Tao Yuanming (365-427), a latent figure, has a distinct personality. Xunyang Chaisang (now southwest of Jiujiang, Jiangxi) was born. He was born in a declining official family, worked as a small official for several years, then resigned and went home, and then lived in seclusion.
Pastoral life is an important theme of Tao's poems, and people later called him an "pastoral poet".
In his pastoral poems, his boredom with dirty reality and his love for quiet pastoral life can be seen everywhere. In Returning to the Garden, he described officialdom as a "dust net", compared being in it to "catching birds" and "pond fish", and compared retiring from the countryside to rushing out of the cage and returning to nature.
Because he has practical labor experience, his poems are full of the joy of laborers, showing thoughts and feelings that only laborers can feel, such as the third part of "Returning to the Garden": "Peas are planted at the foot of Nanshan Mountain, and the grass is full of bean sprouts. Get up early in the morning to get rid of weeds, and come back with hoes in the moonlight at night. The narrow path covered with vegetation, the night dew wet my clothes. The clothes are not covered, but the wish is not violated. "
The poet was disappointed with the reality and was forced to return to poetry to build an ideal society. Peach Blossom Garden poetry is a reflection of his ideological tendency.
In addition to his pastoral poems, Tao Yuanming also has poems praising warriors, poems full of patriotic enthusiasm and poems isolated from the world, which shows the complexity of his poetic thoughts.
Tao Yuanming's poems are good at expressing directly with simple language and sketching techniques, which makes people feel natural, cordial and sincere, without any traces of artificial carving, and guides readers to appreciate the leisurely and diluted feelings and enter the artistic conception created by the poet.
In the history of China literature, Tao Yuanming was the first to write a large number of poems on rural scenery and rural life. His pastoral poems created a new school of classical poetry, which was highly praised by poets of past dynasties and even regarded as "the foundation of poetry".
Elegance of pastoral poets
Shu zhi
Buddhists have the saying of "three thousand worlds", while scientists have the saying that "the surface of the universe is infinite and the end of the universe is infinite". As heroes think, so thought Bruce. It shows that the world is really vast and changing. Born and raised in Sri Lanka, people's lifestyles naturally cannot be the same. There is a saying in common people, which is quite indecent in the eyes of gentlemen-the pig arches forward and the chicken planes backward, each with its own way. It's a comment.
I think there's nothing wrong with that. For example, Liu bang has the living method of "the wind blows and clouds fly, Wei Jiahai returns to his hometown", and Xiang Yu also has the living method of "pulling out mountains to attack the world and not dying when it is unfavorable"; Zhuge Liang has a living method of "being able to defeat the South Mountain by strength and learning the Jedi commandments by writing", and Xin Qiji also has a living method of "being a man until death". The emperor has the way of the emperor-but the night in spring is very short and the sun rises too fast. The emperor, from then on, gave up his early hearing; Ordinary people also have their own way of living-work at sunrise, rest at sunset, dig wells and drink, plow and eat, and the right place is nothing to me!
The life style of literati is more interesting. Li Bai can be chic to "Oh, let a man with boldness of vision wander where he likes, and don't point his golden cup at the moon!" ; Du Fu wrote the position of "writing articles through the ages, knowing gains and losses"; After being demoted repeatedly, Su Dongpo can still quietly "report the beauty of your spring sleep, and the Taoist taps the five-watch clock" ... no matter who he is, he can enjoy himself. However, Tao Yuanming, an "idyllic poet" in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, is the most elegant among the literati.
Tao Yuanming is really chic and elegant. Mr. Lu Xun called him a "very peaceful pastoral poet" and said: "His attitude is not easy to learn. He is poor, but his heart is calm. If there is no rice at home, go to someone else's door to beg. He was so poor that a guest came to see him without shoes. The guest brought him shoes from a servant, so he put out his feet and put them on. Even so, he didn't care at all, and he still' picked chrysanthemums under the hedge and saw Nanshan leisurely'. This natural state is really not easy to imitate. "
Mr. Lu Xun's evaluation is completely correct. There are many people who admire Tao Yuanming in later generations, but no one can really live like Tao Yuanming. Su Dongpo, who has experienced ups and downs and rough life, is also very elegant. "The wind is cool in Xu, and the waves are still. Holding wine as a guest, chanting moon poems and singing graceful chapters is not as natural as Tao Yuanming's "wealth is not my wish, and the hometown of emperors cannot be expected" Tao Yuanming can "drink as much as he can, and he will be drunk in the future." I often amuse myself by writing articles, which shows my ambition. Regardless of gains and losses, all ends well. " Dongpo, Su Can?
