In the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), the leader of the Junggar khanate succeeded to the throne at zero, and the Junggar khanate entered its heyday. Through the war with Russia, paramilitary organizations even set up a special artillery unit of 1000 people at that time, and hired Swedish Leonard as an instructor. Junggar's military strength has made a great leap forward, harassing the northwest of the Qing Dynasty many times.
In the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), Yongzheng sent two armies of nearly 100,000 people to conquer the Junggar Empire. Among them, the commander-in-chief of the marked army is Yue Zhongqi, a descendant of Yue Fei, mainly Han Chinese; The commander-in-chief of the North Road Army is Fu Erdan, who is mainly the elite of the Eight Banners of Manchu Dynasty. The two armies fought side by side and were stationed in Balkun and Kodo respectively. Because the Qing army didn't understand the local geographical environment, Yongzheng instructed the Qing army to adopt a slow and steady tactic, advancing while building roads and cities, and slowly eroding Junggar.
In the ninth year of Yongzheng, Galdin wrote a letter to Yongzheng. Yongzheng, who didn't want to go to war, was very happy to get the news of Junggar's surrender, so he recalled two generals to Beijing to study the aftermath.
After learning about the "tricks" of the Qing army, Junggar Army first launched an attack on Yue Zhongqi's marked army. The Qing army, which was easily taken lightly, was defeated, killing more than 3,000 people and damaging more than 6,543.8+0.4 million livestock. The marked army completely lost its mobility. Yongzheng was furious when he learned of this incident, and ordered Yue Zhongqi and Fu Erdan to return to the barracks and formally declared war on Junggar Khanate.
Affected by the disastrous defeat of the marked army, Yongzheng and other Manchu nobles were very dissatisfied with Yue Zhongqi's marked army, which was dominated by Han people. At this time, Fu Erdan and others of the North Road Army, with the elite of the Eight Banners as the core, wanted to make contributions, were eager to fight and defeat the enemy.
At that time, Fu Erdan's Northern Route Army had a total of 24,000 people, including 6,000 Shi Jing Eight Banners, 9,000 Cheqi Camp, 6,800 Shengjing (now Shenyang) and Ningxia Eight Banners, and 2,000 Heilongjiang Armored Soldiers.
In June of the 9th year of Yongzheng (173 1 year), the Qing army captured the troops sent by Grdan Ciling, and passed the news that Grdan Ciling had not yet assembled to Fu Erdan. After learning the news, Fourdain was really taken in, and immediately decided to take the initiative and send elite troops to attack and kill Galdin Ciling, so as to save the passive situation of the Qing Dynasty after Yue Zhongqi's defeat.
On the ninth day of June, Fu Erdan and his men launched an operation. In order to improve the suddenness of the battle, Fu Erdan selected12,000 elite soldiers, including the Eight Banners of Shi Jing, the Eight Banners of Shanxi and Shaanxi Youwei, the Eight Banners of Shengjing and the Heilongjiang Armor. Basai, Chabina, Malzy, Tardai and other generals are all battlefield veterans who have followed Fourdain for a long time.
On June 18, the Qing army marched to the west for more than a hundred miles and reached Boketuo Ridge (50 kilometers west of Kobdo, Mongolia). Counselor Tu Su led 1000 Eight Banners soldiers to take the lead in meeting Junggar Army grazing here.
On June 20, the Qing army followed the Junggar army closely and launched attacks continuously until it reached the river slope more than 0/00 kilometers northwest of Keduoying.
On June 2 1 day, while Fourdain was in the front, thirty thousand troops of Junggar who had been lying in ambush nearby had arrived at the periphery of Tongbo battlefield. At the same time, Grdan Cilin conveyed to the surrounding tribes that all Mongolian men and women should provide help. The battlefield situation suddenly reversed, and the Junggar army formed a 4 1 strength advantage over the Qing army, including 40 guns of the Swedish instructor Leonard's artillery unit, who also participated in the siege of the Qing army.
