The interest in China's cultural and historical regions and in thinking about the rich spiritual and material heritage of these countries is obviously on the ground.
Get up. For a long time, due to the long-term isolation between eastern and western cultures, people know little about these heritages in the East. China and
Scholars from other countries are increasingly interested in studying music, drama, painting and other literary phenomena in the Far East countries. This is it.
Children's unique national characteristics make them not very familiar with the aesthetics, history, spiritual civilization and material civilization of the East.
It is difficult for European audiences to understand them. Through comparative analysis, Chinese and western scholars have examined some cultural phenomena equally.
, has made great achievements. This method is considered to be the most advanced because it can prompt "general and special"
The dialectical relationship between "harmony" and "uniqueness" explains various special forms reflected by the characteristics of the whole human culture. And this.
The further concretization of these characteristics is carried out in various unique ethnic variants in each region. "(1) this kind of research
Most importantly, it is regarded as a common language through the special factors of the types and schools of eastern and western art.
Exploration of component characteristics.
Because the economic, political and historical development of historical and cultural areas in Europe and the Far East have their own characteristics, some literature and art in the East and West
Components with the same terminology will have different contents. Whether from a deeper understanding of specific cultural phenomena, or
From the perspective of understanding the whole culture of a country as a whole, this paper puts forward the nature and depth of these differences or shortcomings.
Degree, can be said to be meaningful. So we should look at the west (mainly western Europe here) and China.
The connotation of the concept of "calligraphy" in the capital.
First of all, it should be pointed out that Europe and China have different interpretations of this concept. In western Europe, it refers to
Beautiful and clear writing art, mainly aimed at chroniclers, calligraphers and books in medieval Europe.
Related, and then the court and government documents. These people's writing tools and materials are parchment and plain paper.
Zhang, ink and quill pen. This concept has little to do with ordinary writing, that is, people's unofficial writing. So, oh.
Calligraphy has made great achievements in Africa, mainly because monasteries need to write and copy religious books in government departments and writing schools.
Medium. By the end of19th century, this unique art form in Europe had declined, giving way to the rapid development of printing and printing.
Word machine
China's interpretation of calligraphy is relatively broad, referring to all hieroglyphics created by hand. That is to say,
No matter what materials and tools are, there is no time limit. Therefore, China artists actually.
All the inscriptions and cultural relics are included in this concept, from Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the Yin Dynasty (in the middle of 2000 BC) to bronzes in the Zhou Dynasty.
From the perspective of European aesthetics, calligraphy is first related to the inscriptions on paper, but has little to do with the inscriptions on other materials.
Therefore, in the eyes of Europeans,
The concept of "China Calligraphy" firstly refers to the characters written in ink on paper, although there are classical periods in the history of calligraphy in China.
There are no fewer books carved on stone than those written on paper or silk. Because of this, it is difficult for Europeans to put Oracle Bone Inscriptions
And bronzes are regarded as calligraphy works. Because according to the scientific concept of Europeans, such cultural relics traditionally belong to inscriptions, among which
Scientists first arouse people's interest from the perspective of ancient philology or history.
The connotation of China's "calligraphy" is different from that of European historical and cultural regions for a series of reasons.
Let's explain. Among them, China has a long history of writing (nearly 4000 years), from which the writing tradition and practice have emerged.
Sample developed, the worship of calligraphy lasted for about two thousand years, and thus produced a reverence for all kinds of words and
Love them, no matter what font they write in. In addition, it also includes that the theoretical basis of calligraphy art is relatively developed (single
There are more than one kind of basic documents, which first appeared in the second century). According to the earliest calligraphy theory, calligraphy art as a discipline
Independent art has existed for nearly two thousand years. In this regard, China's writing style, types and fonts can not be ignored.
Far more than in Europe, there are countless inscriptions, rubbings and their explanations, and linguists in traditional schools and even today's schools are interested in it.
Unusual interest and enthusiasm for the study of ancient philology, as well as China people's treasure of ancient cultural relics, and so on. Because of this
Under various circumstances, every monument in China culture actually has a high aesthetic quality, which can be seen from an aesthetic point of view.
The degree to be investigated. In the process of research, its focus will often shift from the characteristics of ancient Chinese characters to the aesthetic characteristics, that is,
Think of the things carved in the book as calligraphy works, whether they are Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronzes or stone tablets.
There are many factors that determine the inconsistency of this concept, which will be mentioned later. I just want to find someone here.
It's the same thing, so that we can talk about the calligraphy art in two areas with such great historical and cultural differences.
Similar.
First of all, it can be pointed out that, as the German literary theorist and artistic language artist Kapoor demonstrated, any kind of
Inscriptions have certain aesthetic expression and color of the times, but due to the artistic use of characters in any sub-writing system,
They all have great decorative ability, and these inscriptions will cause a high degree of aesthetic feeling. (2) This can also be used for lines and their combinations.
