(A) the way to ask questions
1. What kind of picture (image) does this poem show? What kind of artistic atmosphere has been created? What thoughts and feelings did the author express?
2. Do you agree with the previous comments on the imagery (artistic conception) of this poem? Why? Please enjoy a couplet of the whole poem.
3. What images are written in a couplet in the poem? Please analyze the relationship between artistic conception or scenes.
(2) Step of answering questions
Describe the picture of poetry-summarize the characteristics of artistic conception-express the author's poetic meaning.
Answer hint: describe the picture of the poem. That is to say, to describe the images and artistic conception created by poetry in their own beautiful language. Here we should pay attention to the following points: ① Use your own language instead of translation. (2) describe the main scenery rather than everything. The language should be beautiful rather than straightforward. Summarize the characteristics of artistic conception. That is, a concise sentence accurately summarizes the characteristics of the situational atmosphere created by these scenes. Here we should pay attention to: ① concise sentences. ② One or two disyllabic adjectives can be used to summarize the characteristics of artistic conception. Such as magnificent, quiet and beautiful, lonely and desolate, bleak and sad, full of vitality and so on. The artistic conception of Ma Zhiyuan's Qiu Si is bleak and sad. Therefore, the artistic conception is the harmonious unity of the poet's thoughts and feelings "meaning" expressed in the poem and the life picture "realm" depicted in the poem.
Express the author's poetic feelings. That is, according to the characteristics of the situational atmosphere of this poem, talk about the thoughts and feelings expressed by the poet. According to different types of poems, the author's poetic inclination can be determined. Such as: ① Farewell poems: parting from sorrow, reluctant to part; B has deep feelings and encourages each other; C don't miss each other and be honest with each other. 2 miss the ancient poems: a expresses the feeling that things are different and changeable; B is the past, so as to persuade the current rulers. C praise the performance of the ancients, express the feelings of remembrance, and express the feelings of the protagonist in his later years; D is eager to make contributions and lament that ambition is hard to pay. (3) War poems: a) The frontier fortress is heroic, and the mountains and rivers fall; B. The militaristic tactics of the leaders and the people's desire for peace; C has no talent and is eager to make contributions; D worrying about the people leaving the chaos and worrying about the national luck. 4 Homesickness Poems: A Recruit people to be tired of war and yearn for a peaceful life of reunion; B when you fall, you miss home; C is pregnant in the boudoir. ⑤ Poems about objects: Poems about objects express aspirations, praise, admiration, pity and sadness. ⑥ Write landscape poems: All landscape words are sentimental words. Express one's sorrow, great ambition, sadness for the spring and autumn, pastoral seclusion, etc. By classifying these poems, we can see the tendency of poetry, which is also the basis of answering the theme.
What we should pay special attention to here is that when answering questions, we only pay attention to the positive thinking mode of "emotional sorrow is a sad scene, emotional joy is a happy scene", while ignoring Wang Fuzhi's negative thinking mode of "writing sorrow with joy, mourning with sorrow, and taking sorrow with joy".
(3) Sample answer 1
Read Song Lin Jingxi's poem xi Pavilion, and then answer what images the poet used to express his feelings. (07 Guangdong Volume)
There are thoughts in clear autumn, and the sunset glow is still pavilion.
At the beginning of the month, the trees are tall and white, and the breeze is half awake.
Walking alone in the fallen leaves, sitting around and counting fireflies.
Where is the fishing song? Lonely lights are far apart.
Reference answer: (Describe the picture) The poet shows that the season has entered late autumn with clear autumn leaves, and everything is withered and desolate; The white light and solitary light at dusk and the beginning of the month represent the time changes in a day, which (summarizing artistic features) constitutes a quiet atmosphere in the cold and cheerless, and (expressing poetry) shows the poet's feelings of uneasiness and loneliness.
Second, the appreciation and evaluation of image-based topics
(1) questioning method:
1. What is the main image of this poem?
2. What methods are used to portray the image? What are the specific features of the image?
(2) Step of answering questions
What kind of image has been created-combining the characteristics of images in poetry-analyzing the meaning of images.
