Zhu Yuanzhang
He has always flaunted Confucius and Mencius, and his words must be called three generations. Confucianism seems to be his only banner, but he really despises Confucian scholars in his bones. If he ordered that' every scholar should use a log to make an equal position', when asked why, Zhu Yuanzhang replied,' Show your talents and be strong, and you won't beat my case.' Although this is a piece of cake, we can see the scholar's position in Zhu Yuanzhang's mind. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, not only local governments needed a large number of talents, but also the central government in Nanjing needed a group of people. Zhu Yuanzhang showed considerable patience and sincerity in governing the world, including Yuan's adherents. For some early scholars who defected to him, such as Song Lian, Liu Ji, Tao An, etc. He once trusted them very much. Before and after the founding of the People's Republic of China, special treatment was also given. For example, if Liu Ji is regarded as Zhuge Liang and himself, and he is never called by his first name, but regarded as a teacher, this is the highest courtesy that the emperor can give. In the early years of Wu, when Zhu Yuanzhang formulated the national tax and grain, he also specially reduced the tax on five mu for qingtian county, Liu Ji's hometown, saying that he wanted to "make Bowen's hometown a beautiful talk in the world". Song Lian, one of the four famous teachers, is a standard Confucian scholar. He used to be the teacher of Zhu Biao, the eldest son of Zhu Yuanzhang, explaining the classics and the way of governing the country. After that, he served as a bachelor of the Imperial Academy, an imperial official, Qi Juzhu, and presided over the revision of the Code of Yuan History. He was known as the first civil servant of the Ming Dynasty, and was the chief adviser of Zhu Yuanzhang's literature and Confucianism. For a long time, the relationship between the monarch and his subjects was quite harmonious. Tao An, who followed Zhu Yuanzhang for a long time, is also honored. Zhu Yuanzhang also personally wrote a couplet for Tao An's mansion, which was "The strategy of the state dynasty is unparalleled, and the first article of Hanyuan", making its lintel shine and its scribes shine.
Other scholars are not so lucky, especially those who came from the Yuan Dynasty after the fall. Zhu Yuanzhang looked down on them the most, and the most prominent representative wanted to push the dangerous elements known as the "national history" of the Yuan Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, Su Wei participated in compiling three historical books, Song, Liao and Jin, and biographies of Empresses. When the Ming army entered the metropolis, "the soldiers entered the mansion and hid in the annals of history, and many people said that Wu Mian, the town governor, took the place". If there is no lack of experience, the elements are strong. A dangerous bachelor's degree, famous for winning the name of the country. He has reached the age of attaching importance to literature and treating each other with courtesy. One day, sitting behind the screen, I never knew. It's comfortable to walk outside the screen. On the screen, who are you looking for? Sue said, "The old minister is in trouble. The language after harmony is slow. He smiled in a low voice and said,' I only know that Boyi and Shu Qi are here. People who have received such a good education are so despised. Needless to say, others are often killed.
Zhu Yuanzhang was not very interested in titles given by immortals and celebrities of different dynasties. Hong Wu' three years, declared the list of gods', but was kind to Confucius,' but Confucius was knighted. He ordered Qufu Temple again, and the old official gave the ceremony to the feast duke. In February of the first year of Wu Hong,' Ding Wei, Confucius' former teacher' was enshrined in Guo Xue's Tai Prison'. He also sent an envoy to Qufu to offer sacrifices. Before he left, Zhu Yuanzhang earnestly warned: "The road of Zhong Ni is vast and integrated with heaven and earth. There are people in the world who don't want to do things. I am the master of the world, and I want to be enlightened by Daming to walk the path of sages. "Now that you have made a toast to Beijing, you can still send your son to the temple to pay homage. You are respectable." But when the descendants of Confucius should not go to North Korea, Zhu Yuanzhang was furious again. According to historical records, in March of the first year of Hongwu, General Xu Da conquered Jining, Shandong Province, and Qufu, the hometown of Shengshikong, belonged to Jining Road. Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the 55th generation Confucius in imperial academy, Sun Yuan to propose a toast to Kong Kejian and let him appear before Nanjing. Kong Kejian hesitated. He couldn't complain, so he only sent his son Kong Xixue. Some people suspect that Zhu Yuanzhang, who attacked the Duke of Feast, looked down on him and thought that he was an emperor of humble origin, which made him feel greatly insulted. Despite repeated prohibitions, he was always angry, so he drew up an imperial edict and quickly sent it to Kong Kejian, saying,' Although I started from Shu Ren, the ancients claimed to be the emperor by the people, and the Han family was a great ancestor. You are sick, but you don't know whether it is true or not. If you say that your illness is holding me back, that's impossible. Kong Kejian felt something was wrong, so he rushed to Nanjing day and night. The arrival of Kong Kejian turned Bird's anger into joy. On the eighth day of April in the first year of Hongwu, Bird cordially and gently summoned Kong Kejian in the main hall. On August 8, Ren Shen wrote, "The Duke of Feast made Qufu the magistrate and made it the same". From then on, the Ming and Qing dynasties followed each other, and when attacking and sealing the feast duke, they just' take it as expensive and let it go'. Zhu Yuanzhang also gave Confucius about 6, mu of land and 115 families. That's all.
