The Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) was the heyday of the development of classical poetry in my country. Tang poetry is one of my country's outstanding literary heritages and a brilliant pearl in the world's literary treasure house. Although it is more than a thousand years ago, many psalms are still widely circulated by us.
Edit this section of frontier fortress war poems
In the foreign wars of the Tang Dynasty, many literati participated and had personal experience of frontier fortress and military life. They served in the army instead of writing poems. Describing the desolate scenery of the frontier fortress, praising the bravery of the soldiers, or cursing the disasters caused by the war, the frontier fortress poetry school emerged. The famous poet Cen Shen's "Zuoma Chuan is walking to send off the troops for the Western Expedition" is representative:
Don't you see: Zuo Ma Chuan is walking by the snowy seaside,
The flat sand is vast and yellow reaches the sky. The wind roars on the September night in Luntai.
The gravel in the river is as big as a bucket, and the rocks are scattered all over the ground in the wind.
The Xiongnu grass is yellow and the horse is fat, and smoke and dust are flying in the west of Jinshan.
The Han generals set out to the west. The generals did not take off their golden armor all night.
The horse hair is covered with snow and sweat is steaming, and the five-flowered money is swirled into ice.
In the middle of the curtain, the grass and inkstones are condensed, and the captives should be frightened when they hear this.
Unexpectedly, the charioteer did not dare to fight against the shortcomings, but the charioteer stood at Ximen to show off his victory!
The "Zoomachuan", "Luntai", "Golden Mountain" and "Charioteer" in the poem They are all common place names in the North or Western Regions. They are used as code names for place names, not actual references. Therefore, when reading poems, you do not need to seek truth, but only focus on understanding the poetic meaning. At the beginning of this poem, he vividly describes the harsh environment of the Western Regions with strong winds and flying sand and rocks. The Xiongnu (representing the powerful northern nation) invaded, and the smoke spread everywhere; the general led his troops to the battlefield to meet the enemy. The weapons of the night march collided with each other. Although the cold wind was as cold as a knife, the snow-covered horseback was still steaming with heat and sweat, which soon turned into ice. In the tent, I drafted a statement of defiance against the enemy. Before I could finish writing it, the ink in the inkstone had frozen into ice. Such a hard-working and courageous army will definitely make the enemy frightened and dare not fight; then let us wait for the news of victory and triumph at the west gate of the Che Division! The optimistic and heroic spirit expressed in the poem is exactly the spirit of the times during the prosperous Tang Dynasty manifestation. Li Qi's "Ancient Military March" is also very famous:
During the day, I climbed the mountain to watch the beacon fire, and at dusk, I drank my horse by the river.
Pedestrians are fighting in the wind and sand, and Princess Pipa is full of resentments.
There is no castle for thousands of miles while camping, and rain and snow fall all over the desert.
Hu Yan flew away every night crying, and Hu Er shed tears.
If you hear that the jade gate is still covered, you should throw your life away.
Every year the bones of the war are buried outside, but it is rare to see the sweet apple entering the Han family.
During the day, the army would climb to the top of the mountain to observe the beacon fire alarm. At dusk, they would rush to Jiaohe (in Turpan, Xinjiang, a place with water in this generation, not the actual place) to drink from the war horses. Diao Dou is a copper pot that is used for cooking during the day and as a watch for watching the clock at night. The soldiers carried Diao Dou on their backs and marched hard in the wind and sand that made the sky dark. At this time, they thought of the pipa music played by the princess of the Han Dynasty who married King Wusun along this road. It must be full of resentment. We spent the night camping in a deserted place, with heavy snow falling all over the sky and the earth, forming a misty patch with the desert in the distance. In the autumn night, the chirping of wild geese flying south was shrill and sad, and the Hu soldiers who were fighting against each other couldn't bear the hard life and shed tears. I heard that the imperial court had issued an order not to retreat, so I could only risk my life and follow the general (the official name is General Qingche) to fight to the death. If the Jade Gate is covered, it means that you are not allowed to retreat into the Yumen Pass. This is an allusion from "Historical Records: Biography of Dawan": General Li Guangli of the Second Division failed to attack Dawan and retreated to Dunhuang. He asked the court to withdraw the troops. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "heard this and was furious. He sent an envoy to cover the jade gate and said: Anyone who dares to enter will be killed!" The result of pushing forward desperately is death in battle in nine cases out of ten. Every year, countless people abandon their bones in a distant foreign land. The only result is It was grapes (sycamores) introduced from the Western Regions to the Central Plains for cultivation for the enjoyment of the wealthy. Although the poem reveals a sad mood, the tone is still high and enterprising.