Answer prompt: what image should be created? The overall characteristics and significance of the image can be summarized in one sentence. Image consists of objective "image" and subjective "meaning". It refers to both the characters portrayed in narrative poems and lyric masters (including writers) in lyric poems. For example, the image of being free and easy, caring about the country and the people, and the image of a hermit who has lost his love for mountains and rivers and retired to the fields can only be unsatisfied and ambitious, and the image of love and hate is mixed. Images also refer to scenes and objects in impromptu scenes. These scenes are endowed with specific meanings and become images with aesthetic significance. Such as: plum blossoms are proud of frost and snow, not afraid of dignitaries, the migration of geese in the spring and autumn, the homesickness of wanderers, the lingering sadness of willows, parting and nostalgia, fleeting time, nostalgia and so on.
When analyzing the basic characteristics of images, we should pay attention to the following points: ① To analyze the image of scenery, we should analyze the poet's thoughts and feelings by analyzing the images in poems; Poetry that expresses feelings through things often contains the poet's thoughts, feelings and life ideals in the description of things. Therefore, we should not only analyze the images of things described in the poem, but also analyze the thoughts and feelings contained in the poem, which can be analyzed from the angles of color, direction, strength, reality and movement. To analyze the characters, we must use the description of the characters' appearance, manners and manners in poetry to understand the vivid image of the owner of the work, and then understand the author's writing intention and thoughts and feelings. (2) This poem must be analyzed in detail. Here, we make a special distinction between image, artistic conception and image: image focuses on the object that is integrated into the author's subjective feelings; Artistic conception focuses on the environmental atmosphere composed of one or more images; Images can be carried by images. For example, plum blossom, which is the first to open in the poet's works, is often used to describe the image of a gentleman who dares to be the first and is not afraid of powerful people. The image can also be directly played by characters, such as Bai Juyi's "Selling Charcoal Weng"; The image can also be felt from the artistic atmosphere, such as Wang Wei's Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains. Through the description of the quiet and bright scenery of the moonlit mountain village, we can see the poet's leisurely hermit image; We can also analyze the meaning of images through lyricism or discussion in poems, such as "Oh, how can I bow and scrape to those high-ranking officials whose sincere faces will never be seen", which shapes the image of Li Bai as arrogant, bold and conceited.
Summarize the meaning of the image. It is to analyze the thoughts, feelings or philosophies contained in the poet's images. It can be summarized in one sentence or put in the first step.
(3) Example 2
Read a poem by Song and Liu Yizhi (1) entitled "A Zhai is a thing" to answer the question. Why does the author write piano and chess? What kind of feelings does he want to express when playing chess? (07 National Volume III)
Sad piano straight, love chess because of love.
If you don't use it, how can you remember the court merchants?
The more sparse I am, the more clumsy I am.
Although these two things go hand in hand, there is no difference between ups and downs.
Note: ① Liu Yiting: Wei Song Song Xuanhe was a scholar for three years (1 12 1), and once held supervisory positions. It is recorded that he was dismissed for "caring about Qin Shuihui". 2 games: refers to the chessboard.
Reference answer: (What image) Two things express a person's will. (the specific characteristics of the image or personality characteristics) The poet writes his own "ambition" with the "quality" of piano, chess and calligraphy; Straight, square. It is precisely because our own straight products remain unchanged that in the end, "the world is thinner" and "everything goes well", leaving only one study, which has nothing to do with the rise and fall of Chinese studies. (Summarize the image and significance) These all express the author's feelings about personal experience and ridicule the world.
Third, the appreciation and evaluation of the topic of "poetic eyes"
(A) the way to ask questions
1, which word in this couplet is the most vivid? Why?
2. One word is the key to the whole poem. Why?
Which word in a sentence of this poem has several versions as a word, which one do you think is better? Why?
(2) Step of answering questions
Interpreting the superficial meaning of words and the middle meaning of sentences-analyzing sentences and drawing pictures-comparing artistic conception and expressing poetry.