On the afternoon of 2 1 day, Fu Erdan decided to lead the troops to retreat after consulting with his subordinates. But on the night of retreat, it was stormy, and 2,000 Ningxia Eight Banners soldiers and 1000 Heilongjiang Solon soldiers behind the temple were caught up and surrounded by Junggar army. On June 22, the Eight Banners in Ningxia and the armored people in Heilongjiang were completely annihilated. Commanders "Ding Shou" and "Xi Mi Lai" both committed suicide. Malzy and other senior generals were all killed, only Jue Luohailan broke through.
After annihilating the Eight Banners in Ningxia and Solon in Heilongjiang, Junggar Army began to attack the main force led by Fu Erdan. Under the accurate and fierce artillery bombardment of Junggar army, the Qing army suffered heavy casualties, and the armored people of Ningguta were completely annihilated, and the armored leader "Bendetu" died. By June 23, Mongolian soldiers belonging to the Qing army, such as Chahar, Tumote and Harqin, had been defeated by the Junggar army, and Zhou Bu, deputy commander of Tumote, surrendered to the Junggar army. Finally, only Shi Jing Eight Banners, Shengjing Eight Banners and Shaanxi Youwei Banners, headed by Fu Erdan, are still resisting.
Knowing that the defeat had been decided, Fu Erdan ordered all officers and men to collectively cut off their braids and send them to Beijing for burial in the future. Before the war, he mobilized six words, "Be careful not to fall out with the family", which means that everyone should not drag out an ignoble existence and not damage the family's reputation.
On the 25th, Fu Erdan led 4,000 Eight Banners soldiers remaining in the organizational system to form an infantry phalanx, and surrounded artillery, quartermaster and other trench in the center, with heavily armored infantry as the cover on the outermost layer and musketeers and crossbowmen on the second floor. The formation moved as a whole and forced a breakthrough. Junggar army, regardless of the possible danger of encountering reinforcements from the Qing army, grabbed Fourdain's department and launched continuous attacks, while the Qing army fought and withdrew. In the melee, Guo Yong, assistant minister of Shengjing, Dai Hao, deputy commander of Huangqi, Shu Leng, deputy commander of Zhenghongqi, and Luo Hailan, general Xi, committed suicide successively.
By the 28th day of the war, the Qing army had retreated to the Harhana River, and still did not get rid of the Junggar army that followed. In order to speed up the retreat, Fourdain ordered the troops to airdrop the trench and divide them into two ways, one under the command of Fourdain and the other under the command of Fourdain, and continue to retreat in the direction of Kobol. On the first day of July, Fu Erdan's pro-unified 2,000 remnants of the Qing army finally withdrew to Cobdo; Basai died all the way under the siege of Junggar army.
In the battle with Tongbo, more than 7,000 officers and men were killed, and only 2,000 people escaped from the battle. The war damage rate reached 70% of the troops participating in the war, and 654.38+0.2 million horses were taken. When the news came back to Beijing, the Qing court shook, the capital cried, and almost every flag bearer in Dai Xiao cried. After years of painstaking efforts by Yongzheng, the dream of pacifying Junggar Empire was completely shattered, and the strategic pattern of Northeast Asia was completely changed. Yongzheng has been unable to pacify the Junggar empire and can only be passively defended.
In this battle, although the fighting capacity of the Eight Banners declined, their fighting spirit was high, and most Manchu generals would rather die than surrender. After this war, the Qing court also recognized the gun rights of the Junggar khanate and began to equip all kinds of guns, which laid a solid foundation for the demise of the Junggar khanate during the Qianlong period.
Select the past columns and click View:
On the war of unifying Junggar in Qing Dynasty from the perspective of Eurasia.
600,000 Junggar people were massacred, and Qianlong ordered the root cause to be eradicated forever.
Cangyang Jiacuo: The Victim of Junggar's Anti-Qing Struggle
The wrath of the Ming dynasty, Chenghua farming court.