Hugo was born in Sang Song, Dushanbe, in eastern France, near Switzerland. His father was a general under Napoleon. When Hugo was a child, he was stationed in Spain with his father. At the age of 65,438+00, he went back to Paris to study and graduated from high school to study law school. However, his interest is writing. 15 years old won the prize of the French Academy Poetry Competition, and 17 years old won the first prize of "Hundred Flowers Poetry Competition". Later, he was disappointed with the Bourbon Dynasty and the July Dynasty and became a pacifist. He also wrote many poems, plays and plays. Write a large number of novels with distinctive features and carry out their ideas.
184 1 was elected as an academician of the French Academy; 1845 Member of the House of Lords; 1848, after the February revolution, served as the representative of the Republic of China; 185 1 year, Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte proclaimed himself emperor; Hugo rose up and was forced into exile; During his exile, he wrote the following.
1878 After the revolution overthrew Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte, he returned to Paris. Hugo's life works cover almost all fields of literature. Critics believe that his creative ideas are closest to modern ideas. After his death, France mourned and was buried in the "Pantheon" where French celebrities gathered to commemorate cards.
Hugo's most legendary romantic story in France is that he met the 26-year-old actress Juliet Derouet at the age of 30 and fell in love with her. No matter whether they were together or apart, Hugo wrote her a love letter every day until she died at the age of 75. In the past 50 years, Hugo wrote nearly 20,000 letters without interruption.
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works
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drama
/kloc-Cromwell's poem script published in 0/827. The "preface" of the script is considered as the declaration of the French romantic drama movement and an extremely important literary work of Hugo.
Ernane (Agni) 1830, its premiere is a symbol of the complete victory of French romanticism over classicism.
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novel
Notre Dame de Paris (183 1) is a famous novel of Hugo and a representative of romantic novels. Quasimodo, the two characters in the novel, contrasts with Claude, the vice bishop. The former is ugly in appearance, but pure and kind in heart. The latter is hypocritical. The heroine Esmeralda is the embodiment of beauty.
The novel Smiling Man, published in 1869, has the same beauty and ugliness as Notre Dame de Paris. The protagonist Gwen Alvin was born in a noble family, but when she was a child, she was disfigured by intrigue in the court. Later, it was adopted by the folk artist Xiong. So Gwen Alvin is the son of the people. Later, the novel turned around, and Gwen Alvin's fate fluctuated greatly. But because of the death of her lover "Goddess" (transliteration "Judy"), she was completely desperate and threw herself into the river. The creation of The Smiling Man marks the author's great step towards realism.
Marine labor
Les Miserables lasted more than 30 years, from 1828 to 1845, and Hugo finally finished writing a complete book until 186 1. It is a literary masterpiece that best embodies Hugo's literary techniques and thoughts. In the novel, Hugo describes the deep suffering of the lower class. And through the experience of the protagonist Jean Valjean, Hugo's compassionate thought is expressed.
93 is Hugo's last novel. The two opposing characters in the novel, Guo Wen, a revolutionary, and Marquis Landnak, a royalist, are another contrast between good and evil in Hugo's works. Guo Wen saved three children by missing the Marquis Rantenak alive, but he did not hesitate to put himself on the guillotine and let the enemy leader go. This arrangement can best reflect Hugo's belief in compassion and pure conscience.
1793 was the horrible era of the French Revolution, and the complicated class struggle was extremely fierce. In the novel "Jiu San", Hugo painted a real and vivid historical picture of bourgeois revolution with profound social and historical vision and majestic charm. The thrilling plot, sharp conflicts, majestic momentum and strong colors in the book make this book an immortal masterpiece.
"93" takes * * * and the army that put down the rebellion of Wang Dai as the main line, and expresses the author's humanitarian ideal by depicting three main characters. 1793 After the French feudal dynasty was overthrown, former Marquis Lantenac called thousands of peasants to revolt in Wangdai Town. The League of Nations sent Father Simmerden to a counter-insurgency unit of Daiwang as a political commissar. Guo Wen, the young commander of this Peace Corps, is a humanist endowed with beautiful ideals by the author. Later, Lantenac was besieged. He took the three children he kidnapped as hostages and demanded freedom, which was flatly rejected by Guo Wen. By accident, Lantenac was able to escape. When he saw the tragic situation of three children trapped in the fire, human nature asked him to come back to save the children and voluntarily fell into the hands of * * * and the army. Lantenac's humanitarian spirit shocked Guo Wen. After a fierce ideological struggle, let him go and take full responsibility. As a teacher of Guo Wen, Simurden regarded Guo Wen as his own. He understood Guo Wen's humanitarian impulse to release Lantenac, but the iron discipline of the League of Nations and his strong will to implement revolutionary discipline overwhelmed personal feelings. Simurden finally ordered Guo Wen to be executed. At the moment when Guo Wen's head fell to the ground, he couldn't bear the heavy blow and shot himself.
