What are the famous pincer offensive campaigns in military history?

Germany's "Schrieffen Plan" in World War I, the Battle of Kursk and the Battle of Stalingrad in the Soviet Union in World War II. In a sense, the Normandy landing and the Soviet Union's advance on the Eastern Front can be regarded as a huge pincer attack on Nazi Germany. China: The victory in the Battle of Kharkov and the fortress plan made the Germans full of confidence again. Manstein hoped to annihilate the Soviet army through active attack. Kursk bulge naturally became his first choice. Because this projection is like a fist extending from the Soviet front, its front is about 250 miles long, but its bottom is less than 70 miles. Manstein plans to encircle and annihilate the Soviet heavy cluster in the whole projection through the coordinated pincer attack of the north and south wings. The success of this campaign will shorten the German front and greatly increase the mobility of the German army. Manstein's plan was supported by Marshal Krueger, commander of the German Central Army Group, and General Zeitzler, chief of staff of the Army Headquarters, but it was also opposed by General Mo Deer, commander of the 9th Army Group, and General guderian, director of armored forces. There are reasons to object. 1in the spring of 943, Germany suffered huge tank losses on the eastern front. Moreover, tanks No.3 and No.4, as the main force, have been proved to be no match for Soviet T34 tanks, while the monthly output of new generation Leopard-5 tanks and Tiger-6 tanks is only 50 and 25 respectively, which is obviously at a disadvantage compared with the Soviet Union. Guderian thought that attacking Kursk would cause great losses to tanks, and his plan to reorganize armored forces would also go bankrupt. Hitler was also hesitant about this. He once said to guderian, "I have been in a bad mood since I started thinking about this attack." . But in the end, Hitler decided to adopt manstein's plan. On April 15, the No.6 combat order was issued, and it was decided that the German army would jointly launch a pincer attack with the central army group and the southern army group to destroy the Soviet troops in the Kursk projection. The operational code is "fortress". The "fortress" operation was originally scheduled to start on May 4, but due to the late end of the rainy season and the insufficient preparation of the Germans, the action plan had to be postponed again and again. At a meeting to discuss the "fortress" plan in May, Admiral Mo Deer, commander of the Ninth Army, brought a stack of aerial photos showing that the Soviet army had built a large number of fortifications on the offensive route planned by the German army. Mo Deer thinks that the best time to attack has been lost, the Soviet army has recovered its vitality and should give up the "fortress" plan. Hitler hesitated again, but with the insistence of Kruger, Zeitzler and Manstein, and his confidence in the "Blitzkrieg", the Battle of Fortress was finally decided to be launched on July 5th. The 9th Army deployed by German troops and General Mo Deer belongs to the Central Army Group and is located in the north of Kursk Projection. This army has 2/kloc-0 German divisions and 3 Hungarian divisions, with 335,000 people, including 6 tank divisions, 590 tanks and 424 artillery pieces. In the middle of the outstanding part is the Second Army of the German Central Army Group, with 96,000 people. They will play an auxiliary role in this offensive, and their main task is to maintain the contact between the North and South Germans. To the south of the projection is Manstein's Southern Army Group, including General Holt's 4th Armored Army Group and kempf Cluster. The 4th Panzer Corps has 224,000 men, 925 tanks and 704 artillery pieces, and has jurisdiction over the 52nd Infantry Corps, the 48th Panzer Corps and the 2nd SS Panzer Corps. The right-wing kempf cluster has 10 divisions,126,000 men, 344 tanks and 25 artillery pieces. In addition, there are about 20 divisions deployed on the two wings of the above-mentioned assault group. The airmen of the 4th and 6th air corps are responsible for supporting the army. In this way, the total offensive force of the German army reached more than 900,000 people, with about 10000 guns, 2,700 tanks and self-propelled guns and 2,050 flying planes. The Germans also invested a lot of new weapons in this attack, including Tiger, Leopard tanks and Ferdinand artillery, as well as Fokker Wolff 190A fighter and hankel 129 attack aircraft. Soviet Plan While Hitler and his generals were arguing over the "fortress" plan, the Soviet army was also planning the next move. General Tuting, commander of the Voronezh Army, advocated a preemptive attack to disrupt the German offensive preparations and regain the strategic initiative lost in the Battle of Kharkov. Stalin himself preferred this plan, while zhukov, Aleksandr Aleksandr Aleksandr Vasilevsky and others thought that the Soviet army should first maintain a defensive state, consume the offensive energy of the German army with a strong defense, destroy its armored forces, and then