War is cruel. In 714 AD, the Tang Dynasty army and the Tibetans had a great battle near the Chang Castle in Lintao, killing tens of thousands of Tibetans. Wang Changling's "Song under the Sai" wrote about this war:
Drinking horses crossing the autumn water, the water is cold and the wind is like a knife.
The sun has not gone out on Pingsha, and I can see Lintao dimly.
In the old days of the Great Wall War, Xian Yan was in high spirits.
The yellow dust is enough for the present and the past, and the white bones are a mess of wormwood.
Many years after the war, the battlefield is still dark and desolate, with long yellow dust, messy wormwood, and bones scattered among it, forever forgotten. No matter which party the deceased belongs to, it is a tragic tragedy for him and his family.
Edit this section Poetry Immortal and Poet Saint
Li Bai's Poems
Li Bai (701-762 AD), also known as Taibai, also known as Qinglian Jushi. His ancestral home was Longxi (now Gansu), and his ancestors had lived in the Western Regions. When Li Bai was about five years old, he moved to Changlong, Sichuan (now Jiangyou County), and spent his youth here. Li Bai came from a wealthy family. He read hundreds of books from different sources when he was young, and showed extraordinary literary talent. At the same time, he is sociable, influenced by friends and society, likes to talk about cultivating Taoism and becoming immortal, yearns for chivalry and righteousness, is generous and ambitious, and has a bold and unrestrained personality.
At the age of 25, he left his hometown and traveled north and south of the Yangtze River and Yellow River, making friends with celebrities and gaining high social prestige with his poetry. In the first year of Tianbao (AD 742), he was recommended by friends and summoned by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. He was appointed as a member of the Imperial Academy and an attendant of the emperor. He lived in Chang'an for nearly three years, which gave him a direct understanding of the court and aristocratic society. Due to the exclusion of powerful ministers, Yu Tianbao left Chang'an in the third year of Tianbao (745 AD) and began to wander again. In Luoyang, he met Du Fu, who was 11 years younger than him, and formed a lifelong friendship. When the Anshi Rebellion began, he was 55 years old and was in Xuancheng (in today's Anhui). During the Anshi Rebellion, with the feeling of serving his country, he was invited by King Yong Li Lin to work in his shogunate. Later, Li Lin was eradicated by Suzong Li Heng, and Li Bai was exiled to Yelang (in today's Guizhou). He was pardoned and returned. He lived between Jinling (now Nanjing) and Xuancheng. He died of illness in Dangtu (now Anhui) in the first year of Baoying (762 AD) at the age of 62.
Throughout his life, Li Bai fantasized about fulfilling his ambition and doing something great in the world. This can be seen everywhere in his poetry. In the poem "Shang Li Yong", it is said:
The roc rises with the wind in one day and soars ninety thousand miles.
If the wind dies down, it will still be able to winnow the water.
When people saw my Hengshu tune, they all sneered when they saw Yu Dayan.
Xuan's father is still afraid of future generations, but his husband cannot be young.
He compared himself to the roc that stirred up the sky and sea in "Zhuangzi". He was full of confidence in his political talents and was ridiculed by the world. He also defended himself with the words of Confucius (Xuanfu) that "young people are to be feared". . The poet is very naive in politics. In fact, he may not have the talents of a politician. It is not surprising that his "big words" are ridiculed. However, as a poet, he is a genius, a great roc that travels across the sky and sea. He has been a poet all his life and has done nothing politically. In his own opinion, it is unfortunate, but for Chinese literature, it is a great blessing. If there were no Li Bai in Tang poetry, it would be a great pity to have one of the pillars removed from the magnificent building.
Li Bai has a considerable number of poems that expose and criticize social injustice, such as one of the "Fifty-Nine Ancient Style Poems":
The cart is flying dust, the pavilion is dark at noon Qianmo.
There is a lot of gold in the middle, and the first house is opened in Lianyun.
If you meet a fighting cock on the road, what a brilliant crown he has.
The breath is dry and rainbow, and all pedestrians are wary.
There is no ear-cleaning man in the world. Who knows about Yao and Zhi?
