Liu Yang
? Meng Haoran is one of the most outstanding writers in the history of China. His poems have been circulated for thousands of years, and the famous work "Spring Dawn" is a household name because it was selected as a textbook for primary and secondary schools. There have been hundreds of articles about him since the May 4th Movement. In 200 1 year, the Collection of Meng Haoran's Research, which reflects the research achievements of nearly a hundred years, was published by People's Daily Press. This is the first collection of systematic research on Meng Haoran published in China.
I am a literature lover and have been chasing the "writer's dream". Ouyang Xiu said: "Literature stops at moistening things, and political affairs can be passed on." At the end of 1990s, I was lucky enough to be in charge of the development and construction of Lumen Mountain Scenic Area centered on Meng Haoran's seclusion. From 199 10 to 200 1 for three years, I had the opportunity to concentrate on studying my fellow countryman Meng Haoran, and compiled and published The Collection of Studies on Meng Haoran as Lumen. I planned with my colleagues and friends to inform relevant experts, professors and scholars of the idea of publishing Meng Haoran's research anthology. Received the support of famous scholars Professor He Liancheng, Professor Liu Jianjun, Researcher Ye, Mr. Wang, Professor and other teachers. Professors from Northwest University, Zhao and Fang Rixi personally participated in the planning of Lumen Scenic Area and the selection of this book. There are many friends, no matter what fame or fortune, who are rushing for the publication of this book and silently contributing.
The papers about Meng Haoran collected by the research can be described as exquisite and colorful. From the time point of view, the achievements of studying Meng Haoran have been reflected since the May 4th Movement. Judging from the distribution of research scholars, there are east, west, south, north, China and a few foreign scholars; From the content point of view, some study Meng Haoran's life and friends, some study Meng Haoran's aesthetic and poetic style characteristics, some compare Meng Haoran with poet Wang Wei, and so on. Although scholars have different views, some of them are even quite different, but they complement each other, confirm each other and correct each other, which is really beneficial for us to understand the style characteristics of a real Meng Haoran and Meng's poems.
? Brief introduction of Meng Haoran's life
According to the preface to Meng Haoran's Collection in Tianbao, Shiyuan Wang in the Tang Dynasty (745), "In the 28th year of Kaiyuan, Wang Changling visited Xiangyang, and Haoran recovered from back rash. He was so happy that he gave a banquet (Xu è), eating fresh and moving, and finally smelting the South Garden, which was fifty taels." According to records, Meng Haoran was born in the first year of Yongchang after the Tang Dance (689). According to Shiyuan Wang's Preface, Biography of Meng Haoran in the New Tang Dynasty and Biography of Meng Haoran in the Tang Dynasty, Meng Haoran was born in Xiangyang, Xiangzhou (now Xiangyang, Hubei) in the Tang Dynasty and lived in Lumen Mountain (now Lumen Scenic Area, Xiangyang, Hubei). Most scholars are positive about the above-mentioned Meng Haoran's birth time, birthplace and seclusion.
Professor Chen of Peking University thinks that Meng Haoran's residence is called Jiannanyuan, which is located outside Guo, Xiangyang.
"Our company is overseas, but rural.
The Woods around are boundless, and the city doesn't smell it.
The fishing rod hangs down this stream, and firewood sings into Nanxuan. "
Books take quiet things and talk about people who seek peace.
("Building South Park is Attractive")
Planting melons in Nanshanxia and Old Nursery Period
》:
"firewood grazing near Nanshan, beiguo on credit.
The ancestors stayed in the vegetarian industry and the old nursery was their neighbor.
Don't plant thousands of oranges, only five-color melons.
Shao Ping can cut pot for me. "
The stream is in the north of the house, so it is called Beixi. The house is in Jiannan, so it is called Jiannanyuan. Xiangyang city is located at the corner of Hanshui River, which surrounds its east and north sides. There are no mountains in the north of the river, and there are Fairy Mountain, Wolong Mountain and baimashan within 90 miles of the south of the city. If the South Garden is built outside the "Northland", it is near the Hanshui River, not near the "Nanshan". If it's outside the south, it's near Nanshan, but it's really on credit with the north. It can be seen that when you are outside the south.