launch a counterattack. At this time, according to the front-line investigation and spy information, it is predicted that the Germans will launch a large-scale attack on the Soviet troops in the Kursk projection. At a meeting on April 12, Stalin was finally persuaded and adopted zhukov's plan. So the Soviet army began to turn to active defense preparation in Kursk. In the forward position, the Soviets carefully designed their defenses and built several defense lines, which were more than 100 miles deep. The whole defense system consists of a large number of closely coordinated trenches, barbed wire, anti-tank bunkers, anti-tank trenches and minefields, and a large number of troops and firepower have been assembled in the most likely direction of German attack. Soviet troops and Soviet T-34/85 tanks deployed in the north of Kursk Projection are the central army of rokossovsky, facing the direction of the German Central Army Group, including the 70th, 13, 48th, 60th and 65th armies and the 2nd tank army, with a total strength of 7 1. 1 10,000 and/kloc-. Because the Soviets thought that the powerful German Central Army Group would be the main attack direction of the Germans, and the Soviets were also the strongest in this direction, Marshal zhukov personally commanded here. To the south of Kursk, facing the Tuting Voroney Japanese Army of the Army Group in the south of Germany, it has jurisdiction over the 6th and 7th Guards, 40th, 38th, 69th Army, 1 Tank Army, and 35th Infantry Army, with a total strength of 625,000, 87 18 artillery and mortars, 1. Behind the Central Army and the Japanese Army in Voronezh is the Grassland Army of konev, whose task is to provide reinforcements to the two armies when the situation is tight. Once the Kursk line is broken by the Germans, it will become the last line of defense, and when the Soviet army turns to counterattack, it will provide fresh troops. This army has jurisdiction over the 4th and 5th Guards, 27th, 47th and 53rd Army, 5th Guards Tank Army, 3rd, 5th and 7th Guards Cavalry Army, 4th Guards Tank Army, 1 and 3rd Guards Mechanized Army. The total force is 573,000 people, 85 10 cannons and mortars, 1639 tanks and self-propelled artillery. In this way, the advantages of the three Soviet armies in terms of strength are 2.4 1, and the advantages in tanks are 1.9 1. In addition, sokolovski's Western Army, popov's Bryansk Army, and Southwest Army's 57th Army and 2nd Tank Army were also deployed to Kursk region to cope with the complicated situation that may occur at any time. In terms of military industry, by 1943, the Soviet arms industry transferred to the Far East finally began to reach and exceed the pre-war level, and at the same time, Western aid such as Britain and the United States began to arrive in large quantities. At the beginning of the campaign, the days when it was thought that the Germans might attack were all passed safely. For two months, the front line seems to be very calm. On the night of July 4th, the 6th Army of the Soviet Guards captured a soldier of the German168th Infantry Division south of the projection. He admitted that the Germans were going to attack the next day. In the early morning of July 5th, the 6th Army of the Soviet Union 13 captured a German infantry in the north of Projection. In order to disrupt the German offensive steps, the Soviets took the lead in shelling German positions in the early morning of the 5th, and the prelude to the Battle of Kursk was thus opened. German attack on the southern line: Soviet shelling was completely unexpected and caused huge losses, although it was delayed by 3 hours than originally planned. However, the 4th Panzer Corps of the Army Group in southern Germany still launched an attack step by step. After losing 36 tanks, the Germans crossed the Soviet anti-tank minefield and stormed the defense line of the Soviet 67th Guards Infantry Division. Facing the attack of three German divisions, the 67th Guards Infantry Division of the Soviet Union was forced to retreat at a low speed, so Wa Tuting transferred to the Army Reserve to keep the Germans out of the second line of defense. Unfortunately, however, on the 6th, the German army opened a gap in the Soviet second line of defense and crossed the Pena River. Because the German attack was much more violent than expected, Wa Tuting was forced to cancel the counterattack scheduled for July 6, and arranged some tanks of the planned counterattack 1 Tank Army behind the defense line to support the infantry defense, and some tanks were arranged to attack the Germans on the flank. On this day, the German Air Force attacked more than 1000 sorties, completely suppressing the Soviet Air Force. After a day of fierce fighting, both sides suffered heavy losses. On the evening of 6th, tile Tuting asked Alexander, Alexander, Alexander, Alexander, Alexander, Alexander, Alexander, Alexander. In the battle on 7th, the Germans only advanced a few kilometers, but failed to achieve the task of breaking through the Soviet defense. The next day, the Germans still stubbornly continued to attack, and tile Tuting was also planning a counterattack. To