Psychological acceptance to explain, without asking what these lines are made of, whether they are written symbols, hieroglyphs or plane groups.
Close. As Helem argues, the process of watching means "capturing" and quickly realizing several representations of objects.
Features: color, transition, shape, etc. (3) he also pointed out that in the process of visual acceptance of reality, every
A new visual image "will be associated with the impression left in people's memory in the past." These morphological impressions are at their stage.
On the basis of similar interaction, the new image can't get rid of this influence "(4) the audience who don't know a certain language.
When looking at the written symbols in this language, the first thing to pay attention to is its quantitative characteristics, the relationship between thick and thin lines of symbols and strokes.
The game and its expressive force, the rhythmic organization of the text and the dynamic relationship between symbols. In this case, the view
Even if people don't understand the meaning of words, they can appreciate beauty. (5) So because of the same psychological reaction mechanism, Europe.
Some styles of China's calligraphy can also arouse similar associations. This enables us to talk about their aesthetics and even knot.
The structure is similar.
From this perspective, some of the most representative cursive scripts in Western Europe and Russia are the same.
When comparing the calligraphy of various hieroglyphs, we can find some situations, such as 13,14th century Europe.
The solemn Gothic experience used in prayer books has aroused rich decorative associations, and its solemnity is no less than that of China.
China seal script; In ancient Russia, the decorative calligraphy style-cursive script was widely used to highlight titles and costumes from 14 to 17 centuries.
Decorative spine, quite similar to China's ancient Austrian calligraphy during the Warring States Period (5th to 3rd century BC); 14 to 15 century was used in western Europe.
Gothic style, writing textbooks and theological works is relatively free, which is somewhat similar to the official script of Han dynasty; What about the fifteenth?
The italics in Germany at the end of the century, 16,17th century French popular calligraphy,15th century Russian ancient cursive script.
The visual association caused by style and movement is similar to China's running script. Of course, these connections are extremely relative.
Yes, they are not so much caused by the specific factors or structural characteristics of two completely different writing systems.
But is produced by the characteristics that the above-mentioned acceptance lines are different color blocks. According to the stage at this time
The combination of lines formed by corresponding laws forms a closed structure, and various forms tend to be vertical rectangles. In the west, this is
Letters; In China, it's hieroglyphics. But both the former and the latter are dominated by vertical lines and horizontal lines.
And other lines derived from them. These lines reflect the harmony of rhythm in the form of calligraphy, with
The same expressive force. The alternation of stroke thickness, straightness, twists and turns and Fiona Fang will produce the same sense of order, but it will not.
Regardless of the writing system to which the symbol belongs.
The inscription of any collection and writing system, as long as it is completed according to the needs of calligraphy art, will make the audience feel very high
Degree of beauty, even if he doesn't understand the content of the book. This situation can also be explained in this way, regardless of individual symbols.
The structure and aesthetic principles of calligraphy in Europe and China are the same. This refers to the overall artistic structure of symbols.
Symmetry, rhythm, "composition" and harmony, symbol and blank, and the relationship between symbol and surrounding space.
And the decoration is changeable, dynamic and so on. All this is determined by the same psychological characteristics of visual acceptance of reality.
Yes, in essence, no matter what race or nationality the audience belongs to, these qualities are perfect for him.
All the same.
The similarities between European and China calligraphy enable us to talk about their similarities, and we can also discuss them in these two calendars.
These factors can be found in the written history of historical and cultural areas. Before calligraphy appeared as an art, there was a long calendar.
In the historical period, at this time, whether in Europe or in China, writing only plays its role in social language practice.
The basic function of a tool is to communicate, record and express some information that is beneficial to society. China and European books of this period.
The similarity of writing development lies in accumulating practical experience of this social practice and gradually exploring more suitable lines.
Due to the needs of cultural tradition and social aesthetics, the writing style, writing materials and tools should be improved to form the aesthetics of writing.
Principles, so as to eventually make calligraphy an independent art (in China) or an art form (in Europe).
Lay a good foundation. What needs to be pointed out here is that according to Malov's definition, until the19th century, European calligraphy was only a kind of equivalence.
The neglected art form (6) did not reach the lofty social status of China's calligraphy in the past and now.
Different from European calligraphy, China calligraphy has been regarded as one of the most important spiritual arts since the 3rd century to the 5th century.
Painting, poetry side by side), the status is extremely high, the theoretical foundation is solid, and the practice is extremely rich. From then until today, books
Law has always been regarded as a noble, popular and independent art in China, which is loved, respected and understood by the society.
Cherish it. At about that time, hieroglyphics began to play two functions: on the one hand, it continued to serve.
