Han Fei was an outstanding representative of Legalists in the Warring States Period. His magical thought has a far-reaching influence on later generations and is of progressive significance, but his view of women is undoubtedly undesirable. What does he think is the full value of women? Color? , the woman as a femme fatale, and in? Lee? Under the guise of advocating male superiority and female inferiority.
Keywords: Han Fei; Female; Color; Disaster; Male domination and female subordination
Han Fei is a master of legalism in the pre-Qin period, and he combines legalism, technique and situation in one furnace. Form your own complete ideological system. Since the Western Han Dynasty, the feudal ruling class in China has implemented? External Confucianism and internal law? Or? Yang Confucianism yin method? This policy made legalist thought play an important role in feudal society. Later generations pay more attention to Han Fei's magical thoughts when studying him. Due to lack of information, his love life is almost ignored. But through the interpretation of Han Feizi, we can see Han Feizi's attitude towards women. Han Fei mentioned women many times in his book, and most of his arguments are supported by arguments related to women. In these examples, women appear as a positive image only once, which is the discussion in Ten Biographies? It's a peerless trend to be rude in primary schools without remonstrating with ministers. An example of Cao Jun's subjugation at that time. After the death of Zhong Er, the son of the Jin Dynasty, the monarch of Cao looked at him naked, which was extremely rude. Being detained by courtiers, I am embarrassed to see Kim's son. I predict that the Cao guild will be burned to death and the subjects will be hurt, but there is nothing I can do. His wife advised him to avoid disaster. In this incident, his wife showed many virtues such as politeness, understanding and wisdom. In addition, Han Fei's examples involving women hold a negative attitude towards women. He believes that the value of a woman lies in her appearance, while beauty is dangerous and women are a disaster; In order to guard against women, all rights, including family rights, should be concentrated in men's hands.
First, eating color is good, and beauty is golden.
The Book of Songs, China's first collection of poems, reflects human appreciation and respect for female beauty. The opening of The Book of Songs? My Fair Lady, Gentleman? Affirm the beauty and status of women. Feng Wei? The Tough Guy describes the natural beauty and modal beauty of women in detail. Soft, skin solidified, neck like a salamander, teeth like a rhinoceros, and a cicada's head like a moth eyebrow. Smile and expect. ? Nan Zhou? Peach sky? Peach blossom every day, burning its brilliance? Compare the girl who is about to get married to the pink peach blossom in spring. Zheng Feng? A lesbian car? There is a lesbian car, Yan Rushunhua is beautiful and beautiful, and the German voice is not forgotten? Use hibiscus flowers to compare the beauty of women and affirm the virtue of women. Women not only have natural beauty, modal beauty, but also moral beauty. This poem pays great attention to praising the gorgeous and exciting beauty of women. But what is beauty in Han Fei's eyes? Color? ,? Color? Became the whole meaning of their existence.
"sophisticated"? The girl is colored, and the minister is around. If you don't have a job, choose a house to collect and choose a field to eat. ? "prepare" cloud:? The husband is still lustful at fifty, and the beauty of the woman is declining at thirty. If you treat a lecherous husband with a beautiful woman, you will be ashamed, but you will not be suspicious. ? It can be seen from here that Han Fei will? Color? The values of all women. When a woman is young and beautiful, men will love her and show kindness to her family. Once old and withered, it will be like yesterday's yellow flowers, which can be discarded at will, and even its own son will be implicated. The value of a woman lies in her beauty. Color? The husband has become the whole relationship between men and women, and there is no love between husband and wife. The initiative is in the hands of men, who decide the value of women and whether to stay or not. They are the relationship between domination and domination. "foreign reserves say left" records:? Cai's daughter is the wife of Huan Gong, who is in the same boat with her. Mrs. Wang rowed a boat, and Huan Gong was afraid, but he was angry if he was forbidden. So he was summoned again, and because he got married again, Huan Gong was furious and wanted to attack Cai. ? Just because of his wife's little joke, he drove his wife back to her family; The wife went home to remarry, which greatly hurt the man's self-esteem. To save face, she will go to war. Han Fei used this example to illustrate? The husband is responsible, and the one who does his own thing is responsible. Duke Huan destroyed Cai. Han Fei thinks it's natural for women to disobey their husbands, just reminding men to be smart. What about women? Color? Master? Mencius said:? Respect must be done, and there is nothing against the host. He who takes obedience as the right path is also a concubine. ? ("Mencius? As women, we should try our best to please men. At this point, Han Fei and Confucianism have reached a * * * understanding. Men naturally have wives and concubines in groups, three palaces and six hospitals; Can a man feel at ease when he steals jade for sex? Entertain its color? . Women don't even have the right to be jealous, because this is one of the seven rules. There is no true love between husband and wife, and women have no choice but to be timid and tread on thin ice.