this end, he asked the commander-in-chief to transfer the 5 th Guards Tank Army and 5 th Guards of the Grassland Army to his command. His request was granted quickly, but it will take several days for these troops to arrive. In the battle for air superiority, the Soviet Air Force gradually reversed its disadvantage through air combat in July and August, and it was only a matter of time before it completely seized the air superiority. July 9 is a crucial day for the Battle of Kursk. Tile Tuting command troops continue to resist the German advance to Oboyan, and at the same time launch a counterattack in two wings. Although these counterattacks failed again and again, they prevented the Germans from attacking the main target with all their strength. Seeing that Oboyan could not break through from the front, General Hoss, commander of the 4th German Panzer Corps, decided to break through from the right wing first. He ordered the 2nd Panzer Corps to turn to prokhorov in the northeast. In the next two days, the German attack went smoothly. They arrived at the gate of prokhorov, and the climax of the Battle of Kursk-the Battle of prokhorov Tanks was staged. For a long time after the war, historians have always believed that in July of 1943 and 12, more than 500 tanks and self-propelled guns fought in prokhorov, and the tank battle in prokhorov was considered as the largest tank battle in the history of human war, which became famous all over the world and became a legend. With the passage of time, the declassification of a large number of data, especially the end of the Cold War and the disclosure of the data of the former Soviet Union, made researchers find that the scale of tank warfare was much smaller than originally thought, and only about 600 tanks and self-propelled artillery directly participated in the war. Among them, there are less than 200 Germans and about 400 Soviet troops. 12 On the morning of July, the fighting started, and the Soviet Union and Germany launched an attack almost at the same time. At first, the 88 mm gun of the German tiger tank had obvious advantages, while the 76 mm gun of the Soviet T-34 tank could not pose a threat to the Germans at the same distance, so the Soviet tank rushed to the Germans at the highest speed with full horsepower. I hope I can get close to the German tanks and use the mobility of the T-34 to defeat the heavy Tiger tanks. In the charge, Soviet tanks paid a heavy price. When the two sides approached, the fighting became more intense, and the tanks were destroyed one by one, but beside the destroyed tanks, the tank soldiers of both sides were still shooting at each other and even killing each other. The fighting lasted until the evening, and finally stopped because both sides were exhausted. The battlefield was full of tank wreckage and bodies. In this day's tank battle, although the Germans destroyed more Soviet tanks with relatively small losses, they failed to capture prokhorov Card, and then the continuous arrival of Soviet reinforcements made their defense more stable. Northern Line: On the northern line, the Soviet shelling also delayed the German attack for two and a half hours. After dozens of minutes of artillery preparation and aerial bombing, the German Ninth Group began to attack as planned. In order to distract the Soviet Union from the main attack direction of the German army, Mo Deer first feinted on the left wing with three infantry divisions, but was stopped by the Soviet Union. In the main direction, the Germans concentrated the forces of four armored divisions and three infantry divisions. After fierce fighting, they broke through the first line of defense of the Soviet army 13 Army and pushed forward 5 kilometers with difficulty. But on the two wings, the Soviets stubbornly held their ground. At the same time of fierce fighting on the ground, the air forces of both sides are also fighting fiercely. On this day, the Germans dispatched 1000 planes many times, and the Soviet air force also dispatched more than 600 sorties. By the end of the war between the two sides on the 5th, the Germans only broke through less than 10 km, but at least 70 tanks were lost. The next day, rokossovsky began to launch a counterattack, and Mo Deer also put the reserves into the battlefield, so a large-scale tank battle began. After fierce fighting, two Soviet tank brigades suffered heavy losses, about 70 tanks were lost. The Germans pushed all the way to the Soviet second line of defense, but they were stopped by the Su 17 Guards Infantry and Su 17 Tanks who came to reinforce. In the early morning of July 7th, the Germans attacked again in an attempt to seize Ponelli, a transportation hub. The fighting was extremely fierce. The Germans invaded the city several times, but they were all driven out by tenacious Soviets. After fierce fighting, the Soviet Air Force seized the air superiority in the north of Kursk, which formed a great deterrent to the German ground forces. By July 8, the German army had caused great losses to the Soviet army, but the Soviet army held its ground by virtue of its numerical superiority. After