The Graceful and Bold Schools of Song Ci
Graceful Ci
Overview
The world of Chinese Ci is a colorful garden full of flowers and flowers. . The colorful, charming and graceful words add infinite brilliance to our country's classical poetry, and also play a role in carrying forward the past and ushering in the future for the development of our country's literature. Since the Tang and Five Dynasties until modern times, Wanyue Ci has inherited the fine tradition of folk songs, constantly introduced new ones, and formed its own characteristics.
The first is that it has "singability". Wanyue Ci is a new style of poetry sung with music. From the day it was born, it has been inextricably linked with music. "The Biography of Wen Tingyun in the Old Book of Tang Dynasty" once recorded that Feiqing "can pick out the sound of string songs and is a beautiful poet". Genius writers have both literary literacy and an understanding of music. Every time he fills in a column, he often refines the words and sentences, carefully considers the music, and closely combines the picturesque artistic conception, refined language and beautiful music. It is both expressive and pleasant to the ears, and has a touching artistic charm. Euphemistic words were developed on this basis. "A new song, a glass of wine", these gentle and fragrant songs, the tone of farewell to people, are often played and sung by kabuki and dancers in the flowers and in front of the bottles, singing and dancing. After the song, the lingering sound lingers, refreshing the heart and mind. "On the bank of the willows, the dawn wind is waning and the moon is waning." (Liu Yong's "Yulin Bell") It's just a girl of 17 or 18, holding a red dental plate, singing in a low voice. This kind of new songs that are "beautiful and affectionate, and elaborate and unfolding" often make those who listen to them ecstasy. The syllables of euphemistic words are harmonious and euphemistic, and "the language works well into the rhythm". The mood is gentle and easy for people to accept. Ci poems from the Tang and Five Dynasties have long had this characteristic. Ouyang Jiong said in the "Preface to the Collection of Flowers": "...The master of Qiyan, the beautiful lady in embroidery, handed over the leaves of flower paper, and drew the beautiful brocade; raised the slender jade hands, patted the fragrant sandalwood. It is not without pure purity. Ci, in a coquettish manner." During the Song and Song Dynasties, Wanyue Ci flourished unprecedentedly and became popular all over the country. Liu Yong's lyrics say, "Wherever there is a place to drink from a well," one can sing it. This shows how widespread it was at that time. Until modern times, graceful words still have "singability". This is its outstanding feature.
Romance is the traditional theme of graceful poetry and the main feature of graceful poetry. It moves people with emotion and describes the joys and sorrows of the world. The splendid "Flower Room Collection" is a romance work. Wei Ya, a poet from the Five Dynasties, was good at using various lyrical techniques to successfully express his feelings about life. Yan Shu's "Zhuyu Ci" is lyrical and euphemistic. Like pearls and jade, the light shines brightly. Ouyang Xiu is a leader of scholars and a central figure responsible for cultural and moral traditions. In his poems, you can only see his serious Taoist face, but his lyrical poems are charming, soft and touching. Nalan Xingde, a famous poet in the Qing Dynasty, was good at writing and writing, but his short poems were euphemistic and touching. Gai "There are feelings that cannot be expressed in literature and poetry cannot be Taoist, but they can be euphemistically described in long and short sentences." (Zha Li's "Tonggutang Cihua"). Writers reveal the true feelings, sorrow and joy in their hearts through lyrical and graceful words, twists and turns, and win the sympathy and sympathy of countless readers in ancient and modern times.
Love is an important part of people's lives. Expressing love reflects people's passionate pursuit of love, yearning for a happy life, and sadness and lamentation when they are persecuted and frustrated under the rule of feudal ethics. It has become an important content of graceful words. It is first expressed in the bold pursuit and praise of love. The author of the Dunhuang song "Bodhisattva Man" boldly and frankly yet euphemistically wrote "I have made a thousand wishes before my pillow, and I have to wait until the green mountains fade away..." to express the eternal wish of love. Feng Yansi's "Longevity Girl" describes a couple's toast and vows to live forever and never be separated. Wei Zhuang's "Sidi Xiang" "I plan to marry you and live in peace for the rest of my life. Even if I am ruthlessly abandoned, I can't be ashamed." It praises the innocent girl's passionate pursuit of love. Li Qingzhao's famous work "Drunken Flowers" and "Misty Thick Clouds and Sad Days" are expressions of love and describe her happy and happy love life.
Sentimental poets often praise the sincerity of love by expressing sorrow and separation.