Everyone has a love of beauty. ? Food, color and sex? ("Mencius? The instinct of human nature, men and women are no exception. But in Han Fei's view, women are absolutely excluded, and they are in an unequal position. He just affirmed the instinct of men, and women were just a device used by the king to decorate the harem, fill the hall and make people happy. What they like is beautiful appearance, not the shining light that makes the human body transparent, that is, women are more important than beauty. Han Fei is not sure about women's intelligence. Li's wife put forward a far-sighted strategy to save her life. Han Fei said nothing to his wife in the post-evaluation, but attributed the credit to men. So is the use of this talent. ? Therefore, it is reasonable for the old woman Huang to be abandoned. Being a woman, often? (On the Forest). What makes a woman different from other playthings is that she can talk. Women have a long tongue, the rank of Wei Li? ("Xiaoya? Sang Rou "). A man? Your wife, who loves an obedient child, will be lustful. ("Eight Rapes"), then, for their own interests, men should? Entertain its color instead of flattering it, and don't make it personal? (Eight Traitors), their inner feelings and words are completely ignored. Because women have no room to display their talents, or even if they show their talents, they can't be affirmed, so women can only rely on color and appearance as their capital attached to men to judge the value of men. However, beautiful appearance is not unattractive, but if you stay here without spiritual connotation, it is low-level. As democritus, an ancient Greek philosopher, said: The beauty of the body, if not combined with intelligence, is an animal thing. Inner beauty and spiritual beauty should be more precious and valued than physical beauty. At the same time? Persuade people with color? New ideas hinder women's own development, making women only expect to pamper themselves with their own beauty, ignoring other aspects of promotion, and their intelligence can not be fully exerted. So, does Han Fei measure the value of women? Color? Putting it in the first place and ignoring others will undoubtedly greatly reduce the quality and social status of women.
Second, beauty is easy to confuse, and the country is ruined.
What is the value of a woman? Color? It's beautiful to sink fish and fall wild goose and close the moon and feel ashamed of flowers. However,? Five-color blindness and five-tone deafness? (Chapter 12 of Laozi), men are addicted to womanhood, arrogant and extravagant, which leads to playthings being discouraged. Bring disaster to the country and the people. So Han Fei thinks that women are a disaster, involving all aspects. ? Li Man has bright eyes and white teeth, pleading and donating sperm? ["Yangmen"], being close to women is harmful to the body, and women are wrong; ? If the husband believes in his wife, then the traitor has to marry a wife to be private? ("prepared inside"), doting on women will make them used by others, interfere in state affairs, and women will miss the country; ? On the sixth day of the sixth lunar month, is it a disaster of national subjugation to indulge in women's music and ignore national politics? ("Ten Years"), obsessed with women, monarchs ignore state affairs, and women perish.
Han Feizi was called the book of emperors by later generations. He stood on the position of the emperor and made suggestions for consolidating the imperial power. In "Eight Traitors", he pointed out the reasons why the minister became a traitor and the monarch was cheated and lost everything he had. Which one is listed as? Eight rapes? The first is beauty. ? There are eight ways for a traitor to become a traitor: one day in the same bed. Sleep together? Refers to the beauty favored by the monarch. who the hell are all these people？ What is the master's confusion? . ? Believe in your face, when you are drunk, you can have whatever you want. This is a skill that you must listen to. ? They surrounded the monarch with their own beauty and made demands when the monarch indulged in enjoyment. The monarch was confused, did not think, and obeyed. ? The minister is a treasure in domestic affairs. Confuse its owner? In order to achieve their own goals, some powerful ministers and traitors bought them with gold and silver treasures to confuse the monarch and realize their own intentions. In the end, the monarch lost power and even died. In the complicated political struggle, women are used as tools, but Han Fei attributed the crux to women.