paying a heavy price, the Germans occupied more than half of Ponelli, but the Soviets still controlled some important strongholds in the city and could not continue to advance with the Germans. On July 9th, Mo Deer launched the last attack on Soviet positions with 300 tanks, but the result was still nothing. At this time, the offensive energy of the German Ninth Army had been exhausted, and Mo Deer was forced to turn to the defense on 10. According to the spirit of Casablanca Conference in June 65438 +0943 10 +65438, the Anglo-American coalition forces landed in Sicily, Italy on July 0943 10. Due to the change of the situation in Italy, the Germans in this area could not resist the attack of the western allies. At the same time, the Battle of Kursk not only failed to see the hope of victory, but also the Ninth German Army in orel was in danger of being cut off and repeating the collapse of Stalingrad. Hitler decided to terminate the "fortress" plan and transfer his troops from the eastern front to Italy. On July 13, he called Kruger, Manstein and others to his "Wolf Cave" headquarters for a meeting to announce this decision. Due to the bad situation of the Central Military Group, Kruger agreed with Hitler's decision, but manstein strongly opposed it. He thought that the Soviet Union was a spent force, and as long as the Germans persisted, they would win. Based on his trust in Manstein, although Hitler terminated the "fortress" plan, he still agreed that Manstein would continue to attack the downtown. However, manstein's judgment on the strength of the Soviet Union was quite wrong, and his repeated attacks failed to achieve his goal. At this time, the situation in northern Kursk and Italy was deteriorating, which prompted Hitler to finally cancel the attack, and the German army began to retreat on July 17. By the 23rd, the two sides basically returned to the pre-war state. The Soviet attack on orel was first launched in northern Kursk. 10 When the German offensive stopped in July, the Soviet Union decided to launch an attack in July 12, and took the name of Russian marshal Kutuzov who repelled Napoleon's invasion as the code name of the campaign. /kloc-in the early morning of 0/2, the Soviet army shelled the German positions in the orel projection for more than two hours, and then the first-line troops of General sokolovski's Western Front Army and General popov's Bryansk Army began to attack. The German resistance caused heavy casualties to the Soviet army. On June 5438+05, General rokossovsky commanded the 70th Army, the 13 Army and the 48th Army of the Soviet Central Army to join the attack. At this time, the Soviet Air Force also completely controlled the air superiority, and the French "Normandy" Air Brigade also fought side by side with the Soviet Air Force over Kursk. In the face of Soviet troops with superior tanks and troops, Mo Deer could not stop their attack. He realized it was only a matter of time before he lost orel. On July 16, Mo Deer asked Hitler to give up orel and retreat the Germans to the "Hagen" line, but Hitler refused. By July 25, Mussolini stepped down, and the signs of Italy's withdrawal from the war were very obvious. Hitler needed to send troops from the eastern front to Italy, and the Germans in orel were in danger of being surrounded by Soviet troops. After Mo Deer and Kruger demanded to retreat again, Hitler finally agreed to give up orel and mobilize the Second SS Panzer Corps to stabilize the Italian situation. On July 3 1 day, the Germans retreated to the "Hagen" line in the direction of Bryansk. On the way back, the Germans were brutally scorched. On August 5th, the Soviets conquered orel and continued to pursue the retreating Germans. /KLOC-liberated Hottnez on 0/0, entered Karachev on 0/5, and 16, the Soviet attack basically ended, and the front gradually stabilized. In the Battle of orel, the Soviet army annihilated 200,000 enemy troops, tanks 1044 vehicles and 2,402 artillery pieces, and pushed westward 150 kilometers, leveling the Kursk defense line, but failed to complete the pre-war plan to panic in the German Central Army Group. At the same time, the Soviet army suffered huge losses, with 429,890 casualties and 2,586 tanks. The battle of Belgorod-Kharkov was on the southern front. When the Germans left the Soviet Union on July 23rd, Stalin demanded that the Soviet Union immediately launch a counterattack. However, zhukov believed that after continuous hard fighting, the Soviet Union should make necessary supplements and repairs before launching the attack, so that the Soviet Union finally set the attack date on August 3. The code name of this operation was named after the famous Russian soldier "Rumiantsev" in the Seven Years' War. The attack was undertaken by the Japanese army and the grassland army in Voroney, with a total strength of 900,000 people and more than 2,800 tanks and self-propelled artillery. At this time, manstein also thought that the Soviet army was on the verge of collapse, and it was a wrong decision to cancel the "fortress" operation. This made the German army completely unprepared for the Soviet