Má raisá ndor (1900-1989) is a Hungarian-born American novelist, poet and playwright.
1April 900 1 1 day, Marai Sandor was born in Kauso, the northern part of the Hungarian Kingdom, with his original surname of "Gro schmid". 19 16, malloy began to publish his works. 1948, left Hungary and went into exile in Italy and the United States. /kloc-became an American citizen in 0/957. His major works are Peace in Ithaca and Human Voice.
1989 February 2 1 day, malloy ended his life with a bullet at his home in San Diego, USA. Later, he was posthumously awarded the Koschut Medal by the Hungarian government.
Chinese name: Marai Sandor.
Mbth: Maria Sando
Alias: Gro schmid Shan Duoer
Nationality: USA
Ethnic composition: Hungarian
Place of birth: Kauso, Kingdom of Hungary (now Kosice, Slovakia)
Date of birth:1April 900 1 1.
Date of death:1February 2, 9891.
Occupation: writer, journalist
Graduate school: Pazmany University.
Major achievements: Koschut medal.
Representative works: land, land! 》
Character experience
1April 900 1 1 day, Marai Sandor was born in Kausau, northern Hungary during the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Malloy's family, originally named "Gro schmid", is a local aristocratic family. At the end of 18, due to the social prestige of the family, the king gave them two noble titles-"malloy" and "Radwani". Malloy's mother, Lautkovsky Margit, is an intellectual woman who was a teacher before she got married. Father Gro schmid Gezo is a famous lawyer.
19 16, malloy published her first novel Lucrezia's Child under the pseudonym of salamon Argus. In the same year, the aristocratic appellation of "malloy" family began to be used.
1918/kloc-0 in June, 2008, malloy was drafted into the army, but he was not admitted because of his weak health. Shortly after the outbreak of World War I, malloy moved to Budapest according to his father's wishes, and studied in the law department of Pazmany University. But a year later, he transferred to the humanities department, published articles in newspapers and periodicals one after another, and published the first book of poetry, Memories.
19 18 After World War I, Budapest was plunged into a revolutionary storm and a counter-revolutionary massacre. Malloy decided to study in the west in order to stay away from the bloodshed and escape from his family completely.
19191kloc-0/0 in October, malloy went to Leipzig, Frankfurt and Berlin and realized his dream of being a journalist. At the age of 20, he became a columnist of Frankfurt Daily with famous writers such as thomas mann, Heinrich Mann and Theodor Adorno. At the same time, he also contributed to newspapers in Prague, Budapest and Kauso.
192 1 year, malloy's second collection of poems, The Voice of Man, was published. In the same year, he also translated and published Kafka's novels Metamorphosis and Trial in magazines, becoming Kafka's first Hungarian translator and critic.
1923, malloy and Maznell Ilena got married in Budapest, and then they moved to Paris and lived for six years. During his stay in Paris, his first novel "The Holocaust" came out in Vienna, and at the same time, he also finished his travel book "Follow in the footsteps of God".
1928 Spring, malloy returned to Budapest. So Hungary at that time was torn by the Trianon Treaty of 1920. Corso was sent to Czechoslovakia. Malloy stayed in Budapest and became a reporter for Pace News. In the same year, the novel Baby, My First Love was published.
1930, the youth novel The Rebel came out and the novel was translated into French. After reading it, Gide, a great writer, wrote excitedly to the Hungarian author he had never met before. Gabriel Marcel, an existentialist thinker, wrote his own comments. At the same time, due to the increasingly arrogant German Nazism, malloy took the lead in warning his compatriots in Hungarian newspapers, which was hated by his own populists.
From 1934 to 1935, malloy completed two representative works, the autobiographical novel Confessions of a Citizen.
1934, malloy's father died, which made malloy fall into deeper loneliness and wrote a poem "Father" in grief.
1935, malloy met with exiled thomas mann in Buda Castle, and he firmly opposed fascism.
1939, malloy's son Christopher died of internal bleeding a few weeks after his birth. After the funeral, malloy was silent for several months and wrote the poem "The Death of a Baby".
In March 1944, the Germans occupied Hungary. Three days later, the writer and his wife fled to the suburbs of Budapest to take refuge. This year, he didn't write any new works.
