest beauty. Please take off all the ornaments symbolizing wealth and let me describe all the beauty that belongs to you. " So Lisa quickly faded all the ornaments. What we are seeing now is a young woman with no decoration and natural taste.
Mona Lisa reminds Da Vinci of his stepmother Agpina. Once, the painter confided his life experience to a young woman affectionately, as if he saw the image of his stepmother from Lisa's figure. When he talked about his mother's death at the age of 24, his voice was full of pity and sadness. Lisa said, "I'm 24 years old, too. I remind you of her." Lisa became the mysterious incarnation of Ageby Na. So when Leonardo painted Lisa, he painted it with sincere and pure feelings. He painted the portrait of this person with double feelings for his mother and lover. Not only that, he also described her as an ideal, a symbol of beauty, a joy and light of the human world. He wants to convey his beauty and experience to everyone with a brush. With the arrival of the Renaissance, God stepped down from the altar and became a man of flesh and blood, with feelings and desires. Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa became a symbol of this new era and went down in history.
The Last Supper is the most important story in Christian legends, which is described by almost all artists who painted the Last Supper. However, before Leonardo da Vinci painted The Last Supper for the dining room of Gracie Monastery in Milan, all painters had a common feature when dealing with the artistic image of the picture: Judas was separated from his disciples and painted on the opposite side of the dining table, in an isolated and judged position. This is because painters can't express people's inner complex feelings, and it is difficult to distinguish good from evil in image. Because Leonardo da Vinci has made in-depth observation and research on people's image and psychology, he can gain insight into the subtle psychological activities of characters from their movements, gestures and expressions and show them.
The painter chose the moment when Jesus learned that he was betrayed by his disciple Judas, and sent his disciple Peter to inform him to have dinner with his disciples on the evening of Yueyue Festival (the main festival of the Jewish nation). The purpose is not to eat, but to expose traitors in public. After Jesus sat down, he said extemporaneously, "One of you betrayed me." As soon as this was said, there was a commotion among the disciples present, and everyone responded to this sentence in line with their own personality: some expressed their loyalty to the teacher; Some people are not confused and ask to trace who it is; Some asked their elders, and the whole scene was anxious. The previous painter could not express this complicated scene and the different inner spiritual activities of his disciples. Vader Finch obtained different personality images from observing various personalities in real life, so he created different characters in his paintings.
In the group to the right of Jesus, we saw a dark face, leaning back, as if avoiding Jesus. He rested his elbow on the dining table and held a wallet in his hand. We know that he is Judas the traitor.
The purse in Judas' hand is his symbol, reminding us that he is the one who keeps money for Jesus and other disciples. The wallet contains the reward of selling Jesus' thirty silver coins.
Even if he doesn't have a wallet, we can identify the evil enemy Judas through Leonardo's paintings.
Next to Judas' silhouette is St. Peter, and we can also see his silvery white head and white hands. He leans towards young St. John. Peter held a knife hanging from his hip in his right hand, as if by accident, and the tip of the knife pointed at Judas' back.
St John's head hangs down to Peter. Of all the disciples, he is Jesus' favorite. John is as calm as Jesus, and he has understood his master's words.
On the left of Jesus is little James. He tried to understand the terrible words he heard. He opened his hands and shouted.
Looking over Jacob's shoulder, we saw St. Thomas, the puzzled Thomas, whose suspicious eyes were expressed through his upright fingers.
On the other side of Jacob, St. Philip leaned over Jesus and put his hands on his chest as if to say, "You know my heart, and you know that I would never betray you." His face was pained by love and loyalty.
These three disciples around Jesus are the center of the story.
Bartholomew and old Jacob leaned over to them. Old Andrew next to them didn't stand up, but he wanted to listen, so he raised his hand and seemed to ask for silence.
There are three disciples left on the right. They are discussing what Jesus said, and their fingers are pointing to the center of the table.
Everything they saw happened in this masterpiece, but every time we appreciate it, we will get new meaning from the feelings and character of our disciples.
St John and Jesus are still wearing "lovers' clothes". Jesus wears red clothes and St. John wears green clothes, which is a metaphor for the mysterious relationship between Jesus and St. John. Moreover, their body position is M-shaped, which is also the first letter of marry and symbolizes the mysterious relationship between Jesus and St. John.
Vitruvius is a pen-and-ink sketch created by Leonardo da Vinci according to Vitruvius's law. Painted on a piece of paper 13.5×9.5 inches, it is now in the College Art Museum in Venice. The reason why he hid in Venice is probably because Vla Jokang printed words about Victoria in Venice many years ago151kloc-0/.
The folio of Truway's works contains prints made from the sketch. There are small handwritten characters on the top and bottom of the sketch. The picture depicts a man who poses in two obviously different positions, corresponding to two sentences in the picture. The first gesture of feet together and arms extended horizontally explains the following sentence in the sketch: "The width of a person's extended arms is equal to his height." Another posture behind him is that the legs are crossed and the arms are raised a little, which expresses the professional Witruway's law: if the legs are crossed, the height will be reduced by a quarter, and the arms will be extended and raised until the fingertips of the middle finger are at the same level as the highest point of the head. You will find that the center of the extended limbs is the navel, and an equilateral triangle will be formed between the legs. The person posing in this position in the painting is placed in a square. Each side of the square is equal to the length of 24 palms. The square is surrounded by a big circle, and his navel is the center of the circle. The image of a man in this sketch is recognized by the world as the most perfect golden ratio of the human body.