Meet the writing needs of society, that is, complete their basic functions; On the other hand, it is a calligraphy art.
Field plays a role, thus serving the aesthetic needs of society. Although the development of calligraphy in western Europe has also promoted the development of calligraphy art
Appeared, but the latter never formed an independent art, and still stayed in a neglected art form.
Taste ",only used for copying and writing, is mainly used to serve the purely practical needs of society, of course, higher than in the past."
On the artistic level. It can be seen that the appearance of European calligraphy can only show that the beauty of italics is due to the increase of decorative factors.
With a qualitative rise, this is very different from the splitting function of China's calligraphy after Qin and Han Dynasties.
We also want to point out that since China's calligraphy became an advanced spiritual art independently, the writing function of hieroglyphics has been improved.
The classification is clear (one is the practical writing of the National Society and the other is the fine arts). Therefore, its function belongs to
Official or personal copywriting naturally does not belong to the art category, even if the writing is good, it reaches a fairly high artistic level.
Level. Here, we can find the differences between China calligraphy and European calligraphy in function, status and aesthetic principles. in China
It belongs to calligraphy works, either ancient inscriptions with high aesthetic quality or poems of art activists.
People who have been engaged in calligraphy for life, painters and professional calligraphers, as well as talented officials and
The works of national activists, who all received special calligraphy training when they were educated. Besides, before putting this or that
When a handwriting belongs to the art category, the aesthetic principles in work are also different from those in Europe. This not only means that the author should be tall.
Superpower, more importantly, is the content of the inscription, the purpose of the writer, and the calligrapher who expresses it with spiritual strokes.
Inner freedom; I don't stick to the rules, but I am willing to have a distinct creative personality.
When comparing the social functions and status of China calligraphy and European calligraphy, we can't help but find the books that determine our study.
Differences in different connotations of legal concepts. These differences are caused by many factors, including the writing system.
Fundamentally different, the historical and cultural development paths are different, and the traditional cultural aesthetic positions of these two historical and cultural regions are different.
Wait a minute.
Some researchers believe that these differences lie in the structure of writing itself, that is, the structure of writing.
Fang wrote pinyin letters, while China wrote hieroglyphs), and all kinds of contents were recorded with the help of these extremely written words.
What's wrong? For example, willetts thinks that this is the essential difference between European and China calligraphy. He speaks European languages.
The number of letters is strictly limited, the writing form is relatively fixed, the structure is relatively simple, and the expressive ability is not as good as that of China.
Hieroglyphics. He pointed out that although the number of strokes that make up hieroglyphics is generally limited, each stroke is single.
All hieroglyphics can be written in a unique structure, and the appearance of each word depends on the calligrapher.
His skill, his style and aesthetic inclination. All landowners for this so-called European alphabet performance ability is very small, we don't
Dare to disagree. The history of European writing provides a large number of highly expressive, expressive and decorative examples. book
Writing the expression of lines or strokes themselves enables us to write every symbol (word, letter) expressively.
The charm of strength and beauty, no matter which writing system these symbols belong to. Kapoor said, "Without it, there would be no stroke."
There are beautiful performance factors. ⑧ China hieroglyphics can be described from the description characteristics of its painting origin.
Compared with performance ability and modeling ability, it can produce rich visual images and intellectual images under certain conditions. Zaicheng
When understanding these abilities, we should pay attention to such a situation: its essence is to express people's inner world and feelings
Love, its relationship with nature and the universe, and China's calligraphy reflect the rhythm of life, which can be more abundant.
It embodies the full expressive power of the combination of lines and strokes that make up hieroglyphics. European calligraphy mainly serves churches and literature.
The effect of copying books is extremely conservative and complicated, which limits the expressive ability of calligraphy and can't be like China.
The sample is fully realized.
Willetts also believes that the difference between European and China calligraphy is determined by the different aesthetic standpoint of writing. He pointed out that,
China's calligraphy aesthetics opposes rigidity and sameness, and even advocates "follow one's inclinations", believing that only in this way can greatness be embodied.
Nature itself is full of dynamic changes. In China's calligraphy, horizontal lines and vertical lines are rarely written accurately.
Straight line, in order to avoid writing melodramatic machinery; The charm of calligraphy is not as rigorous as that of European calligraphy.
Symmetry, but through the production of hieroglyphics and various components and various representative gestures.
Change, causing imbalance.
These differences in calligraphy aesthetics between Europe and China are mainly related to the number of phenomena. They should undoubtedly
Pay attention to them, because they can remind Europe and China of the traditional beauty of the world around human beings, especially the art forms.
The degree of inconsistency of academic views. But they mainly involve external formal characteristics, which are divided.
Analysis cannot fully clarify the nature of the phenomenon we are studying. Therefore, in our opinion, we should attach importance to other aspects.
Face, that is, qualitative aspects.