Answer Tip: Sometimes the surface meaning and the middle meaning of a word can be answered together or integrated into the second step. The ancients paid attention to the refinement of words when writing poems, and tried to express the whole poem incisively and vividly, adding color to the whole poem and even becoming the eyes of the poem. The key is to work hard on several words. (1) Refined verbs or non-verbs can be used flexibly as verbs. For example, "the whiter the Jiangbi bird, the blue and white mountain flowers burn", which not only highlights the fiery red color of the mountain flowers, but also gives them a dynamic beauty. ② Refine adjectives. For example, "the desert is lonely and straight, and the long river sets the yen", which gives people a kind of beauty of uprightness and roundness. ③ Refine quantifiers. For example, "In the former village of Zita Law, a branch blossomed last night", indicating that there are few plum blossoms, secretly highlighting the word "early" and refining function words. For example, "I don't know where to play the flute, and I want to look forward to my hometown every night", without exception, I wrote the homesickness of the border guards. ⑤ Flexible use of parts of speech. For example, "the streamer is easy to throw people, and the red cherry and green banana." "Red" and "green" are adjectives in the sentence, and they are used flexibly as verbs to tell the author that time is in a hurry and spring is fleeting. If you grasp these words, you grasp the key of poetry.
Reduce sentences and describe pictures. Put the key words into the original sentence to expand association or imagination, analyze the words and describe the picture in combination with the artistic conception and emotion of the whole poem, and taste the exquisiteness of refined words. Verb, grasp its image, turn static into dynamic and vivid image. Adjectives, from the shape, sound, light, color and other aspects to grasp to describe the scene, abstract into concrete, invisible into tangible, people are immersive. Quantifier, grasp its profound meaning, fuzzy contrast, enhance expressiveness. The flexible use of parts of speech can turn decay into magic and enhance expressiveness and appeal. Another example is rhyming words, which can enhance the sense of rhythm and play an emphasis role; Color words can not only express emotions, but also enhance the sense of color and picture in description. We should also pay attention to the rhetorical devices used in a refined word. What is used in poetry is personification, exaggeration and synaesthesia. From a slightly larger point of view, we should pay attention to the words in a landscape sentence, and grasp them vividly and vividly; In lyric sentences, we should start with strengthening our feelings for given words; At the beginning and end of a sentence, we should start from the following or summarize the above. Some topics say that one word is the key to the whole poem. Why? Special attention should be paid to the role of this word in highlighting the theme and structural role.
Set off artistic conception and express emotions. Summarize it in a concise sentence.
(3) Example 3
Read Wang Anshi's Ge Xitie and answer the questions. The poet's mood is reflected in the word "chaos". How is the whole poem expressed? Please enjoy it briefly. (07 Sichuan Volume)
The moon is in a daze, and Yi Deng shines on the autumn bed.
Feel the wind and dew early when you are sick, and I don't know how long the mountains and rivers are.
I feel generous when I am old, but I feel sad when I look at the world.
Cicada is even more confusing to pedestrians' ears, holding semi-yellow sparse tung leaves.
Answer reference: (1, 2 o'clock answer) The first couplet uses the waning moon, dripping wet and dim light, and writes a distracted poet. Zhuan Xu directly wrote about physical illness, it is hard to go and homesickness, and pointed out some reasons of "chaos" in order to gain motivation for further writing "chaos". The thought of turning the worries of the Necklace into the country was set off by the bleak colors of heaven and earth, which further advanced the upset mood. The combination of tail sound and tail sound sets off the poet's troubles to the extreme with cicada singing. This poem takes "chaos" as the poetic eye, blending scenes and expressing the poet's yearning for his home country.
Fourthly, appreciation and evaluation of language-specific topics.
(A) the way to ask questions
1. Analyze the language style of this poem (talk about the language art of this poem).
(2) Step of answering questions
Accurately point out the language characteristics-specifically analyze the language characteristics-and express what kind of poetry.