This is a satirical look at the sycophants who gained power around the emperor. They swaggered through the city in luxurious cars, stirring up dust all over the sky. Some eunuchs (medium nobles) had so much money that they built magnificent residences. The cockfighters, who were happy for the emperor, also showed off their power in a carriage with a canopy. Their nostrils were pointed toward the sky, and the breath they exhaled seemed to stir up the clouds in the sky (which was extremely arrogant), and pedestrians on the road were so frightened that they did not dare to approach. Finally, the poet lamented that there are no more wise men like Xu You (Xi Er Weng) in society. Who can distinguish the good guys (Yao) and the bad guys (Zhi)? Legend has it that the ancient sage Tang Yao wanted to give up his throne to Xu You When Xu You heard about it, he thought it had polluted his ears, so he ran to the river to wash his ears. He was considered a sage who hated fame and wealth. Zhi is the legendary "big thief" in ancient times, and of course it is synonymous with bad guys. In the late Tang Dynasty, Xuanzong was politically corrupt and the dynasty was in decline. Li Baimin was aware of this and exposed and satirized it in his poems. Li Bai didn't write many poems directly describing the suffering of the people, but he wrote them very brilliantly, such as "Battle in the South of the City":
Last year's battle was at Sangqianyuan;
This year's battle was at Conghe Road.
Wash the troops in the waves on the sea, and let the horses go to grass in the snow of Tianshan Mountain.
After a long march of thousands of miles, the three armies are all aging.
The Xiongnu used killing as farming. Since ancient times, only white bones and yellow sand fields have been seen.
The Qin family built a city to prepare for Hu Chu, and the Han family still had beacons burning.
The flames of war are endless and the battle is endless.
In a field battle, a horse fights to death, and the defeated horse howls to the sky in sorrow.
The black kite (yuān yuan) pecks at the human intestines and flies up to the dead branches.
The soldiers are careless and the generals are empty.
Those who know that soldiers are murderous weapons must be used by saints as a last resort!
This poem uses the title of the Yuefu poems of the Han Dynasty. It is intended to learn the tradition of Yuefu poems, but it is worse than that of the Han Dynasty. The first "Battle in the South" is written more vividly and profoundly. "Sangqian", "Conghe", "Tiaozhi" and "Tianshan" are all frontier place names. Soldiers of the Tang Dynasty traveled far away from their homeland to fight in these places, and often never returned. Some border peoples engage in war and plunder, and countless people have died in the desert in ancient and modern times. The place where the Great Wall was built in the Qin Dynasty to defend against the Xiongnu is still at war and wars continue to this day ("Han family", Tang people used to use "Han" to refer to "Tang", which actually refers to the Tang Dynasty). The defeated horse screamed on the battlefield in search of its owner, but his owner was eaten by crows and eagles, and his intestines were hung on dead branches. The soldiers died in battle, and the general leading the army was busy in vain and gained nothing. Finally, the poet used the words of ancient military books: War is not a fun thing, and a virtuous monarch only uses it as a last resort. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was so happy about his achievements that he fought for years and suffered hardships for the people. This poem was written for this reason.
Li Bai wrote many poems describing the great rivers and mountains of his motherland, most of which are masterpieces.
The style of his poems is different from that of Wang Wei and Meng Haoran. If Wang Wei and Meng Haoran's landscape poems are meticulous meticulous paintings, Li Bai's landscape poems are freehand brushwork with flying rafters. He often does not depict individual plants and trees, but captures the charm of nature from a macro perspective. The Yangtze River, craggy rocks and cliffs, thousands of miles of wind and clouds, secluded rocks and ancient trees, all immediately began to fly as soon as they came under his pen, driven by him, creating a mythical world coexisting with nature. For example, the scenery of Mount Lu is described in "The Ballad of Mount Lu Sent to Lu Shiyu Xuzhou":
There are two peaks in front of the Golden Tower, and three stone beams hang upside down from the Milky Way.
The Xianglu Waterfall looks across from each other in the distance, and the cliffs reach the peak.
Green shadows and red clouds reflect the morning sun, and birds cannot fly to Wu Tianchang.
Climbing high and spectacular, between heaven and earth, the vast river will never return.
The yellow clouds are moving thousands of miles, and the white waves are flowing over the snow-capped mountains.
What a magnificent momentum this is! Only Li Bai's mind can contain such momentum, and only Li Bai's magic pen can write such momentum. Another example is a passage in the famous "The Road to Shu is Difficult":
There is a high mark of six dragons returning to the sun on the top, and there is a high mark of six dragons returning to Sichuan below.
