Lu You wrote many poems in his life. He called himself "10,000 poems in 60 years". A red line runs through many of his poems, that is, strong patriotism.
The ideological content of Lu You's patriotic poems can be roughly divided into five aspects:
First of all, in his patriotic poems, the most prominent feature is: "Many words conquer and restore things." In his poems, he highlighted the ethnic contradictions at that time, filled with the desire to recover the Central Plains and unify the motherland, and expressed a strong patriotic spirit. Lu You lived in the early Southern Song Dynasty. The rulers of the Southern Song Dynasty humiliated and betrayed the country, and the great rivers and mountains of the Central Plains fell. This policy and behavior of compromise and peace aroused the indignation of the broad masses of people and patriots at that time. They strongly demand to resist the invasion of nomads from the Jin Dynasty, recover the Central Plains and restore the reunification of the motherland. Lu You's ambition is to be a soldier and join the anti-gold battlefield, not just a poet. He said in "Reading the Art of War at Night": "I have always been the heart of Wanli, holding the predecessor of Zhou Wang, dying in the battlefield and ashamed to return my wife." He hopes to gallop on the battlefield, kill the enemy and serve the country, and recover lost ground. But with
Secondly, in Lu You's patriotic poems, he also showed a resolute struggle against the capitulators. Because Lu You has a strong love for the motherland, he naturally shows great hatred for those corrupt and incompetent rulers who compromise and surrender. In many works, he angrily condemned the crimes of Gouan, the ruling group of the Southern Song Dynasty, and the heavy disasters brought to the people after the peace of Song and Jin Dynasties.
Thirdly, in Lu You's patriotic poems, he expressed infinite deep concern and sympathy for the sufferings of the people in the occupied areas. He wrote many poems reflecting people's lives. For example, 1 195, he wrote a poem "Farmers Sigh", which outlined a picture of class oppression through the tragic experience of farmers: "Where there are mountains, wheat is planted, and where there is water, straw is planted. Cattle have sore bones and are still plowing at night. Do your best to do your own thing, and you will be happy and peaceful. Who would skin a dolphin in front of the door? The voice of the county magistrate asking for rent. Into the county government, poor list day and night. Who is not afraid of death? Self-planning is out of thin air. I am afraid of hurting my parents if I want to go home. Old people have food, and their wives are light. " The poet summed up the scene of farmers planting crops everywhere and plowing hard with concise brushstrokes. Through the description of people's living conditions, the poet profoundly revealed the situation of government extortion and gentry's annexation and plunder. It vividly depicts the tragic situation in which the people are in collusion with each other and squeezed by the court, officials and gentry. The poet expressed infinite sympathy for the sufferings of the working people, and at the same time profoundly exposed the cruel exploitation and looting of the working people by the feudal exploiting class.
Fourth, because the poet opposed surrender and demanded the war of resistance, he was repeatedly excluded by the capitulators. In this way, his ideal of serving the country has been stifled by the cold reality for a long time, so his poems are full of high morale and sadness at the same time. With a gloomy and desolate color. For example, in "Xie Chichun", "Young people joined the army, and Zhu Yan was young and once swallowed. Clouds are high, wolves fly at night, and it is wrong to laugh at Confucianism. The dream of fame and fortune is shattered, but the boat belongs to Wu Chu. Sad songs mourn the past. The smoke from the kitchen is boundless, and you can see where Qin Guan is. Sighing has become a degree for many years. " This poem was written by the author after he retired to the mountains. Writing my own thoughts on wasting Buddha's life, recalling the past and caring for the present reflects the contradiction between ideal and reality. Shang Kun recalled his experience of flying in a military plane when he was young. Xia Kun wrote about the idle life when he returned to his hometown to live in the mountains, lamenting the "dream of fame" and lamenting the "fleeting time", which fully showed that the poet hurt himself, Zhu Yan declined, and the years wasted, but he wanted to kill the enemy, but he had no way to serve the country; There is an ambition to resist gold, but it is useless. In the words, the fighting life in the army was compared with the situation and mood in the countryside now. It strongly reflects the poet's complicated feelings of grief and indignation at that time.