"The willows in the West City are making spring soft. I am worried about leaving, and the tears are hard to hold back. I still remember the sentiments, and we once returned to the boat together. ..." (Qin Guan's "Jiangchengzi") A song of departure is touching. . Liu Yong's masterpiece "Rain Lin Bell" expresses the strong and touching wanderer's separation. "Holding hands and looking into tearful eyes, I was speechless and swallowed." vividly depicts the painful state of mind of being separated from your lover and wandering around the world. Su Shi's "Jiang Cheng Zi" "Ten Years of Life and Death" expresses his true love for his deceased wife "without thinking about it, never forgetting it". "After we parted, we met again, and we shared our dreams with you several times" (Yan Jidao's "Partridge Sky") describes the love between each other on that day, and the longing and memories of each other after parting. It is sad, sad, charming, romantic, gentle and natural. Ouyang Xiu's lyrical poems such as "Treading on the Shasha", "Waiting for the Pavilion with Broken Plum Blossoms", "Butterflies in Love with Flowers", "How Deep the Courtyard is", etc., although they are about children's private love and parting mood, they are written in a clear, graceful and profound way. . "Every night I miss my lovesickness more and more, I am saddened by the bright moon, and I miss you
My brocade quilt is cold..." (Wei Zhuang's "Huanxisha") The memories of love life, the pain of parting and missing lovesickness, are overflowing with emotion. With true feelings.
In the long-term feudal society, the misfortunes of women, especially those singers who were suppressed at the bottom of society, and the pain of frustrated literati were often expressed tearfully in euphemistic words. Liu Yong had a bumpy career and wandered in the lower class society for a long time.
His lyrics often use great sympathy to express the pain and mental outlook of the singers, as well as his love for them.
"When the hatred and cruelty are gone, there will be no music or letters." "I regret not locking the carved saddle at the beginning." "Follow me, don't throw away, and the colorful threads are wandering with Yi Si." "Ding Feng Bo" ("Ding Feng Bo") is a song written in the lyrics The physical and mental torture suffered by the actors also shows their passionate pursuit of love and yearning for a free and happy life. "Ecstasy.
At this moment, the sachet is secretly released, and the Luo belt is lightly divided. The brothel survives in vain.
..." The whole poem expresses the "ecstasy" The infinite sadness and separation. It shows the artistic effect of the euphemistic words "to describe the scene that is difficult to describe, to express the emotion that is difficult to describe, and to express it naturally".
Elegant poems also often express feelings of sadness and sadness. Writers have incorporated the hatred of family and country and feelings of life experience into erotic feelings or into chanting objects. On the surface, they appear to be expressing love and describing objects, but in fact they have different sustenance. "How much hatred is in my dream last night. It still seems like the old days when you visited Shangyuan..." ("Looking at Jiangnan"), "When will the spring flowers and autumn moon come, how much do you know about the past? There was an east wind in the small building last night, and the motherland cannot bear to look back in the moonlight. "("Yu Meiren"), "Continuous cutting and confusion are the sorrow of separation." "Happy Meeting"), "Flowing water and falling flowers, the sky and the earth are gone." "), Li Yu uses vivid images, fiery emotions, and the moonlight and spring breeze to express the hatred of the country's subjugation. Song Huizong's "Yanshan Pavilion" euphemistically and sadly describes the infinite emotions after the country's death and capture. Xin Qiji's "Touching the Fish" "can eliminate several storms, and spring returns in a hurry." Using metaphorical techniques, "beautiful herbs" are used as metaphors for gentlemen and wise men; men and women are used as metaphors for monarchs and ministers to express the affairs of family and country, and the feelings of body and mind. It's sentimental, sentimental and subtle.
Poetry writers often express their feelings about life experience through chants of swallows, willows, plum blossoms, poplar flowers, etc., and express difficult-to-explain meanings. For example, Lu You's poem "Yong Mei" uses plum blossoms as a metaphor for itself, which is both implicit and thought-provoking. Writers often use flowers, plants, boudoirs, seeing off spring, and appreciating spring as themes to express their taste in life and express their love for beautiful things and their sadness when they suffer setbacks. "There is no choice but the flowers fall away, and it seems that the familiar swallows are coming back" (Yan Shu's "Huanxi Sand") expresses the feeling of cherishing spring and being nostalgic for the singer, and expresses the author's slight sadness. This word is gentle, graceful, elegant, elegant but not frivolous, and the diction is beautiful but not obscene. It is most appreciated by people.
The war destroyed the peaceful and stable life and brought huge disasters to the people. The hatred of the country being destroyed and the death of the family, and the feelings of separation and death are constantly reflected in graceful words. "Magnolia" written by Jiang Xing's ancestral daughter, "Approaching Yanshan, looking back at the hometown is difficult to return to", vividly expresses the infinite pain of being kidnapped and leaving her hometown to go north, vividly reflecting the social life and social life of that chaotic era. The suffering of the people.
