I. Stylistic knowledge
Literary genres include ancient stylistic common sense and modern stylistic common sense.
Ancient prose: it can be roughly divided into verse, parallel prose and prose, including historical biography. Rhyme is a rhyming style, including poems, words, poems and inscriptions. Prose, including historical biographies, argumentative essays, essays, practical essays, etc. Parallel prose is a style between poetry and prose. Let's focus on it.
1, ancient poetry, modern poetry
People in the Tang Dynasty called metrical poems and quatrains popular in the Tang Dynasty modern poems, while poems with loose metrical and free form before the Tang Dynasty were called ancient poems. Now metrical poems and quatrains are generally called modern poems, while others are collectively called ancient poems. There are four words, five words, seven words and miscellaneous words in ancient poetry. The Book of Songs and Yuefu are also ancient poems. Modern poetry can be divided into metrical poems and quatrains, and there are also five words and seven words. There are eight sentences in Rhyme * * *, which are divided into four parts: one or two sentences are head couplet, three or four sentences are parallel couplet, five or six sentences are neck couplet, seven or eight sentences are tail couplet, and even sentences are flat couplet. Pay attention to the antithesis of the upper and lower sentences in the middle two couplets. The metrical requirements of quatrains are generally the same as those of metrical poems, but the antithesis requirements of the upper and lower sentences are not very strict.
2. Ci, Fu and Parallel Prose
Ci is Chu Ci, which belongs to poetry. Long and short sentences, uneven sentence patterns, free form, commonly used the word "Xi", mainly lyrical, with a strong romantic color, represented by Qu Yuan's Li Sao.
Fu, which originated in the late Warring States period, is a style between poetry and prose. Generally speaking, its rhyme is neat and prose sentences are mixed. The representative figure is Sima Xiangru.
Parallel prose originated in Han and Wei Dynasties and was formed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The whole article is basically composed of antithetical sentences, paying attention to the use of allusions and flowery rhetoric. Because four sentences and six sentences are often used, it is also called "four-six-character prose", which is also a style between poetry and prose. "To Zhu Shu" and "A Fu" are such styles.
3. Words and songs
Ci originated in the Southern Dynasties, formed in the Tang Dynasty and prevailed in the Song Dynasty. It is the development of poetry, so it is called "poetry surplus". It has various aphorisms, and each aphorism has its own fixed format, including the number of words and sentences, as well as the rhyme of flat and even words. Its sentence patterns vary in length, also known as long and short sentences. According to the number of words, it can be divided into long tones (above 9 1 word), middle tones (59 to 90 words) and short tones (below 58 words).
Qu was popular in the Yuan Dynasty, so it was called "Yuanqu", and it was also a poem with music. Including Sanqu and Zaju. Sanqu is a oratorio, while Zaju is a performance. Sanqu can be divided into two categories: poetry and divertimento, in which poetry consists of one song and divertimento is also called divertimento, which consists of many songs. Zaju has a complete storyline, and its structure is four folds (equivalent to four acts) plus a wedge (prologue), which is composed of subject (action description of characters and stage effect) and object (dialogue and monologue, etc.). ) and lyrics, the roles are Dan (female role), Mei (male role), Jing (painted face), Wai (old man) and Ugly. There are qupai in the song, which stipulates the fixed format of its word number, sentence number, level tone and rhyme. Gongdiao indicates the volume of the tune.
4. Shi Wenchuan
It belongs to historical prose, including chronological style (such as Zuo Zhuan and Zi Tongzhi Jian), national style (such as Guoyu and Warring States Policy), biographical style (such as Historical Records, Hanshu and Twenty-four History) and chronological style (such as Hanshu and Houhanshu).
5. About the text
Ancient argumentative essays developed from the quotations of various schools, and formed several kinds in the process of development: "on" discussing things; "Say" and apply for the truth.
6. Miscellaneous notes
Travel notes including places of interest and scenery. Miscellaneous notes on painting and calligraphy, miscellaneous notes on personnel. Miscellaneous notes cover a wide range, and some topics have the word "Ji". Historical events, anecdotes, scientific materials, textual research and other articles are included.
7. Practical writing
Including recitation, epitaph, eulogy and gift order.
Modern style: Modern style mainly refers to novels, poems, essays, dramas, reportage, children's literature, folk literature and essays. In addition, there are practical essays, including narrative essays, expository essays, argumentative essays and practical essays.
Classification of Knowledge Points of Chinese Style in Junior Middle School (2)
Kaodian training
[perspective of test sites]
The content covers a wide range. 1. Stylistic knowledge: common sense such as narrative writing (elements, person, order, center and details), expository writing (objects, features, order and methods), argumentative writing (arguments, arguments and arguments) and practicality (letters, telegrams, rules, plans and summaries). Second, literary common sense: the important writers and works involved in the basic course, as well as the common sense of novels, essays, poems and plays, as well as the main cultural knowledge explained in textbooks and some cultural common sense often used in daily life.