1945, after World War II, the relevant authorities made malloy the chairman of the Hungarian-Czechoslovakian Friendship Association, but he couldn't even play with a doll when his hometown Kauso was ceded and his compatriots were expelled. Not only did he refuse to be chairman, but he also quit the association in protest. Malloy's rebellious silence and his distance from mainstream literature made it difficult for him to escape the repression of the authorities.
1947, malloy was elected as an academician of Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
1948, malloy left his hometown, went to Switzerland first, then moved to Naples, Italy, and never returned to Hungary until his death.
1949, malloy completed the land, land! This memoir tells the story of his early exile, which was not officially published until 1972.
1952, malloy moved to new york, USA, and published his first work, Quiet Ithaca Island, in London.
/kloc-published a long poem "the words of the dead" in 0/954.
1957, Mr. and Mrs. malloy became American citizens.
1967, moved to Salernitana.
In A.D. 1970, the Hungarian government lifted the ban on malloy's works and invited writers to return to China. However, malloy said that as long as his hometown was not free, he would never return to China, and even banned the publication of his works in Hungary.
1at the end of 974, Mr. and Mrs. malloy returned to the United States to spend their old age in San Diego.
Fast forward to the 1980s. Malloy was old at this time, and his relatives were leaving him. 1in the spring of 986, his beloved wife Lola died.1in the spring of 987, his filial adopted son Janos died, and the white-haired man in malloy sent the black-haired man. He became more and more silent.
1989 65438+1October 15 He wrote the last line in his diary: "I am waiting for the call of death. I'm in no hurry, but I don't delay. Time is up "; On February 20th, he wrote a farewell letter to his good friend and the trustee of the manuscript, Mr. and Mrs. Voroshwali Istvan. On February 2 1, malloy ended his life with a bullet at his home in San Diego. From birth to death, whether it is migration or return, malloy has been exercising his free will all his life.
1989 February 2 1 day, malloy ended his life with a bullet at his home in San Diego, USA.
1989 autumn, great changes in eastern Europe. From 1990, all malloy's works were published in Hungary, and the government posthumously awarded him the "Kostrut Medal", which was the first time in Hungarian history that this medal was awarded to the deceased.
Main work
Above reference
Creative characteristics
theme
Malloy's works do not belong to any kind of modernism and have no modern significance, but they reflect one of the most important modernity problems in the past century, which a modernist writer will not touch, that is, the relationship between the popularization process of a century and the decline of traditional values. Malloy's view belongs to cultural conservatism. He felt that romantic values subverted traditional morality and questioned whether human beings could exist without their previous ideals. Malloy regarded the lost world as the best time, and his feelings penetrated into the past years, which made exiled writers in a lonely state for a long time.
Marai Sandor's main works are all about Hungary's memory, history, personality and artistry as a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In the autobiographical novel Confessions of a Citizen, malloy vividly narrates his family history and adolescent growth history, and vividly reproduces the life panorama of the emerging civil class in Eastern Europe between the two world wars. He recorded the living environment, living habits, family traditions, interpersonal relationships, aesthetic tastes, moral standards, codes of conduct and social customs of the citizen class before and after the First World War, described his personal wandering, writing and emotional experience, and outlined the turbulent, uneasy, complex and radical image of the European continent between the two world wars.
Hungarian literature has always been concerned about the thinking of human existence and identity, and has a strong pursuit of freedom. In his writing career, malloy insisted on elegance and freedom. Malloy witnessed the collapse of an old world in his works, but defended the old aristocratic spirit-elegance and rationality, order and tenacity-as a fighter. Hungary has experienced a long period of autocracy in history, and has been on the edge of European culture, but it has also integrated into the modern trend of equality. Since the birth of petofi's poems, the equality of nationalities and classes has become the theme of Hungarian literature. The privilege of the upper class makes society more and more impatient and pushes people to the idea that all men are created equal. Especially in the eyes of enlightenment intellectuals, all privileges should be attacked by reason. However, due to the lack of political freedom, intellectuals lack specific knowledge in this field, but they are keen on universal theory, and their thoughts are often divorced from reality. The literary politics described by Tocqueville made them more influenced by French radicalism than by British empiricism. In malloy's thought and creation, we can see this confusion. He is eager to completely change society and break class boundaries, but he doesn't know what an equal society should look like.