This ups and downs and thrilling story embodies the author's humanitarian ideal and is considered as Hugo's self-summary of his lifelong humanitarian pursuit. This ideal of cultivating with blood and tears and paying homage with life contains the writer's profound reflection on the revolution and the revolutionary violence. Hugo supported and praised the revolution, and his humanitarian ideal was first embodied in affirming the revolution.
In Hugo's eyes, the bourgeois revolution rescued France from the slavery of feudal autocracy, which was a great victory of humanitarian principles. In "93", it angrily accused the inhumanity of feudal rule by retreating to the image of mark, mother and child. The sketch of Paris street view shows the incomparable joy brought by the revolution to the people.
At the same time, he also realized the important role and significance of revolutionary violence. Guo Wen said before he died: "Civilization has its plague, and this gale (revolution) cured it. Maybe gale didn't choose well enough. But is there any other way? In the face of the horror of the plague, I understand why the storm is so fierce. " Hugo believes that destroying feudal autocracy with bourgeois revolutionary violence is the bounden duty of revolution and the realization of human ideals, which is another important premise of his humanitarian thought. On this basis, Hugo made in-depth thinking and unremitting exploration on how to use revolutionary violence, which is commendable among European humanitarian writers in the19th century.
Siml Deng is a typical revolutionary created by the author. After he fulfilled his promise to the League of Nations and sentenced Guo Wen to death, he really felt the cruelty and ruthlessness of this law. His death, in addition to unbearable mental pain, also stems from the cruel and changeable confusion of reality: yesterday he was a comrade-in-arms of life and death, but today he ordered his death. Why does the revolution aim at comrades-in-arms while attacking the enemy? Hugo pointed out that Siml's tragedy lies in that "he has the accuracy as blind as a sword, only aiming at the target and flying in a straight line. Nothing in the revolution is more terrible than a straight line! "
Guo Wen paid more attention to Hugo's humanitarian thought. In the revolutionary struggle, he can not only devote himself to the revolution bravely, but also safeguard the humanitarian principle. However, when facing the return of Lantenac's humanity, he fell into a huge contradiction: to deal with a Lantenac who "redeemed his barbaric behavior with sacrifice", if the revolution "responded to this generous behavior with barbaric means", it would be the "weakness" of the revolution and the "devaluation" of the country. In the end, he chose to devote himself to humanitarianism, but Guo Wen's answer was not Hugo's answer. The author punished his mistake and sent him to the guillotine because he "forgot that France was betrayed to Britain and let the murderer of the motherland get away with it". Hugo also affirmed his thinking: Is it the only right thing to execute Lantenac after he gave his life for three children? Here, Hugo pointed out that violence is not everything. Revolution is not only to destroy the enemy physically, but more importantly to defeat the enemy spiritually and morally.
"On top of the absolutely correct revolution, there is absolutely correct humanitarianism". Hugo's humanitarianism is not against revolution and progress. It is not a baton above the revolutionary struggle. On the contrary, Hugo's humanitarianism is based on revolution, a reflection on the future of revolution and a sublimation of revolutionary significance. It is the historical necessity of the complete victory of the revolution and the continuous progress of society. This made Hugo far superior to those revolutionaries who were fanatical and superstitious about violence and humanitarians who opposed any violence at that time.
"On the absolutely correct revolution, there is absolutely correct humanism", which can be used as a key to interpret Hugo's thought, and he has become the pioneer of the growing western left-wing thought. Hugo advocates freedom of thought and speech and appreciates all social progress. His ideal is to end the struggle against evil with evil. He saw the endless suffering brought by the war to the people and hoped to establish a European Federation one day. Hugo's real role is to promote and influence the progress of the whole society through his literary works. The humanitarianism of modern western society originated from Rousseau, but it was Hugo who really carried it forward. For two hundred years, Hugo's humanitarian ideal has not disappeared, and the social development history of western society has indeed followed Hugo's ideal road step by step.
The widest ocean in the world, the sky wider than the ocean, and the human mind wider than the sky.
The future will belong to two kinds of people: those who think and those who work. In fact, these two kinds of people are the same kind of people, because thinking is also labor.
On top of the absolutely correct revolution, there is absolutely correct humanism.
People's wisdom holds three keys, one is to open numbers, the other is to open letters and the other is to open notes. Knowledge, thoughts and fantasies are all in it.
What the world lacks is perseverance, not strength.
What the world lacks is perseverance, not strength.
Boldness is the price of progress.
You should believe that you are a strong person in life.
The road to art is full of thorns, which is also a good thing. Ordinary people are timid, except those who are strong-willed
Whoever wastes his life, his youth will fade, and life will abandon them.