[senior high school entrance examination connection]
1. (Xining 20 17) One of the following contents is ().
Nicholas ostrovsky, the author of How Steel was Tempered, was blind and paralyzed when writing this book. He spent three years writing this book on his deathbed.
As one of China's four classical masterpieces, The Water Margin is a long-chapter vernacular novel with the theme of Sung River Uprising in the late Northern Song Dynasty. The novel has created a large number of vivid characters such as Lu, Yu, Wu Yong, Wei Yan and Lin Chong.
C "Broken Warrior" is the name of the epigraph in "Broken Warrior's Gift to Zhuang Ci from Chen Tongfu", and "Gift to Zhuang Ci from Chen Tongfu" is the title of this word. The authors Xin Qiji and Su Shi are both representatives of bold poets in China Song Dynasty.
D. Ming, this ancient writing carved on a vessel to warn yourself or state achievements, later became a style. This style generally rhymes. Liu Yuxi's Humble Room Ming, which we studied, belongs to this style.
Answer: b
Analysis: This question mainly examines Qu Heming's knowledge, and candidates can answer as long as they are familiar with the relevant knowledge of these two styles.
[Promotion training]
1.(20 17 Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province) Among the following literary and cultural common sense, the correct statement is ().
A Historical Records is the first chronological general history of China compiled by Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty, with 30 biographies, books and tables/kloc-0. This book was called by Lu Xun as "the historian's swan song, without rhyme".
Shakespeare was a great English playwright, poet and master of European humanistic literature during the Renaissance. His four tragedies are Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, King Lear and Macbeth.
C Lao She, formerly known as Shu Qingchun, is a modern writer and dramatist, and is known as the "people's artist". His works include the novel Camel Xiangzi, A Family of Four Generations, and the drama Teahouse and Longxugou.
D among all kinds of terms about friendship, the friendship between Jin Lan refers to friends who are close to each other and close as brothers, the friendship between bamboo and horses refers to friends who grew up together, and the friendship between cloth and clothes refers to friends who communicate as civilians.
Test sites: literary common sense, stylistic knowledge.
Analysis: This question examines literary common sense. When answering, you need to read the questions carefully, review what you have learned and complete your choice.
A. Historical Records is the first biographical general history in China, compiled by Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty;
2. (Jingzhou 20 17) The following statement about literary common sense is wrong ()
A. As a literary style, poetry emphasizes lyricism. From the way of expression, it can be divided into narrative poems and lyric poems.
B. Prose is a literary style, describing what you see and expressing your feelings. Also known as "essays", "essays" and "essays".
C. The novel pays attention to the narrative plot and reflects social life through characterization and environmental description.
D. The drama unfolds the plot and depicts the characters through contradictions and conflicts, often taking contradictions and conflicts as the main clue of plot development.
C (The correct answer to item C should be "The novel focuses on shaping characters and reflecting social life through narrative plot and environmental description")
3. (Huanggang City 20 17) About the knowledge of famous books and common sense of literature and culture, one of the following statements is ().
A "Stars" and "Spring Water" are poetry collections created by modern female writer Bing Xin. The work imitates the Indian poet Tagore's Birds, and the writer's feelings and memories.
B in the water margin, sung river was sentenced to death by the government for killing Yan Poxi by anger, and was rescued by Liangshan heroes headed by Chao Gai in jiangzhou execution ground, and finally went to Liangshan.
D The Book of Songs is China's first collection of poems and the earliest and most important source of China's poems. After the Han Dynasty, it was honored as a Confucian classic. The works are divided into three parts: style, elegance and praise, and commonly used techniques such as fu, comparison and xing.
Answer: b
[Original Special Training]
1. About culture, literary knowledge and masterpieces, one of the following statements is ().
A. In ancient China, the imperial examination system was implemented, and provincial examinations were held every three years. The first place in the provincial examination is "Xie Yuan", and the second to tenth place is "Yayuan".
B. Stars and Spring Water were written by Bing Xin under the influence of Tagore.
C Hugo, a French writer, whose masterpieces include Notre Dame de Paris and Les Miserables.
D Mulan Poetry is selected from Yuefu Poetry edited by Guo Maoqian in Song Dynasty, which is a famous Yuefu song in Han Dynasty.
A: D (Mulan Poetry) is selected from Yuefu Poems edited by Guo Maoqian in the Song Dynasty, and it is a Yuefu folk song in the North during the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
2. The following statement about stylistic common sense, the wrong one is ()
A. Ci originated in the Southern Dynasties, formed in the Tang Dynasty and prevailed in the Song Dynasty. It is the development of poetry, so it is called "poetry surplus".
B. The three elements of the novel refer to: the characters, the plot and the environment.
C the main features of poetry are concentration, conciseness and musicality.
D. Sanqu is a popular new poetic style in the Song Dynasty, which can be divided into two types: set poems and poems.
Answer: d