The different social status of European calligraphy and China calligraphy pointed out above also determines their different social roles.
Life. As emphasized above, European calligraphy is written in an informal way, and its form is clear.
Combined with rigor and certain decorative effect. ⑾ Until14th century, it was always used to meet the social demand for books.
The actual needs of writing are entirely for official documents. Since then, official document writing has become the symbol of the whole calligraphy. ⑿
China's calligraphy meets the aesthetic needs of society as well as other art categories. If Europe has mastered calligraphy,
The purpose is to complete the "social order" of government employees or a few powerful people; Then in China, calligraphy is something that people do seriously.
This is an art, and it is also a favorite part of educated people. They feel it necessary to create this art..
Entertainment form. It is a means for people to express themselves, and it is a department that gives full play to their creative talents, just like China's biography.
Chinese painting is the same as poetry or music.
It is a model of European calligraphers' artistic creation to study the laws of calligraphy and carefully copy or strictly follow them. but
Calligraphers in China regard learning the theoretical works and classic works of this art as a free creative activity and development in the future.
Traditional necessary conditions. Many people in China have mastered the principles of calligraphy and devoted their lives to it, but they can only do that.
On the basis of a lot of copying, people who form their own style or technical personality and reach a unique level of artistic characteristics can
Become an outstanding artist. In this art, it is willing to have a developed tradition and wide popularity, in some cases.
Under the writing practice of the last century, it is difficult to reach this level.
We can also point out that every period of China's calligraphy practice is in love with this practice in Europe.
The situation is different: several different calligraphy styles are used at the same time, including the irregular calligraphy style of "death" at that time. This must be
Especially in China's contemporary calligraphy. Whether in exhibitions or professional publications, it can be done.
See all kinds of styles and fonts written according to the principles of calligraphy art throughout the ages. This shows that as an inherited text,
The embodiment of tradition and rich material spiritual heritage, as a link between ancient and modern times, the democracy of calligraphy art
And progressiveness.
Different from European calligraphy, China's calligraphy is a dialectical unity of aesthetic factors and ethical factors, so it has obvious teaching nature.
Chemicals. China calligraphers mainly create colorful poems, rhythmic prose and other classical works, which are in the middle of the book.
Social life in China has been playing a high moral and humanitarian role for a long time. China's calligraphy relies on emotion.
The beautification of the form greatly enhances the attraction to the audience, and also provides them with a good opportunity to feel happy.
In recent years, it has been used as a resource to advocate not thinking and being divorced from reality and stealing stable cultural values with suspicious things.
Contrary to the adverse consequences of the commercialization of bourgeois mass culture, the interest of the West in calligraphy art has obviously increased. European clothing
Decorative artists and cursive designers increasingly like to turn to the rich heritage of Western European calligraphy in the Middle Ages.
Photo frames and advertisements, trademarks, signs, etc. , using some decorative factors of long characters and calligraphy, thus making this
The door embodies thousands of years of human practice, but the forgotten art has revived.
At present, China calligraphy is in a period of rapid development and prosperity. The fate of this "national treasure"
Like the fate of the whole culture, it has been mastered by the working people since the founding of the People's Republic of China. exist
For the first time in the history of this country for thousands of years, the people's regime educated the people and opened schools for them.
Doors. Besides receiving education, the working people in China have the opportunity to receive rich national culture. exercise autonomy
After the establishment of political power, they not only inherited and carried forward the long tradition of national culture, but also injected socialism into it.
New content and give it new vitality. The traditional art of calligraphy shines in people's hands with a new brilliance that was previously concealed.
Outer edge. Calligraphy began to endow its artistic language with socialist culture with its infinite modeling ability and expressive ability.
Spiritual value has changed from salon art to people's art.
Fortunately, in the 1950s, during the period of exploring "new proletarian culture" and opposing bourgeois culture.
China's long tradition of calligraphy has not been ignored; In the "great proletarian cultural revolution", it also withstood.
Passed the test. It exists in the beautiful name of every new school, library, gymnasium, shop or art society.
Live in the title of every magazine and new book, and live in every collection of works by famous calligraphers. This tradition has been preserved in Cheng.
In the hands of thousands of professional calligraphers and calligraphy lovers, it is kept in the hands of children who have just learned to write with pens.
The difference between European calligraphy and China calligraphy is so great that human beings have been pursuing beauty since ancient times.
For the harmonious and perfect natural demand, the natural pursuit created according to the law of beauty is so similar.
This paper does not expect to make a comprehensive investigation on this issue, but its purpose is to explore the connotation of calligraphy art more deeply.
And such a rich concept. A more in-depth study of this problem we are involved in will make it more effective.
All aspects of it can be clarified, thus promoting a comprehensive and correct mutual understanding between eastern and western cultures.