Laughter, like sunshine, drives away the winter on people's faces.
It is better to refuse frankly than to agree reluctantly.
It is the human heart that releases infinite light, and it is also the human heart that creates boundless darkness.
Books are tools to cultivate the mind.
People can only live by material things; One must have ideals to talk about life.
Where the steps cannot be reached, the eyes can reach them; Where the eyes cannot reach, the spirit can fly.
One more school can save a prison.
Life is a smile.
Man has two ears, one hears the voice of God and the other hears the voice of the devil.
I would rather rely on my own strength to explore the future than seek the favor of the powerful.
The first hunger of mankind is ignorance.
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About the author:
Victor hugo is the leader of the French Romantic Movement and one of the greatest writers in the history of French literature. His life almost spanned the whole19th century, and his literary career lasted for 60 years, with enduring creation. His romanticism
The novel is wonderful and moving, vigorous and powerful, and has permanent charm for readers.
Hugo 1802 was born in Shaoshangsong City in the south of France. My grandfather is a carpenter, and my father is an officer in the China army. He was awarded the rank of general by Joseph Bonaparte, the brother of King Napoleon of Spain, and was a close friend of the king.
Hugo was brilliant and began to write poems at the age of 9. /kloc-Reading Music written at the age of 0/5 won the French Academy Award; At the age of 20, the King of Louis Stanislas Xavier gave him an annuity to publish a collection of poems, Odes and Miscellaneous Poems.
1827, Hugo published the play Cromwell and its preface. Although the script failed to perform, the preface is
It is regarded as a declaration of French romanticism and an epoch-making document in the history of literature. It greatly promoted the development of French romantic literature.
From 65438 to 0830, Hugo's play Onani was staged in the Grand Theatre of the French Academy, which had a great influence and established the leading position of romanticism in French literature.
Onani tells the story of a robber from Spain, Onani, who rebelled against the king in the16th century. Hugo praised the robber's chivalry and aristocratic temperament, showing a strong anti-feudal tendency.
1830 In July, the "July Revolution" occurred in France, and the feudal restoration dynasty was overthrown. Hugo enthusiastically praised the revolution, the revolutionaries, and wrote poems to mourn the heroes who died in the street fighting.
Notre Dame de Paris, published in 183 1, is Hugo's most romantic novel. The plot of this novel is fantastic.
This tension is vivid, unpredictable, dramatic and legendary.
The story happened in the Middle Ages. On April Fool's Day, wandering gypsy artists performed songs and dances in the square. A gypsy girl named Esmeralda attracted passers-by. She dances beautifully.
At this moment, Claude frollo, the vice bishop of Notre Dame, suddenly fell in love with the beautiful Melada. His heart was burning with the fire of desire and he fell madly in love with her. So he ordered the church bell ringer, and ugly quasimodo took Esmeralda away. As a result, Fabi, the captain of the French king's bow and arrow, saved Esmeralda and captured quasimodo. He took the bell ringer to the square and whipped him, but the kind gypsy girl gave quasimodo water to drink.
The bell ringer is ugly in appearance, but pure and noble in heart. He was very grateful to Esmeralda and fell in love with her. Naive Esmeralda fell in love with Fabi at first sight. When they were dating, frollo followed them quietly. Out of jealousy, he stabbed Fabi with a knife and ran away. Hermes Rada was sentenced to death for murder. Quasimodo took Esmeralda out from under the gallows and hid it in Notre Dame. Frollo took the opportunity to threaten gypsy girls to satisfy his lust. After being rejected, he handed her over to the king's army and the innocent girl was hanged. Quasimodo angrily pushed frollo out of the church and fell.
Dead. He died holding Esmeralda's body.
The novel shows Hugo's strong hatred for the feudal government and the church, and also reflects his deep sympathy for the lower classes.
After the "July Revolution", France established the "July" ruled by the big bourgeoisie headed by the financier Louis Philippe.
Dynasty. "The July dynasty has been wooing Hugo. 184 1 year, Hugo was elected to the French Academy. 1845, Louis Philippe made him a French aristocrat and became a member of the French Academy. Hugo's enthusiasm for struggle in creation has weakened. 1843, he wrote a mysterious play "garrison officer", which was booed by the audience and failed. Hugo was silent for nearly 10 years without writing.
1848 In June, the people of Paris held a revolution, overthrew the July Dynasty and established the Republic of China. Hugo didn't understand the revolution at first, but when the big bourgeoisie plotted to destroy the Republic, Hugo became a staunch pacifist. 185 1 65438 In February, louis bonaparte staged a coup, and Hugo participated in the anti-coup uprising organized by * * * and party member. After louis bonaparte came to power, the Second Empire of France was established. He pursued a policy of terror and ruthlessly suppressed the rebels. Hugo was persecuted and had to go into exile.