Zhu Yuanzhang, who is extremely self-respecting and willful, is a hundred people who don't want to have such a noble soul as Confucius. In the second year of Wu's reign, he issued a letter saying,' Confucius Temple opens in the Spring and Autumn Period and ends in Qufu, so there is no need to worship in the world.' Imperial edict, got it. For example, Qiantang, the then minister of punishments, said:' Confucius has been teaching since ancient times, and the world respects his teaching. Therefore, Confucius can worship all over the world, and the gift of reporting books cannot be abolished. The assistant minister program also advised, "In ancient and modern times, only the country, Huang San and Confucius offered sacrifices together. The people of the world are not in one country, Huang San can't live, and the way without Confucius can't stand. Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu and Duke Zhou are all saints. However, if the three cardinal guides and the five permanents are brought to the extreme and reflected in the scriptures, Confucius is also capable of being a model for all kings and generations, and the world will fall but people will not. Confucius teaches by Tao, which is admired by the world, not by himself, but by Tao. Let the world read their books, be taught by them and do their things, instead of offering sacrifices to them. This is not because they care about people's hearts and help the world to educate. After the ministers made such a fuss, Zhu Yuanzhang also felt that it was really unreasonable, so he reluctantly withdrew his order. But he was always unwilling, so a few years later, he vented this nameless fire on the old teacher Mencius.
Secondly, we should find the reason from Mencius' thought. Among the ancient thinkers in China, Mencius' people-oriented thought is the most prominent. He has a famous saying:' the people are the most important, the country is the second, and the monarch is the least.' Mencius believed that' land, people and politics' were the' three treasures' of the country. Whoever can protect the people will surely be king. Because' protecting the people is king, it is impossible to defend'. If you destroy the people, you will be a lonely husband. Such people don't deserve the world, and even if they do, they will be overthrown. Overthrowing such a son of heaven is not an uprising regicide, just like overthrowing Yin He's rule, it is to kill the people. Mencius said:' He who wins the world is also a Taoist. Win the people and win the world. Those who win the world, those who lose the hearts of the people, lose the world. On the contrary, as long as people support people, those who can't get the world will definitely get the world. So, it's because Qiu Min is the son of heaven, the son of heaven is a vassal, and the vassal is a doctor'. That is to say, Qiu Min is more important than the son of heaven. Therefore, Zhao Qi of the Han Dynasty said in the chapter "People are the most important" that "people are the king, the king is the minister, the king and the people are the most important, and the country is also the most important", which won the purpose of Mencius.
Zhu Yuanzhang
If the son of heaven can't protect the people, all the people in the world can * * *. Therefore, Mencius did not advocate that all people in the world should be loyal to the same surname. Confucius once said: "The monarch makes the minister polite, and the minister is loyal to the monarch." So, what should I do if the monarch and his envoys are impolite? Confucius didn't go on. However, Mencius followed Confucius' words to further develop. He said,' If you regard your leader as a brother, you regard your leader as the center of your stomach; If you treat me like a dog and a horse, then I treat you like a Chinese; If you regard your minister as dirt, you will regard your minister as an enemy. That is to say, in Mencius' mind, there is no absolute authority of the emperor, and the relationship between monarch and minister is relative. He said,' If you talk about adults, you will despise them. Don't treat them as majesty. If the son of heaven is ruthless, then the world is not guaranteed. Mencius' benevolence here is mainly for the people. In order to win and defend the world, the son of heaven must practice benevolent government and care for the people.