? Sleep together? Be listed as? What people and ministers do becomes traitors? The first of the eight techniques, women are regarded by Han Fei as the chief culprit of national subjugation. This kind of thinking is exactly in the patriarchal culture? The theory of daughter country subjugation? Specific performance. There is a typical example in Shuo Nan, which was quoted in Sima Qian's Historical Records. ? If you want to kill Hu, you will entertain your wife Hu Jun first. ? Emperor Wu of Jin wanted to attack Hu, but he married his daughter to Hu's monarch. Why? Women can make Hu's monarch happy, relax his vigilance and neglect his political affairs. So the people of Zheng attacked Hu and seized its land. Han Fei believes that the root cause of this series of events is that Hu's monarch married his daughter, but fell in love with beauty and could not see the trap. It seems that without this woman, the king would not have died. In fact, national subjugation is actually the fault of the king. It was the debauchery and decay of the king that led to the demise of the dynasty. Mr. Lu Xun once said: I never believed that Zhao Jun could protect Han when he left the village, and Mulan could protect Sui when she joined the army. I don't believe that in the Tang Dynasty, da ji died in Yin, his teacher died in Wu, and there was chaos. I thought that in a patriarchal society, women would never have such great power, and the responsibility for rise and fall should be borne by men. ? For thousands of years, I don't know how many women have sacrificed their personal happiness for this, but they are still being accused and will never turn over. Blaming men's mistakes and guilt on women became the emperor's shield to shirk responsibility and cover up incompetence. Women can't bear the disaster of beauty.
Women can not only die indirectly, but also die directly. Qi Zhuanggong coveted the beauty of Cui Qi's wife and went to Cui Shi's room many times. As a result, Duke Zhuang died by the sword of Cui Zi's followers. Han Fei described the king's misfortune in a sad tone. Think beauty is the trigger of this matter. Han Fei didn't see that Zhuang Gong's debauchery led to his death, and turned a blind eye to Cui Yi's wife's misfortune. Beauty became her guilt.
Han Feizi further elaborated his views in Zheng Wu. ? The prince has been placed. If he marries a strong enemy and thinks he is his wife, the prince will be in danger. If so, the princes who are easy to worry about can die. Men and women listen to what they say, and they like to use their wisdom. Those who grieve outside and grieve inside and commit several illegal acts can all die. Regardless of the interests of the country, obey the orders of mistress, women use the country, and what is punished can die. ? In Han Fei's works, women are worse than a scourge. Women confuse the audience, are jealous and heartless, and are short-sighted in calculation. Governing the country by family, a country is not a country unless women are suppressed.
? Disaster? This article comes from the legend of the flying swallow in Hanshu, and records that Zhao Han Yan Fei's sister is virtuous and beautiful. Called into the palace. The next day, Dr. Nao Fong-sung spat: this disaster is also going to be put out! ? But? The idea of a femme fatale has been shown in the Spring and Autumn Period. Like Confucius? It's hard to raise a woman but a villain. If they are close, they will feel inferior. If they are far away, they will complain. (Confucius? Yang Huo), women and villains are in the same column. Han Fei was born in a vassal's family and served in the imperial court. He saw many aristocratic women trying their best to compete for favor, but he didn't have much affection for women. As a student of Xun Qing, a master of Confucianism, Han Fei is inevitably influenced by Confucianism in this respect. Xunzi once said in Xie Quan? Jie Yu is obsessed with her sister's view of happiness, but she doesn't know Guan Longfeng, so she confuses her heart and her behavior. I was buried in Feilian, da ji, but I didn't know anything about it, so I lost my mind. Why is the land of Jiumu lost and the country of Zongmiao empty? . He thinks that elder sister and da ji confused Jie and Zhou, which led to the demise of Xia and Shang. This is a typical theory of femme fatale. In this respect, Han Fei and his teacher are in the same strain. See women as a disaster. Playthings are the product of male chauvinism, which is extremely unfair to women.
Third,? Lee? I take the lead, men are superior to women.
Han Fei absorbed the fame and fortune thought of early legalists and put forward? Where is the benefit, and the people return it? ("Foreign reserves say left"), it is believed that everyone likes and dislikes, and the people benefit from it. People live in the real society. When they are cold, they need clothes; When they are hungry, they need food. Material benefits are real things. In order to survive, we must pursue material benefits. The article "Wu Zhu" pointed out that in ancient times, the population was small, the wealth was surplus, and the people did not dispute; Now, on the contrary, ordinary people have little money and goods. They work hard to feed the poor, so there will be competition between people. Han Fei saw the development of society and the interest relationship between people. So what? Morality in ancient times, wisdom in the middle ages, and strength now? . Since the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period, iron tools have been used in farming and gradually popularized, which greatly promoted the development of agriculture. Men become the main producers of agriculture and the mainstay of family economy. The economic base determines the superstructure. In the era of extreme utilitarianism, male power expands, and women are regarded as vassals of men.