attack. At 5: 00 a.m. on August 3, nearly 10,000 artillery pieces of the Soviet army exploded, and a large number of shells poured on German positions. The shelling lasted more than two hours and finally ended with a row of Katyusha rockets. Then tanks and infantry began to attack. German soldiers who survived the shelling were unable to stop the Soviet advance, and the Soviet army quickly broke through the first line of defense of the German army. After a day's fighting, the Soviet assault group advanced 10 ~ 15 kilometers on average to the Germans. In the following days of fighting, the German defense was extremely tenacious. Although the Soviet tanks kept breaking through, the infantry was entangled in the German army and made slow progress. On August 5th, Soviet troops 1 Tanks captured Borisovka, thus cutting off the retreat of Tomarov's 255th and 332nd Infantry Divisions and 19 Armored Divisions, and waiting for their fate would be completely annihilated. However, the besieged German army still resisted to the death. It was because of their tenacious resistance that Manstein bought time for the German main force to withdraw from Belgorod to Kharkov. Soviet troops recovered Belgorod on the 5th, and occupied Bogodukhov, the logistics supply base behind the German army, on the 7th, and seized a large number of German materials and fuel. In June and July, due to the rapid advance of Soviet tanks, the infantry was busy clearing the besieged Germans, and the Soviet tanks and infantry began to lose contact. Manstein wanted to seize the weakness of the Soviet army, so he began to retreat in a planned way to gain time to gather troops, and then launched a counterattack after the Soviet attack energy was gradually consumed. At this time, tile Tuting is very optimistic about the situation. He thinks that the German army is on the verge of collapse. He ordered the front-line tanks to continue the attack and cut off the railway line from Kharkov to poltava to prevent the Germans from escaping. On August 1 1 day, the Germans had assembled and replenished enough ammunition and fuel, and Manstein began to counterattack. At this time, Soviet tanks were still chasing, troops were widely dispersed, and infantry and artillery were still in the rear. After days of fierce fighting, ammunition and fuel are seriously inadequate. More importantly, the Soviet attack on the Germans went unnoticed. The Soviets are repeating the mistakes they made in the Battle of Kharkov five months ago. 1 1 that night, the 49th tank brigade of the Soviet army 1 tank corps and 17 tank regiment were surrounded by Germans. Due to the timely arrival of the 5th Soviet Guards Tank Corps, the total annihilation of 1 Tank Corps was avoided. 12, under the attack of the Germans, the Soviet army was forced to retreat, and then the sixth tank army of the Soviet Sixth Guards was surrounded by the Germans and suffered a fiasco at 14. By the end of the fighting on August 17, both sides suffered huge losses. Although the German counterattack dealt a heavy blow to the Soviet Union, manstein had no strength to further expand its victory. The Soviet Union's numerical superiority once again played a decisive role, and they quickly resumed their attack. After that, the German counterattack no longer posed a threat to the Soviets. 19, the Soviets attacked the northern bank of Ude River west of Kharkov, crossed the Ude River on the 20th, and set up a bridgehead on the south bank. The battle against kharkov was fierce, and only 50 tanks were left in the end. On the evening of the 22nd, the 53rd Army of the Soviet Union took the lead in attacking the city. The Germans began to withdraw from Kharkov in an all-round way and retreat to the Dnieper defence. Along the way, they destroyed all roads, railways and bridges, polluted water sources, burned all crops and destroyed buildings. Soviet troops recovered Kharkov on the 23rd. In the Battle of Belgorod-Kharkov, about 200,000 Soviet troops were wiped out, with losses of 255,566, 65,438 tanks+0,864,423 artillery pieces and 0/53 aircraft/KLOC. As a result, in the Battle of Kursk, 30 elite German divisions, including 7 tank divisions, were defeated, and the rest suffered heavy losses. More than 500,000 troops were lost, about 1500 tanks, 3,000 artillery pieces and 3,700 aircraft were lost. The defeat of the battle made Nazi Germany lose the initiative on the battlefield forever, and since then, the Germans have never launched a threatening offensive on the Eastern Front. The Soviet army also paid a heavy price for the Battle of Kursk, losing more than 800,000 troops, 6,064 tanks, 5,244 artillery pieces and 7 1 6 planes. But the victory of the battle gave the Soviets the initiative in the battlefield. After the war, the Soviet army launched a continuous offensive against the German army, recovered a large number of lost land, and liberated Kiev in June of 5438+0 1. At the same time, Soviet commanders at all levels also grew rapidly in the war, and the art of command became more and more mature. In the end, the Soviet army surpassed the German army not only in quantity but also in quality.