so, how can we win people's hearts? Mencius believed that we should think of the people and not impose what people hate on them. Win the people's way, win the people's hearts, win the people's hearts. Straighten your heart, get what you want, and get together with it; Don't do anything wrong for you'. That is, to enhance people's interests and eliminate pests for the people. Mencius called this kind of politics of "serving people with virtue" benevolent governance and "kingly way". But "oppressing people by force" lost people's hearts, which Mencius called "overbearing" and "tyrant". Comparing these two kinds of politics, Mencius further believes that' those who convince others with strength are not convinced, but do not support them with strength; Convince people with virtue, and you will be completely convinced. If the son of heaven' serves people with virtue', it is a' benevolent' and the benevolent is invincible. Why is the' benevolent' invincible? Mencius said it was because of "Tao" and "those who seek Tao help more". Opportunities vouchsafed by Heaven are outmatched by terrestrial advantages, which in turn are outmatched by the harmony among people. If people live in harmony, they are invincible. A tyrant who persuades others by force, attempts to conquer others by force, and keeps waging wars,' fighting for land, killing people, killing wild people; Fight for the city and kill the city', thus committing heinous crimes, and should be' punished'. What is commendable is that Mencius, who lived in the Warring States Period, where wars and killings were rampant, was able to have these thoughts beyond the times. But the spark of these thoughts is particularly dazzling for Zhu Yuanzhang, who tried to establish the Zhu family through power. In addition, Zhu Yuanzhang was disgusted with all kinds of different theories in the Mencius era. In the first year of Hongwu, when discussing academic issues with Confucian scholars, Zhu Yuanzhang said:' During the Warring States Period, the beginning and end of the arrogant people spread
and the result
' The problem of universal sacrifice to Confucius in the whole country failed to go ahead, and Zhu Yuanzhang has always been worried. One day in Wu Hong's five years, Zhu Yuanzhang inadvertently read the Chronicle of Ming History again, and saw that "the people are precious" and "the monarch is light", "the monarch regards the minister as a brother, and the minister takes him as his heart; If you treat me like a dog and a horse, then I treat you like a Chinese; If you regard your prince as dirt, you will feel more like a thorn in my side when I regard your prince as an enemy, a bully, a tyrant and a wife. As he watched it, he cursed, "What a ridiculous remark! How can it be like a courtier said? If this is old today, can you give me a knife? On the same day, Mencius was ordered to be expelled from the Confucius Temple and was not allowed to enjoy it. And make a determined effort to say that the ministers' disrespected those who made suggestions and ordered Wu Jin to shoot them'. See this imperial edict, full of Wu Wen, panic at a loss. At this time, Qiantang, the minister of punishments, stood up and shouted loudly to rehabilitate Mencius. Of course, Zhu Yuanzhang was furious, and the chamberlain described the emperor's anger to Qiantang. Qiantang said:' I died for Monk, and I died more gloriously. Say, let a person carry the coffin prepared in advance, naked chest, holding the determination to die, straight to the direction of Fengtian Temple. All the ministers in the Tang Dynasty worked for Qiantang. The chamberlain also flew in to report. I really saw Zhu Yuanzhang's life, and the guards of "Jin Wu" led a full bow combatively, waiting for the arrival of Qiantang. Zhu Yuanzhang was even more angry when he saw the tragic situation in Qiantang. He really let the guards of Jin Wu shoot a few arrows. Qiantang was shot in the left arm and right shoulder and chest, and was shot down in the court, but he still struggled to climb to the throne. Looking at the pain and perseverance of Qiantang, Zhu Yuanzhang finally gave in. After this incident, Zhu Yuanzhang not only did not punish Qiantang for it, but also ordered the doctor of Taitai Hospital to treat his arrow wound carefully. In the second year, Zhu Yuanzhang, who calmed down, issued an imperial edict saying,' Mencius distinguished heresy, ward off evil spirits, and invented the way of Confucius so that he could enjoy it as before', which was a reluctant invitation to Mencius' memorial tablet. In this way, Qiantang made great contributions to the sage Mencius. No wonder later generations praised him. Later generations have a poem saying,' Take the arrow in the coffin as the chest and support the saints to the death. I can't write seven articles on benevolence and righteousness, but the Millennium picture scroll is still painted. The scales are vigorous and powerful, and those who have no teeth will eventually succeed. Hong En wants to travel all over the world, and there is a shrine palace on the east side of Pan Gong.'
Zhu Yuanzhang
But Zhu Yuanzhang found this old Meng Man a little annoying, saying,' The people are the most precious, the country is the second, and the monarch is the light'; What' pollution' and' hatred'; What' murderer's father, man killed his father, murderer's brother, man killed his brother'; What is a thief? It's a husband. Never heard of regicide'; Something like' if you have something bigger than yourself, you will remonstrate, and if you don't listen repeatedly, you will be translocated'. These are really a bit like pointing your nose at yourself. In particular, A Brief History of the Ming Dynasty is one of the official Rites of the Ming Dynasty. Schools at all levels are used as teaching materials and imperial examinations as propositions. Isn't this bad for all the students in the world? In the twenty-seventh year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang finally didn't let Mencius go. Since sharing can't be moved, I should be able to move your book. As a result, Liu Sanwu, an academician bachelor, was ordered to abridge "Excerpts from the Ancient Records in Leisure". Academician Liu Sanwu, 82, was very scared after being ordered. After repeated pondering, he deleted 85 articles that Zhu Yuanzhang found dazzling, and kept more than 17, which became a book of Mencius. Zhu Yuanzhang immediately issued an imperial edict, stipulating that' from now on, within Article 85, scholars are not allowed to make propositions, and they are not allowed to choose scholars in the imperial examination. First, they should take the knowledge of sages as righteousness' (Liu Sanwu 755-