Children are the same as parents, but women have no place in the patriarchal clan system. "Six antis" cloud:? Parents congratulate each other when they give birth to their children, and kill them when they give birth to women. This is out of parents' concern, but men congratulate them. People who are killed by women care about the future, and long-term interests count. ? The reason is that men can get married and provide for the elderly; Women's universities do not stay in China, which is of little use to families. The affection of parents and children whose blood is thicker than water is negligible in front of interests. One congratulation and one killing fully shows the concept that men are superior to women under interests, and the word "benefit" comes first, which discriminates against women. Book of rites? There is a saying in "Special Sacrifice in the Suburb". Out of the gate, handsome men and women follow, and the meaning of husband and wife begins. ? "Yili? Mourning biography Husband, wife's day is also. ? It is believed that the husband is everything to the wife, and the husband is in charge of everything to the wife, and the wife lives within the scope of her husband's activities. Zhuangzi thinks? Men come first, women come first, men come first, women come first, and men are honored. What about a trip to heaven and earth? ("Zhuangzi? Heaven "). All these show that in feudal society, the patriarchal ethics is very mature, and it is natural that men are superior to women. When I got to Han Fei, I made it more clear. "loyalty and filial piety" said: I serve the monarch, my son serves my father and my wife serves my husband. The rule of the world is the rule of the three, and the chaos of the world is the rule of the world. ? Did he make it clear? Wife and husband? And think that this will always be inviolable, linking gender inferiority with politics and extending the law of governing the country to the family. Han Fei believes that the power of the husband should occupy an absolute position in the family and the husband should be the only one. Yangquan zai: home is expensive, but things are useless. The husband and wife are in power and the children are at a loss. ? If the husband and wife are in the same position, both of them are in charge of housework, and the children don't know what to listen to. A husband's rights cannot be borrowed. If you give your wife equal rights, she will not only be unfaithful, but also collude with servants, which will put her husband in danger of being shot by an arrow in the bath dog ("The Foreign Reserve says the upper right"). Therefore, in order to maintain the normal operation of the family, the wife must absolutely obey her husband, who has the supreme position in the family. A woman is only a vassal of her husband and has no dignity at all. ? There is no distinction between men and women, which means two masters. Can the two masters die? (Zheng Wu) The idea that men are superior to women is linked with the ruling class and has become an important part of the feudal ideology. It is based on this concept that Han Fei theoretically determines the low status of women.
In order to fulfill her responsibilities, when necessary, the wife becomes a victim of men's pursuit of fame and fortune. Han Fei said in "The Foreign Reserve Says the Right Top"? There is a reason for the poor operation. So what? What is this? It is that some people are unwilling to sacrifice what they love and are unwilling to pay the price. Then, in order to develop art, Han Fei thinks that sacrifice is necessary, and he takes Wuqi as a positive example. Chi WU's wife knitted a ribbon shorter than he asked. He took his wife home on the pretext of breaking his word. ? Woods, who is dharma? It is also a law. If you want to make contributions by riding thousands of horses, you must first practice the way of wives and concubines, and then do it. ? A word from his wife's brother completely dispelled his wife's hope of going back, and also revealed the real purpose of Wu Qi's divorce. Wuqi used his wife as a prop to carry out political reform, and? If you don't kill the dog, the wine will be sour? Dogs are also a class, and the status of wives can be seen.
The status of the wife is still the same, and the dignity of the concubine is not worth mentioning. In Han Fei's eyes, if the master and the concubine don't wait, there will be danger. ("Love Minister"), what is the danger of the country with a concubine who chooses his wife? ("say doubt"). And borrow Zhou Ji's words:? I don't respect my concubine and despise my wife, and I respect my twigs without evil. ? Yu Ji is just a plaything and a good gift to enhance relations between the two countries. Women with humble status are divided into three or six grades, which leads to the fact that in the long feudal society, women cannot realize their humble status and agree with the fate arranged by men.
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Han Fei's works provide many ideas for the maturity of China's feudal social system, and Han Feizi has also become an important historical material for us to study the pre-Qin culture and even the traditional culture of China. As a disciple of Xunzi, Han Fei's view of women not only inherits the negative aspects of Confucianism, but also strengthens the discrimination against women and the concept that men are superior to women, which can not be ignored.