Malloy not only agrees with the equal value, but also yearns for noble ethics. He has long noticed that the slogan of equality will be accompanied by the loss of freedom. The aristocratic ethics that he was obsessed with, which focused on dignity, loyalty and sympathy, has long since ceased to exist. Cultural conservatives who have been neglected for a century often know the essence of freedom better than radical liberals, because they insist on traditional morality and regard it as the premise of freedom. Malloy regarded the lost world as the best time, and his feelings penetrated into the past years. Malloy emphasized the great influence of his family. Although by the time he was alive, the nobility no longer existed. His birthplace, Kaoshao, as an ancient city with rapid capitalization, gave birth to a vibrant "citizen culture". However, due to the family tradition, his family and himself inherited the high sense of social responsibility of the aristocrats in Austria-Hungary, maintained the noble spirit and cultural pursuit, and adhered to the social morality of the citizen class. Of course, what malloy wants to protect is not a certain person or even a certain class, but a certain spiritual world, a sense of nobility and morality. This spiritual world is just around the corner, and it was left behind in the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the rise of the industrial revolution. Whether it once existed in the aristocratic class or vaguely existed in the citizen class. Malloy's interpretation of all classes in his books can always hold a relatively three-dimensional perspective. He let people from different classes make their own voices in the form of monologues. They can complain or introspect. More importantly, monologues don't just come from opposing sides, which avoids the attack of the other side. Even if the role is no longer objective because of different positions and cognitive limitations, there will be a third party or even a fourth party to correct it from the perspective of onlookers. Even though the aristocratic spirit and ethics he wants to protect basically exist in the citizen class, he still points out the part of this class that makes him sneer at his role with a relatively neutral attitude.
style
The most touching place in Marai Sandor's works lies in the tension inside the novel. The tension is enormous, which combines years, humanity, grievances, the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the shadow of death, the entanglement of desires, youth, friendship and their betrayal. This tension makes short stories seem to have infinite space to accommodate thousands of deformations of time, history and memory.
In Confessions of a Citizen written by 1935, Marai Sandor recorded the living environment, living habits, family traditions, interpersonal relationships, aesthetic tastes, moral standards, behavioral norms and social customs of citizens in detail, from the slow motion after camera shooting to the carving and origin of every piece of furniture in each room to the authors and titles of books in parents' bookcases. There are hundreds of famous people with surnames in the book, from emperors to maids, from relatives and friends to neighbors, from literati and politicians to lovers and passers-by. Everyone has a personality face and traces of fate. He recorded the physical and spiritual growth history of a young eastern European intellectual in a grand space, described the changes in his inner world in detail, and showed his exposed calmness, anatomical depth and frank attitude.
In Marai Sandor's works, every relationship has broken down when the characters speak. In the confession disguised as a monologue, the drama is simply covered up, and the daily gap absorbs the tense plot. In this story, there is love and market. But the essence of all contents is to point to the unconsciousness, the unconsciousness of life, the unconsciousness of love, and the unconsciousness of human beings facing the passion of fate and existence. In his works, malloy expressed the most fervent emotion and honestly exposed the rootlessness overflowing in his body.
Personality assessment
"The cultivator of national spirit." -Kertesz Imre
"The legitimate offspring of the great Hungarian Romantic literature". -the poet Joseph Septila (Atila)
"If a writer's life style, world outlook, morality and belief all represent literature, then there is no doubt that this person is Marai Sandor. In his words, you can find the meaning of life; In his language, we can see the organic order of individuals and groups, which reflects all the efforts and faces of the whole nation. " -Hungarian literary critic Pumochachi Bella
"Throughout a century of history, no matter which faction in Hungarian political, cultural and spiritual life, malloy is a hard bone that cannot be ignored." -Yu Zemin
This important European novelist, with amazing talent, analyzed a triangular relationship in the era of Austria-Hungary. At the same time, he caught the turmoil and confusion of human emotions: in our feelings, passions, revenge and hatred, there are embers smoldering. -German magazine Der Spiegel
Commemoration of future generations
Literature prize
In memory of Marai Sandor, the Hungarian malloy Prize for Literature was established.