Tao Yuanming's elegance is really hard to imitate. There were many elegant hermits in ancient times, but I have never seen Tao Yuanming write a song "Self-sacrifice" for himself before he died, singing "What is more important?" Life is really difficult, what is death like. People are jealous of death, but Tao Yuanming is not jealous. He said, "I can live in a modern world without hatred. Life is a hundred years old, eager to be fat. From the old age to the end, I am in love again! " Therefore, later generations pay more attention to Tao Yuanming's view of life and death. Ouyang Xiu, a great master in the Song Dynasty, once asserted: "There is no article in Jin, only Tao Yuanming's Return to Hometown." Tao Yuanming once said, "If you realize the past, you can pursue what you know without remonstrating." . It's not far from being lost, but today is not yesterday. It's true. How to save people since the Enlightenment; A passage "Bring a pot to drink and make the court happy." How enjoyable it is to rely on the south window to send lofty sentiments and judge the knees to ease "; A section of "wood is thriving, spring is blooming." "When I admire everything, I feel that my life journey is over. What an infinite feeling it is." You can go alone when you are pregnant, or you can plant a stick and plow. Deng and He Lin wrote poems together. How chic and elegant it is to chat at the end, and how ridiculous the fate of love is!
Chic belongs to chic, and elegance belongs to elegance, but he is not on cloud nine all day and all night. In the words of Lu Xun, "Tao Yuanming can never surpass the world. Moreover, he should pay attention to the affairs of the imperial court and not forget' death', which is always mentioned in his poems. " In addition to "leisurely seeing the South Mountain", Tao Yuanming also said that "Jingwei holds the micro-wood, will fill the sea, dance in the fields, and always have the ambition". There is also "waiting for the phoenix bird to say, I am afraid that others will get there first." Loved people's feelings for beauty "when the soul is confused and frustrated, the soul turns nine times in an instant"; And "I'm over 50 years old and poor. Every time I wander around with the shortcomings of my family, sex is just clumsy and there are too many things. " If you measure yourself, people will suffer, you will die, and your children will be hungry and cold. "
Tao Yuanming's single-minded attitude towards love is especially worthy of our praise. His single-minded attitude is no less than that of a disciple attacked by Song Yu. He sang ten wishes for his lover in his leisure fu. One is to be his lover's collar, holding his beautiful head every day, and even being taken off at night is sad; Second, I would like to be a lover's belt, tied around my lover every day, and often sigh even if I change clothes in cold and warm; Third, I would like to be my lover's hair oil and apply it to my lover's hair every day. Even taking a shower and washing your hair is a deep sorrow. Fourth, I hope that the eyebrows of the lovemaker will be attached to the eyebrows of my lover every day, which will make my daily life sad; Fifth, I would like to make love to ten thousand mats on the bed, so that my lover can lie on them every day, even if it is replaced by a leather mattress in winter, I will be sad; I would like to be a lover's silk shoes. I put them on my lover's feet every day, and I feel sad even if I take them off under the bed. Seventh, I wish to have sex with my lover's shadow during the day, and I am inseparable from my lover every day, even sighing in the shade; Eight wishes are the candlelight lit by the lover, which shines on the beauty of the lover every day and even goes out during the day. Nine is willing to be a lover's bamboo fan, which is held in the lover's hand every day, even in autumn. Ten wishes to be a lover's violin, so that his lover can play it every day, even if the music ends, it is sad. Can such a view of love be compared with those dignitaries who keep mistresses every day, raise a small family and hide their beauty in the sun? !
Tao Yuanming once had the ambition that "a young man is strong, and one person swims with a sword". At the age of 29, he became an official and served as a wine festival in Jiangzhou. I resigned soon because I couldn't bear it. Later, because of livelihood problems, he became a town army, and Jianwei joined the army, but he resigned soon. 4 1 year-old became the county magistrate of Pengze, and he was only in office for more than 80 days. The county sent Du You to the county, and the county officials told him to take a belt to see him. He sighed: "Five buckets of rice can't bend your back. Boxing is a matter for the villains in the village!" So he returned to the field and lived a secluded pastoral life.
Tao Yuanming's seclusion in the countryside is a hatred of decadent and vulgar officialdom, harsh and sinister politics, bloody killing of warlords and brutal usurpation of power; Is the disappointment of social unrest; It is contempt for the ruling class; It is the yearning for self-work and self-enjoyment; It is the love of nature that breeds everything; This is love for the working people ... Therefore, Zhu made the following comments on Tao Yuanming in the Song Dynasty: "Although the figures in the Jin and Song Dynasties are lofty, they are all in important positions, and they talk about it here and recruit power and wealth there. Tao Yuanming really doesn't want it, he is taller than the characters in Jin and Song Dynasties. "
I like Tao Yuanming, who "picks chrysanthemums under the east fence and sees Nanshan leisurely", and I also like Tao Yuanming, who "dances in the field and aims high"; I love Tao Yuanming, who doesn't care about poverty or wealth, and I also love Tao Yuanming, who is "inspiring and willing to make friends". I like "the sun and the moon abandon people, but if you are interested, you will be invincible;" Tao Yuanming thought of this sad place, and finally he couldn't be quiet. He also liked to "expose his days in winter and pound his springs in summer." Tao Yuanming, who is diligent and tired, has a lot of leisure in his heart; I like Tao Yuanming's "promoting filth in the morning and bringing lotus flowers home", and I also like Tao Yuanming's "drinking spring wine and picking Chinese dishes in my garden" ...
I love Tao Yuanming's lifestyle, which is really chic and elegant!