? I agree with Professor Chen's above research, but he said in this article: "Meng Ke's" Climbing a swallow with friends "and" Fishing at a waterfall "are not far from the fairy mountain. Later generations recorded that this continent was in the northeast of Xiangyang County, or it was misunderstood. " In fact, Zhou Yuliang is indeed in the northeast of ancient Xiangyang County. The annotation of this article says: "Selected Poems of Tang Poetry by Ma Maoyuan, Climbing the Wild Mountain with Friends by Meng Haoran,' The name of the island in the water is Yu Liang, near Lumen Mountain. "There seems to be something wrong." In fact, Zhou Yuliang is near Mount Lumeng. Mr. Chen has probably never been to Zhou Yuliang and Lumeng Mountain, otherwise, there would be no doubt.
? Many scholars have made textual research on Meng Haoran's life and friends. Such as Chen, Chen Tiemin, Tan Youxue, Li Hao, Li Refraction, Sun Weicheng, Wang Congren, Yu Xianhao and Li Huaifu. These achievements are really hard-won due to the lack of historical materials. Based on everyone's views, we can roughly outline such an outline: before the twelfth year of Kaiyuan (724), that is, before Meng Haoran was 36 years old, he lived in seclusion in his hometown (he began to live in Lumen Mountain at the age of 20); Since the twelfth year of Kaiyuan, he has roamed Luoyang, Hunan, Jiangxi and Yangzhou. From the 15th to 16th year of Kaiyuan (727-728), he took the senior high school entrance examination in Chang 'an (some scholars think that Meng Haoran may be an official in Beijing for many times); From the 17th to 21st year of Kaiyuan (729-733), wuyue was roaming. Twenty-one to twenty-eight years of Kaiyuan (733-740) was a seclusion period in his later years. After wuyue's return, Meng Haoran has gradually entered the old world, living in seclusion in his hometown and sometimes going to some secluded places. I went out twice during the period. Once, from the autumn of the 21st year of Kaiyuan to the spring of the following year, I went to visit Shu in the gorge. Once, in the 25th year of Kaiyuan, Zhang Jiuling was appointed as the secretariat of Jingzhou, and Meng Haoran was invited to enter the tent of meeting to do things. He and Zhang Jiuling traveled to some places in the north and south of the great river. In the spring of the 26th year of Kaiyuan, he resigned and went home to live in seclusion. Meng Haoran has a wide range of friends. Wang Shiyuan's "Preface" contains: "Prime Minister Zhang Jiuling, Zhao Jing Wang Wei, Shangshu Assistant Minister Hedong Pei Wei, Lu Yi, Dali commentator Hedong Peizong, Huayin satrap Xingyang Zheng Qianzhi, satrap Henan Dugu Shu, rate and integrity are forgotten." In fact, Meng Haoran's friends are more than that. His friends are all over the world. Li Bai, Wang Changling, Han Chaozong, Wang Jiong, Cui, Jia Sheng, Pei Guan, etc. They are all awesome fans.
? Scholars have different views on Meng Haoran's thought and personality. In Meng Haoran's view, Mr. Wen Yiduo thought that seclusion was a general tendency of that era, only an expectation of others, and at most it was only a temporary adjustment or overdue compensation, but it was a complete fact in Meng Haoran's view. Among the complicated factors that constitute this fact, the historical and geographical background of hometown is very important. Meng Haoran originally lived in seclusion for a romantic ideal and a sacred tacit understanding with the ancients. There is no doubt that the tacit understanding is Pang Degong.