Another characteristic of graceful words is "winning with beauty". It uses beautiful language, beautiful images, and beautiful artistic conception to show the beauty of nature and life, and praise the spiritual beauty of the characters.
Writers have harmoniously unified beautiful language, beautiful images, and beautiful artistic conception, and created a large number of wonderful and poetic words. "How much sorrow can you have? It's just like a river of spring water flowing eastward" ("Poppy Beauty"), "Cars are like flowing water, horses are like dragons, and the flowers and moon are in the spring breeze" (Li Yu's "Looking to the South"), "The rain is gurgling outside the curtain, and the mood of spring is "Lanshan" (Li Yu's "Lang Tao Sha Ling"), "Dancing low in the heart of the willow tower with the moon, singing to the wind under the peach blossom fan," (Yan Jidao's "Partridge Sky") "Drunken farewell to the west tower, but I can't remember it when I wake up." Spring dreams and autumn clouds make it easy to gather and disperse. "Yan Jidao's "Butterflies Love Flowers") All of these are beautiful, moving and colorful. Often a beautiful scene can be retained in one word; a myriad of emotions can be expressed in one word. A word can be immortalized through the ages because of a wonderful sentence. "Red "Spring is stirring on the apricot branches" ("Spring in the Jade House"), so the author Song Qi got the reputation of "The Book of Red Apricots"! "The clouds break through the moon and the flowers make shadows" ("The Immortal Yu"), the author Zhang Xiansui is known as "Zhang Sanying" ; "A river of tobacco, catkins flying all over the city, plums yellowing in the rain" ("The Sapphire Case", He Zhu was therefore called "He Meizi".
There is also Li Qingzhao's "There is no way to be ecstatic, the west wind blows behind the curtain" , people are thinner than yellow flowers" ("Drunk Flower Yin"), "When the wild goose returns, the moon is full on the west tower", "A kind of lovesickness, two places of idle sorrow", "Only the brow is lowered, but it is in the heart" ("One Cut Plum") ), "The sycamores are drizzling, and the dusk is falling" ("Slow Sound"), etc.
The love of beauty is human nature and the art form is a bridge to communicate human emotions. Creating a beautiful artistic conception is the basic feature of Wanyuan Ci. "Chang Ji Xi Ting Sunset" in "Ru Meng Ling" by Li Qingzhao is a beautiful picture that brings readers into a beautiful artistic conception. "Speechlessly, I go up to the west building alone, the moon is like a hook." , The lonely sycamore deep in the courtyard locks the clear autumn" (Li Yu's "Happy Meeting"), creating a desolate and beautiful artistic conception. "There is no trace of spring, no one knows, unless you ask for the oriole, no one can understand the hundreds of songs, because the wind flies by "Rose" (Huang Tingjian's "Qing Ping Le"), the author uses wonderful imagination to blend the feeling of cherishing spring and the meaning of seeking spring, and the artistic conception is extremely beautiful. Su Shi's "Butterfly Loves Flowers" "The flowers have faded and become red, green and apricots are small." When flying, people are surrounded by green water." The whole poem depicts the scenery of late spring, and contains the sentiment of spring in the beautiful artistic conception. Wang Yuyang once praised in "Flowers and Grass": "'The willows on the branches' are afraid of farming ( Liu Yong) The fate of love may not be overturned."
Su Shi's "Jiang Chengzi" "In the small window, we are dressing up, looking at each other speechlessly, only a thousand lines of tears."
The beauty of the characters' images and life are reproduced in this beautiful artistic conception, as clear and real as if they were before our eyes. "It is expected that the heart will be broken every year, on a bright moonlit night, in the short pine hills." The desolate artistic conception makes people ecstasy and heartbroken.
The author uses beautiful language and beautiful images to create a beautiful artistic conception, making readers intoxicated with the enjoyment of beauty. Nalan Xingde's poems about nostalgia for relatives and singing about nature are fresh and graceful, high in style and far-reaching, full of sentiment and beauty. His "Long Acacia" "One journey through the mountains, another journey through the water, walking towards the bank of Yuguan...", in the description of the scenery outside the Great Wall, it reveals the sorrow of separation and the nostalgia, which is displayed in the blending of the scenes. A beautiful artistic conception.
Elegant words reflect life according to the laws of beauty. Writers use refined language, sincere feelings, and beautiful and moving artistic images to reflect social life with certain typical significance, and have created a large number of excellent works. They are colorful, colorful, colorful, and serve the people of our country. It is loved, passed down from generation to generation, and will last forever.