Answer hint: this kind of question does not pay attention to the clever use of refined words, nor is it a way to analyze one or two sentences; The emphasis is on the appreciation of the language style of the whole poem. Language style words include: simple, beautiful, straightforward, euphemistic, natural, quiet, magnificent, unrestrained, sad, refined, depressed, fresh and so on; Words with linguistic characteristics are: flowing, both in form and spirit, concise, simple as words, plain, gorgeous, vigorous, deep, vigorous, soothing, sad, incisive and so on; The former focuses on the linguistic evaluation of the whole poem, while the latter focuses on the overall evaluation of the characteristics of language use.
Accurately point out the language features. Usually just choose one or two words. Therefore, we must keep in mind some terms with language style characteristics.
Analyze the language features in detail. This feature should be analyzed in detail in combination with the sentences in the poem. Even when describing pictures and organizing language answers, we should pay attention to this feature.
How to express poetry, poetry must also reflect the analysis of this feature.
(3) Example 4
Read Meng Haoran's Send Du Fourteen Visits to the South of the Yangtze River, and analyze the language features of this poem.
Jason Wu, as a hometown connected with water, it is slim for you to go to Chunjiang.
Where the sails sail at sunset, the horizon breaks people's intestines.
Reference answer: (point characteristics) The language of this poem is like running water, swift but not dull, deep but not straightforward. (Characteristic analysis) The first sentence points out that "Jason Wu" is close to each other, so say words of comfort first; The second sentence is about the scenic spots in front of us and the poet's vacant mind. The first two sentences are peaceful and implicit, and the feelings are not exposed. Naturally, the three sentences inherited the "slim" of the previous sentence; The problem of "where to park" contains endless eagerness and care. The end of the sentence is like a giant door opening, pushing the feeling of farewell to the peak. (Analysis of poetic sentiment) Affectionate and profound, all in "looking to the end of the world", while "heartbroken people" expressed their feelings without showing them. There are endless words and endless meanings.
Appreciation and evaluation of verb (verb abbreviation) skill-based topics
(A) the way to ask questions
1. What artistic expression technique (expression technique) is used to express the author's feelings? What's the role?
2. Do you agree with what the predecessors said about the effect of a couplet in a poem? Why? Try to combine the whole poem analysis.
(2) Step of answering questions
Point out what kind of technique-how to use it-how to express poetry, theme or artistic effect with this technique.
Answer hint: point out which technique. First of all, be accurate, and secondly, be familiar with some expressions. Such as: ① Expression: narration, description, discussion and lyricism. Lyrics can be divided into direct lyricism and indirect lyricism. The latter can be divided into three categories: borrowing scenery to express feelings, supporting objects to express aspirations, and supporting objects to express reason (philosophical poems). (2) The expressive techniques are divided into one kind of contrast: positive contrast and negative contrast, and the latter is divided into three kinds: dynamic contrast, vocal and silent contrast, joy and sadness contrast. B symbolizes C to set off D, line drawing E, combining virtual reality with F, changing static state into dynamic E-point surface, suppressing positive G combined with H to develop color, and observing angle change ③ Rhetoric. Metaphor, personification, rhetorical question, exaggeration, pun, allusion, rhetorical question, thimble, intertextuality, etc.
How to use this technique must be combined with poetry appreciation. What needs special attention is: don't elaborate in a certain part of rhetoric. If you analyze a poem in detail, you can talk about the use of rhetoric. Generally speaking, to talk about the use of some rhetorical devices in poetry as a whole, the third point needs no elaboration.
(3) Example 5
Read Xu Lan's poem The Customs of Crossing the Qing Dynasty, and then answer this question. What is the artistic feature of the sentence "Peach blossom after the horse, snow before the horse"? Please analyze it briefly. (07 Shandong Volume)
With the mountain overlooking the ancient border state sea, the shadow wind turned to see the garrison building.
There is no turning back when you go through the customs.
[Note] ① Pass: refers to Juyongguan. ② Pei: standard.