? In On Meng Haoran's Seclusion, Mr. Chen Yiyun thinks that Meng Haoran and Tao Yuanming are very similar. Although their lives seem to be born with the spirit of joining the WTO, they both have ambitions. They both suffer from the contradiction between subjective desire and objective reality. They all know and expose the darkness and ugliness in reality and officialdom. They all hope to complete an independent personality that is not flattering to the world. Meng Haoran's poem "Returning to the South Garden to Send a Tour to Old Beijing in Summer" said: "Reading Gao Shi Zhuan, Tao is the best." On the one hand, this poem can show that he is really imitating Tao Yuanming consciously, and it is also his autobiography.
Now some scholars think that Meng Haoran is keen on his official career, but Mr. Zhu Qiyu thinks it is "extremely doubtful" (see On Meng Haoran's Seclusion and Interest). The basis is: Meng Haoran has made many friends in Beijing, including Zhang Jiuling, so he can choose talents and appoint people according to their abilities, and quote scholars to participate in politics. If Meng Xiang is an official, it is not difficult to ask these forgotten friends to introduce him. Moreover, he is the secretary of Meng Haoran (Dan and Han), which is no less than ten times or eight times stronger than the fame gained by the literati in the Tang Dynasty through "rolling" and "warming". Meng Haoran was not, because he left Beijing soon and there was no one else around. In the 24th year of Kaiyuan (736), Zhang Jiuling was appointed Prime Minister of Shangshu Province, and Meng Haoran could have taken the opportunity to visit Zhang. Why does he wander around Xiangyang and its nearby areas all day and enjoy himself?
Wang Shiyuan's Preface said: "Shannan's visiting envoys Changli, the magistrate of a county, and Han Chaozong said that Haoran's law of incorruptibility for generations would be praised in the Zhou Dynasty. Because he entered the Qin Dynasty, he went with him, first promoted to the DPRK, and made an appointment with Chao Zong. Harmony with the DPRK, Haoran will make friends, well said, and wine is also very suitable. Or "it is impossible for my son to make a promise with the Han Palace, but to abide by it! "Ran Hao scolded:' I drank it, so I am happy and considerate!' So I didn't go after the banquet, because I was right and left. I don't regret it. I'm so happy that I forgot my name! "Here, where can I see the shadow of a so-called scholar who has been preparing for the imperial examination for 30 years?
As for whether Meng Haoran took part in the imperial examination, the existing research results are affirmative. Teacher Zhu thinks that his theory is unfounded and has arguments.
? Meng Haoran elaborated on his family background and said: "Only from Zou Luxian, the family background values Confucianism. Poetry and rites attack the legacy and want to go to court. " Meng Haoran, who claimed to be a descendant of Mencius, was undoubtedly influenced by Zhuangzi's philosophy and read Confucian classics like most intellectuals at that time. Confucianism and Taoism often appear in complementary forms among intellectuals in China. In fact, in the society at that time, it was difficult to find an intellectual who was only influenced by Confucianism or Taoism. Then the Confucian thought of self-cultivation and helping the world, that is, "if you are rich, you will help the world, and if you are poor, you will always affect Meng Haoran more or less." He was born in the new century, and it is inhuman to say that he has no intention of joining the WTO. We can only say that the contradiction between Meng Haoran's birth and his official career lies in the fact that the former has the upper hand and become the main side, but we cannot completely deny the existence of the latter. I think Mr. Zhu's above statement is quite insightful, which is probably the ideological basis of Meng Haoran's seeking an official position in Beijing.
? In a letter to Meng Haoran, Li Bai said, "Master, I sincerely salute you. Your fame has risen to the sky. In the rosy youth, you gave up the importance of hats and chariots and chose pine trees and clouds; Now whitehead. Drunk moon, sage of dreams, bewitched by flowers, you turned a deaf ear to the emperor. Mountain, how I long to reach you, this series is pure fragrance. " Professor Fang Rixi believes that Li Bai's self-denial comes not from Meng Haoran's poems, but from the worship of a hermit's virtuous personality (see Why Li Bai advocates Meng Haoran). Mr. Fang said that Li Bai's impression of Meng Haoran has the following points: first, Li Bai and Meng Haoran have something in common in raising expectations; Secondly, Meng Haoran has a chivalrous style, and the so-called "saving the sick and solving disputes" is quite in tune with Li Bai; Thirdly, Li Bai and Meng Haoran are very similar in character; Fourth, both of them are romantic and have a unique charm; Fifth, some of their poems are similar in style.