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Strictly observe the music and value the subtlety
The language is beautiful and fresh
The emotions are tortuous and true
It had a great influence on the poetry world at that time and in later generations
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Representatives of the graceful school: Liu Yong, Qin Guan, and Li Qing
Introduction to bold Ci:
One of the two major schools of Song Ci. Because the themes, styles, tones, and creative techniques of their lyrics are very different from those of the Wanyue School, they are called "foreign troops", "different sects", and "different schools" by lyricists who regard the Wanyue School as orthodox. The representative poets are Su Shi, Xin Qiji, etc.
The formation and development of the Bold Sect can be divided into four stages. Fan Zhongyan wrote "The Proud Fisherman: The Scenery is Different in Autumn at the Fortress", which was the forerunner of bold and unrestrained poetry, and can be called the preparatory stage. Su Shi strongly advocated writing Zhuang poems and wanted to compete with Liu Yong and Cao Yuanchong. From this, the Bold and Unconstrained School entered the second stage, that is, the foundation stage. At that time, only one-tenth of the people studied Su Ci, and seventy-eight out of ten people studied Cao Liu, but the bold and unconstrained Ci School originated here after all. Wang Zhuo, a lyricist in the Southern Song Dynasty, said that Su Shi's lyrics "pointed out the way to heaven and new eyes and ears in the world, so that the author knew how to revive himself." Zhang Yan's "Etymology" contrasted "bold Ci" with "elegant Ci". Shen Yifu's "Yuefu Zhimi" said: "Modern lyricists did not know the rhythm, so they used bold and uninhibited language, so they blamed themselves on the sages of Dongpo and Jiaxuan." All the above points can confirm this statement. After Su Shi, through the biography of He Zhu and the Jingkang Incident, the Haofang Ci School developed rapidly and became a masterpiece. This is the third stage, the peak stage. In addition to Xin Qiji, the bold lyricist leader, this period also produced a large number of outstanding poets such as Li Gang, Chen Yuyi, Ye Mengde, Zhu Dunru, Zhang Yuanqian, Zhang Xiaoxiang, Lu You, Chen Liang, Liu Guo, etc. They comforted each other and formed a powerful lineup with their heroic words of patriotic restoration, dominating the entire poetry world. The fourth stage is the continuation stage, represented by poets such as Liu Kezhuang, Huang Ji, Dai Fuxu, Liu Chenweng, etc. They inherited Xin Qiji's style of poetry, and their poems were still majestic. However, due to the decline of the Southern Song Dynasty and the hopelessness of recovery, the popularity of elegant poetry, the gradual decline of the poetry world, and the preference of bold and bold poets for rough and straight poetry. Rough and noisy, or returning to elegance, and gradually becoming more sad and gray, this was the common trend of all the bold poets at that time.
The Bold and Bold style of poetry is characterized by a broad range of themes. It not only describes flowers, under the moon, male love, and female love. Moreover, he prefers to incorporate major themes such as military affairs and national affairs into his poems so that his poems can reflect life like poetry. As the saying goes, "nothing is off limits, and nothing is off limits." It has a grand realm, grand momentum, informal rules, wild willfulness, advocating straightforwardness, and is not able to be subtle and melodious. Poetry commentators commented on Su Shi's poems as "outstanding", "moves forward" and "the book carries the spirit of the sea", and commented on Xin Qiji's "generous and horizontal" and "incomparable", which can be moved to boldness. group. There are few factions within the Bold Faction, and there are only three stages of subdivisions: the Su Faction, the Xin Faction, and the Shouting Faction. Although their style is generally called bold and unrestrained, the styles of each poet also have slight differences: Su's poetry is clear and unrestrained, Xin's poetry is heroic and unrestrained. Some of the bold and unrestrained poetry in the late Southern Song Dynasty are extensive. The bold and unrestrained poets of the Qing Dynasty, such as Chen Weisong, also often contain heroic poetry. He is known for his roughness and arrogance. Because haofang poets like to use allusions, pursue dispersion, and discuss too much, some haofang poems have shortcomings such as weak charm, obscure meaning, unclear image, and lack of precise meter. These are also undeniable.
Although the bold style is based on boldness, there are also elegant and graceful works. This is true for unknown families and famous artists. Su's poems "Congratulations to the Bridegroom, Breast Swallows Flying into the Flowery House", "Water Dragon Sings Like Flowers but Not Flowers", Xin's poems "Pink Butterflies, Yesterday's Spring", "Sapphire Case, East Wind Blows at Night", etc. are all famous poems that are comparable to graceful poems.
The Bold Ci
The Bold Ci was pioneered by Su Shi in the Northern Song Dynasty
It was developed by Xin Qiji in the Southern Song Dynasty and pushed to its peak
Breaking the boundaries of Yanke Ci Barrier
Speak freely and express your feelings
The style is bold and unrestrained
The artistic conception is majestic and broad
The language is fluent and smooth
It is a major school of poetry
Representative figures: Su Shi and Xin Qiji