Reference for the answer: (What technique) describes, compares and symbolizes (metonymy), (How to use this technique can also be combined with two points to answer) The two scenes of peach blossom in the pass and snow outside the pass are all gathered at the node of Ma Zhao, with vivid descriptions and sharp contrast. "Peach Blossom" and "Snow" refer to the warmth of hometown and the cold and cheerless life beyond the Great Wall respectively, which are symbolic in the poem.
Sixth, the appreciation and evaluation of special topics.
(A) the way to ask questions
1. About the theme or content of this poem, some people think this way, others think that way. What's your opinion? Explain the reason as simply as possible.
This poem clearly describes the real scene in front of us and covers up the vicissitudes of history. Try to appreciate it in combination with related poems.
(2) Answer step:
Analyze what to write in a specific poem-what to express or what to hide (the answers can be interchanged or mixed together).
Answer the prompt:
This kind of problem focuses on the analysis of the specific content of poetry, in order to obtain the author's views and attitudes and the social significance of the theme of the work. It involves "evaluating the ideological content of classical poetry and the author's views and attitudes" in the outline.
(3) Example 6
Read the following two poems to answer the questions. One of the two poets said, "You can't paint with sadness", and the other said, "Who says you can't paint with sadness?" . Please make a brief analysis by comparing poems. (07 Jiangxi Volume)
See Jinling Evening News (Gaochan) Tu Jinling (Wei Zhuang)
Once there were floating clouds, who said that sad painting was impossible,
I still accompany the sunset with the autumn sound. Draw people's hearts and pursue feelings.
There are infinite painters in the world. Look at the Six Dynasties.
You can't draw it if you are sad. Lim is full of Leng Yun.
The two poems express the same thoughts and feelings from different angles. By looking at Jinling in the evening, the author of Gao Shi gives birth to a sad feeling from images such as "sunset" and "autumn sound". The poet thinks that this kind of heavy sadness can't be painted by painters all over the world. The author of Wei's poems thinks that the painter's use of images such as "Old Wood" and "Leng Yun" is enough to express his sadness about the decline of national luck. Therefore, sadness can be painted.
Seven. Appreciation and evaluation of the topic of sentence meaning
(1) questioning method:
1, what do the last two sentences mean? What kind of thoughts and feelings did the author express?
2. Talk about your understanding or appreciation of incoherent or incomplete sentences in combination with the whole poem.
(2) Step of answering questions
Clarify the meaning of a sentence (which can dig deep meaning)-point out the descriptive function or poetry.
Answer the question: when reading a poem, we must pay attention to two levels: sentence meaning and sentence meaning, and then point out its function or what kind of feelings, interests and opinions are expressed in combination with the whole poem. Special attention should be paid to the analysis and appreciation of sentence breaks, which are generally emphasized in sentence meaning questions.
(3) Example 7
Read Wang Wei's poem "New Sunny Wild Hope" and answer the questions. What kind of picture does the tail couplet describe? What are the advantages of writing like this? (07 National Volume II)
After the rain, the new clear sky is particularly open, and the vision is open without any fog and dust.
The national gate is near the ferry, and the trees are connected with the Xikou.
The silvery white river is shining in the fields, especially bright, and the green mountains stand behind the ridge.
It is the busy farming season, there are no idle people, and farmers are busy going to the fields.
At the end, I wrote a picture of a farmer's family busy farming in the farmland during the busy farming season. The advantages of the author's writing are as follows: (1) The poem title of "Xin Qing" is highlighted again, because of "Xin Qing", the poet can see the scene of farmers "going south with all their money". (2) Add infinite vitality to a static picture drawn in front, and make the whole picture come alive.
The above seven kinds of appreciation questions are only divided from the key points of questions and answers. Many times, the imagery, language and expression skills of poetry are integrated, so we should pay attention to what to ask and what to answer. In addition, the relative appreciation of Jiangxi, Liaoning, Zhejiang, Chongqing and Hubei in 2007, as well as the delayed appreciation of Beijing, all show us a new appreciation trend, which should arouse our great concern.