That is, to clarify a truth directly through discussion. For example:
The prime of life no longer comes, and it will be difficult to wake up one day.
Timely encouragement, time waits for no one.
-Tao Yuanming's Miscellaneous Poems
This poem directly reveals the truth that time flies and time waits for no one, so we should cherish time and be diligent. Poetry has direct meaning, simple language, but profound meaning. Another example is Lu You's Reading on a Winter Night: "The ancients learned nothing, and the teenagers were not old. I feel that on paper, I never know if this should be done. " This poem means that the ancients spared no effort in learning. Fight for it all your life, often when you are young, you will succeed when you are old. The knowledge gained from books is superficial after all, and it is impossible to understand the true meaning of knowledge. To truly understand the profound truth in books, you must practice it yourself. There are only four short sentences in the whole poem, but it has unique insights and sincere knowledge. Even in the modern times when technology is changing with each passing day, it still has strong enlightenment and reference significance.
Second, reasoning by rhetoric.
Abstract philosophy is integrated into the rhetorical expression of images through metaphor and personification. For example:
Half an acre of square pond opened, and the sky was overcast.
Ask where the canal is so clear, because there is running water at the source.
Last night, the river was full of water, and Meng Chong ships were a dime a dozen.
It used to take a lot of effort to push it, but today it can move in the middle of water.
-Zhu's reading thought
These two poems are the most successful works of metaphorical reasoning. The first song said: Although the pond is small, it can clearly and subtly reflect the ever-changing world and everything in the world because of the continuous enrichment of living water. The poet used an image metaphor to illustrate a truth: one must constantly learn new knowledge and technology in order to keep a full mind and clear thinking, know new things in society and adapt to the new development of society. The second song, A rising tide lifts a boat, means to be good at grasping the objective laws of things and relying on their favorable conditions to overcome difficulties and solve problems in the process of things changing. Another example is:
Beautiful scenery seems to be waiting for me there. The flowers also smiled, and the willow twisted its waist and gave everything selflessly. Welcome me to board again.
-Du Fu's After Traveling
Using personification means that the scenery is beautiful and the flowers are beautiful. They are selfless, waiting for people to appreciate, which leads to the truth of natural selflessness.
Fish in deep water are in bliss, and birds in the forest know where to go.
-Du Fu's Autumn Wild
Still anthropomorphic, water depth, fish naturally feel happy; Lin Mao, the bird wants to come back and live in peace. From this, I realized the importance of environmental impact, indicating that only Qingming politics can make people live and work in peace and contentment.
Third, reasoning with things as symbols.
Symbolize philosophy with images, embody philosophy in physical environment, and integrate images and philosophy. For example:
Zhaitang makes twelve beaches, and people say that it is difficult since ancient times.
It's better to hate people than water, and make waves casually.
-Liu Yuxi's Zhi Zhu Ci
This poem expresses the feelings of the world through the dangers of Qutangxia. The use of metaphor is wonderful, symbolizing the evil of people's hearts with the danger of Qutang, and revealing the complex relationship between people in society. Another example is "Please don't play the first song, listen to the new version of Yang Liuzhi", "Qian Fan is on the side of the sinking boat, Wan Muchun is in front of the sick tree", "Fang Lin's new leaves urge Chen Ye, and the waves before the running water make waves behind him", all of which dissolve profound philosophy into the images in the poem and express the truth that new things will inevitably replace old things.
Fourth, describe the entrusted things in vivid scenes.
Through the artistic capture of scenery events in nature and social life, we can write some intentional artistic conception in poetry, and then show some philosophies. For example:
The autumn shade in Jiangbei is half open, and the clouds are low and the rain is low.
There is no road in the green hills, and there is another village. Suddenly, I saw Qian Fan looming.
-Wang Anshi's On the River
This poem was written by Wang Anshi who resigned from his post in his later years and lived in Jiangning, and gained spiritual enlightenment in "Sailing in the Autumn River". In the unpredictable weather, in the face of the gloomy river scenery in autumn, the poet's field of vision was suddenly enlightened by "suddenly seeing Qian Fan looming", although it was blocked by "surrounded by green hills and no road to doubt". The poet realized some philosophy of life from the change of landscape. People often use it to describe a state of life from a difficult situation to a beautiful one. It encourages people to strive for self-improvement in adversity, thus changing the fate of life and giving people the spiritual strength to forge ahead. So this poem is based on dialectical thinking. The famous sentence in Lu You's "Tour of Shanxi Village" also expresses this truth. Another example is Ye Shaoweng's "The Garden is Not Empty", "Spring can't close the garden, and an almond goes out of the wall". Although Chai Men can't open, all love can't hold it. You see an almond sticking out of the wall, isn't it showing off the beauty of spring? It not only describes the vitality of spring, but also implies that all the beautiful and vital things that spring represents can't be stopped by any force. Yang Wanli's "Little Pond", "The little crane has just exposed its sharp corner, and the dragonfly has already stood on its head", and the lotus leaf has just exposed a lobular angle, and the dragonfly has already stood on it. Used to describe when new things appear, they are treated with keen eyes.