The yellow crane cannot fly past,
The ape clings to it in order to overcome its sorrow.
How is the green mud coiling around?
A hundred steps lead to nine twists and turns in the rocky mountains.
I went to the Lijing Well and raised my head to breathe.
I sat down and sighed, stroking my head with my hands.
I asked you when you will return from your journey to the west.
I am afraid that the journey will be steep and the rocks will be inaccessible.
But I saw the mournful bird calling the ancient trees,
The male flying and the female flying around the forest.
I heard Zigui's cry again,
The moonlight night is full of sorrow over the empty mountain.
The road to Shu is difficult,
It is more difficult than climbing to the blue sky,
It makes people listen to this withered beauty!
This is a wonderful passage Landscape depiction. The poet used extremely exaggerated language to describe the difficulty and precipitousness of the Shu Road: The sun god drove the six-dragon chariot and had to turn back here, and the rushing river had to hit it back; the yellow crane could not fly across, and the apes were worried about climbing. The famous Qingni Ridge road is winding and dangerous. Pedestrians can reach out and touch the ginseng and well stars in the sky. They are so tired that they can't breathe, and all of them beat their chests and lamented loudly. On the deep ancient trees in the mountains, the chirping of various birds adds to the mysterious and terrifying atmosphere. This is a road to Shu that is difficult to climb to the sky. Not to mention trying to pass it, even hearing someone talk about it makes one's face turn pale with fright. The strange sights and splendors on the Shu Road described by the poet can really open up the reader's mind and imagination, making the reader's soul tremble and startle. The whimsical thoughts and heroic and unrestrained style of this poem are the unique characteristics of Li Bai's poetry.
Zhao Yi, a poet of the Qing Dynasty, commented on Li Bai's poems and said: "The inaccessibility of poetry lies in the transcendence of spiritual consciousness. It comes and goes suddenly. It disdains carving chapters and sentences and does not work hard. The artistic style of Li Bai's poetry is summarized in this passage (Volume 1 of "Oubei Poetry"). Li Bai consciously inherited the romantic spirit of poetry since Qu Yuan, coupled with his genius and diligence, created a unique Li Bai style. The first characteristic of his poetry is its strong passion. He has a pure heart, an open mind, and a clear distinction between hate and love. When he is happy, he drinks wine and sings, and laughs to the sky; when he is sad and angry, he wants to "beat the Yellow Crane Tower to pieces" and "fall down the Parrot Island" ("Jiang Xia Presents Ice to Wei Nan Ling"), singing and crying. Laughing and scolding, there is nothing to avoid. The second characteristic is an extremely rich imagination. Poetry comes like lightning and goes like wind, changing vertically and horizontally, with great ups and downs. According to his lyrical needs, ancient and modern figures, astronomical and geographical knowledge, real history, and illusory myths come to his pen at any time, injecting verses and providing inspiration for him. Serve. The third characteristic is that he often uses exaggerated language to express passion; extremely exaggerated poems such as "White hair is three thousand feet long", "Snowflakes on Yanshan Mountain are as big as mats", "One wind blows down the mountain in three days" are everywhere in his poems. yes. However, it is exaggerated and therefore expressive, and the extremely inaccurate language expresses his feelings extremely accurately.
Edit this paragraph of Du Fu's poems
Du Fu (712-770 AD), courtesy name Zimei, was born in Gong County, Henan Province, into a well-educated family. His grandfather was Du Shenyan. Is a famous poet. His youth coincided with the "Kaiyuan Dynasty" and he traveled from Wu and Yue in the south to Qi and Zhao in the north. At the age of 35, he went to Chang'an to seek an official position. After 10 years of poverty and poverty, he finally got an eighth-grade official. The Anshi Rebellion broke out and Chang'an fell. Du Fu once fell into the city, but later escaped and went to Suzong Li Heng, serving as Zuo Shiyi. At the age of 49, he abandoned his official position and moved to Sichuan with his family, where he built a thatched cottage and settled in the suburbs of Chengdu. His friend Yan Wu recommended him to serve as a member of the Ministry of Inspection and Engineering (so he was often called the Ministry of Industry and Commerce). He lived in Sichuan for eight years. He left Sichuan at the age of 57 and moved around Hubei and Hunan. He died of illness on a small boat near Yueyang at the age of 59.