Fifth, because the poet's ambition to defend the country and defend the country is difficult to realize in reality, he often entrusts his ideal of serving the country through dreams or the illusory realm of drunkenness. For example, in the poem "Drunken Book Upstairs": "The third watch caresses the pillow and suddenly screams, and I get a pine pavilion in my dream. The opportunity of the Central Plains has been lost again and again, and the bright moon has stayed. " Because the ruling clique in the Southern Song Dynasty tried to steal peace, he could not display his ambition, so he deeply lamented the wasted years. It's a pity that "Songtingguan" was only obtained in a dream! No wonder something was left behind. This elegy reflects that although the author's ambition to recover rivers and mountains has been frustrated repeatedly, his patriotism has never been lost. Poets often use romantic creative techniques to imagine the feat of conquering the nomads from the Northern Expedition and the ugly face of the enemy's surrender. However, fantasy is not reality after all. When he came back to reality from his dream, he was indignant at the humiliation and surrender of the Southern Song Dynasty court. He can only pin his great ambition of recovering the Central Plains and serving the country on poetry, and express his patriotic spirit through poetry.
In Lu You's patriotic poems, the poet's patriotic thoughts are permeated with condemnation and exposure of conquering things, or reflect the hardships of people's lives, or express their uncontrollable grief and indignation. On the one hand, with passionate feelings and strong wishes, he spoke out loudly, publicized patriotic thoughts with exciting language and artistic images, praised patriotic struggles and expressed lofty sentiments, and at the same time pinned his patriotic ideals on his fantasies with full enthusiasm, generosity, optimism and self-confidence. However, the poet has a clear understanding of the objective reality, calmly analyzes the situation, profoundly and truly reflects the sharp ethnic and class contradictions, shows concern for reality, and expresses deep anxiety and anger.
2. The patriotic features of Lu You's poems.
First, for feudal literati, patriotism and loyalty to the monarch are inseparable, and Lu You's patriotic thought contains more and more extensive and rich content. He believes that "it is the responsibility of the world to eat millet" and "it is shameful that China has not returned to the soil." The focus is not limited to one generation, one monarch and one surname. In his poems, he often praises the great rivers and mountains of the motherland. "Three Wan Li rivers enter the sea, and five thousand mountains climb skyscrapers." What is even more commendable is that he linked the fate of the motherland with the people's lives: "The three armed forces are more sleepy than houses without fighting. The Chu people are anxious and the smoke is not flat. " His poems reflecting the sufferings of people's livelihood cannot be separated from his thought of loving the motherland. People's production, labor and living customs are all important parts of the motherland's history and culture, and he thinks people are the most patriotic. "Good advice is in the middle." Many of his poems praised the northern people who risked their lives to provide information for soldiers in the Southern Song Dynasty. It is based on this understanding that he warmly praised Zong Ze's United Peasant Uprising Army; "Didn't you see that Du Dong used to live in Yin Da, and I felt a million tigers and wolves?"
Second, he not only enthusiastically praised the just war to defend the motherland, but also devoted himself to it. His poems not only express the feelings of patriotism and concern for the country, but also express the courage and determination to save the country and protect the family. In addition, he declared that he would give his life for this just war. "He is always afraid of burying hills, so he can't appoint Feng Yong.". His spirit has gone further than other patriotic poets in history, so the war against aggression is heroic and magnificent in his works.
Thirdly, Lu You seldom had narrow Han chauvinism and pure revenge, which was unavoidable for many patriots at that time. He argued for gold from the standpoint of justice and opposed aggression. He only wanted to restore the national unity and stability of "Yellow River Hangu Pass, Four Haitong Ships, chariots and horses to send Zhao Yan, and cloth and silk to clear Xu", not to "open up the territory". He hoped that the political power of all ethnic groups would not invade each other, keep their borders and live in peace, so that the people could live and work in peace. He said: "The desert doesn't have to be defeated, and we can't divide our forces and take the river emperor." He also does not advocate national revenge, but only demands that the invaders be driven out.