? It is rare for famous poets of his time to worship and praise Meng Haoran. Zhang Hu entitled "Meng Haoran's House" said: "Why is it expensive to be a talented person?" Although festivals are held in Meng Jian, Xiangyang belongs to Haoran. "Pi Rixiu said," Alas, what can I say as a gentleman? Poor is blessed. It is said in the article that dying unsatisfied is the way to learn, even embarrassing. ("Pi Zi Wen Ju" Volume 7 "Yunzhou Meng Tingji") Wang Wei said in "Crying Meng Haoran": "The ancients disappeared, and the Hanshui River flowed eastward every day. Excuse me, Xiangyang is old, and Cai Zhou is empty. " Bai Juyi said in "Traveling with Meng Haoran in Xiangyang": "Chu Mountain is blue-eyed, Han River is blue in Tang Tang. Exquisite image formation, Montessori's article. Today, I satirize the heritage and think of people's nostalgia for their hometown. There is no succession in the breeze, and the sunset is empty in Xiangyang. Looking south at Lumen Mountain is more fragrant. I don't know where I am, the clouds are deep and the trees are gray. "
? As can be seen from the above, Meng Haoran's contemporary famous poets spoke highly of Meng. Some of them are close friends of Meng Haoran, and some of them are close to the time when Meng Haoran lived, so the evaluation of Meng Haoran's thought and personality is naturally credible. At present, some scholars have many meanings and assumptions about Meng Haoran's thoughts and personality evaluation, or it is difficult to have a pertinent opinion according to modern evaluation standards. If you don't really understand Meng Haoran's reclusive character, it's hard to understand his poems. Then Meng Haoran seems to be a frustrated person who is keen on fame and fortune but has not entered the official career. Is his poetic character worthy of respect and admiration by contemporary people, present people and future generations?
? Meng Haoran's Life Enlightenment
A revelation: opportunities are reserved for those who are prepared, but those who are prepared may not all succeed.
According to Wen Yuan Biography of Old Tang Dynasty, Meng Haoran "came to the capital at the age of forty and returned to Xiangyang as a scholar." It can be seen that he prepared for the imperial examination for 30 years, but failed to gain fame in his official career after all.
Revelation 2: There will be setbacks in life, and the key is to have a positive attitude.
The beneficial enlightenment of Meng Haoran's life is that after he lost the opportunity to be an official, he did not indulge in it and was negative and world-weary; Instead, with a positive attitude, he re-selected his life orientation and became a poet in cloth. After his unremitting struggle, he finally became a great poet in history, and Li Bai, a talented poet, also had a feeling of stopping at the top of Meng Haoran.
Revelation 3: If you want to make great achievements, you must have something extraordinary.
Throughout Meng Haoran's life, he made great contributions to the literary history of Tang Dynasty and even China in his poetry theory and creation. This paper only talks about Meng Haoran's leading role in the aesthetic view of poetry in Tang Dynasty from his aesthetic view of poetry and his poetic creation practice. Researcher Tao of China Academy of Social Sciences made an incisive exposition on Meng Haoran's aesthetic view and his creative practice under the guidance of poetic aesthetic view. By combing Meng Haoran's poems on poetry, we can see a quite perfect aesthetic view of poetry. This lifelong landscape poet in the Tang Dynasty seems to have created under the guidance of clear poetry theory. It was the first time that he played the fresh and beautiful voice of the Tang Dynasty with the harp of poetry.