Li and Du are both famous, but their personalities and poetic styles are very different. Li Bai is like a wild and unrestrained horse, and Du Fu is like a hard-working bullock. Each has its own style and value. Du Fu's poetic style is mature and steady, leaning towards realism. All his poems reflect the life experiences of an honest intellectual on the one hand, and are also a true portrayal of the Tang Empire's history from prosperity to decline. Du's poetry is also called "the history of poetry" by later generations, which is based on this.
The Anshi Rebellion was the most painful experience in Du Fu's life, and it was also an important part of his poetry.
Although the poems of this period also lamented personal poverty and prosperity, more poems focused on the suffering of the people. In 756 AD, Tang Prime Minister Fang Guan led an army of 40,000 to 50,000 people in a fierce battle with the Anshi rebels in Chentao. Due to improper command, almost the entire army was wiped out. Du Fu wrote a poem "Sorrow for Chen Tao" for this purpose:
The son of a good family in the ten counties of Mengdong, his blood was made of Chen Tao Ze's water.
There was no sound of fighting in the wilderness, and 40,000 rebels died on the same day.
The barbarians returned and washed their arrows with blood, still singing barbarian songs to drink in the city.
The people all turned around and cried to the north, watching day and night for the arrival of the army.
In the early winter (Mengdong) season, the children of good families were recruited from more than a dozen counties. After the First World War, their blood was spilled on the Chen Tao River. The wilderness under the blue sky was deathly silent, and all 40,000 soldiers died in one day. The barbaric Hu soldiers' arrowheads were dripping with the blood of kind people, and they were drinking and carousing in Chang'an Market while singing Hu songs that people couldn't understand. The people of Chang'an City turned their heads towards Chen Tao and cried bitterly, hoping day and night that the Tang Dynasty army would fight back and restore the peaceful life of the past. The poet's grief and indignation are exactly the people's grief and indignation, and he is calling out for the people. The famous "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" in Du's poems fully reflect the deep suffering caused by the Anshi Rebellion to the people. Let's take a look at "No Home":
After the lonely Tianbao, there is only Artemisia terrestris in the garden and hut.
There are more than a hundred families in my house, and everything is in chaos.
There is no news about the survivors, and the dead are dust and mud.
The bastard was defeated and returned to look for old ways.
After walking for a long time, I saw empty alleys, and I became thin and miserable every day.
But when it comes to foxes and raccoons, they stand up and cry when they are angry.
What are the neighbors? One or two old widows.
The local bird loves this branch, and it is peaceful and poor.
In the spring, I am alone with the hoe, and at dusk I am still irrigating the fields.
The county officials knew that I had arrived and summoned them to practice drumming [pípi].
Although he served in the state, he had nothing to bring with him.
If you go near, you will stop, if you go far, you will become lost.
My hometown has been exhausted, and the principles of the near and far are harmonious.
My mother was always in pain and sick, and she stayed in Gouxi for five years.
If I don’t have the strength to give birth to me, I will be sore all my life.
How can one live without a home?
This is written in the first person. The "I" in the poem is a young farmer who has returned from serving as a soldier. After the Anshi Rebellion in the 14th year of Tianbao (755 AD), the countryside generally declined, and the countryside and cottages were desolate. The soldier who returned from the defeat saw that his hometown had changed beyond recognition, his neighbors had fled to death, the old neighborhood had become empty alleys, and even the sun was dim, creating a miserable atmosphere. The village had become a paradise for foxes. They turned against the guests and bristled in anger, blaming the young man's cries for disturbing their peace. In the midst of boredom, the farmer began to hoe the land, irrigate the garden, and perform his duties as a farmer in order to survive. However, he still could not live quietly. The county officials knew that he was back and summoned him to train in the army. This time he was a local soldier and did not leave the state. When he turned around and looked at his home, he saw that there was nothing he could carry with him. What is a little comforting is that although I am alone, it is better to be here than to be far away from my hometown and not know where I am. But then I thought about it, there is nothing left in my hometown, nothing to miss, it doesn’t matter whether it’s far or near. He also thought of his mother who had been dead for five years. She was not treated with filial piety when she gave birth to a child, and both mother and child left deep-rooted regrets. When life has reached such a level of homelessness, how can the people survive?
"Three officials" and "three farewells" make people think: Who brought the people to this point? Of course it is those Caused by corruption among those in power. Before the news of the Anshi Rebellion reached Chang'an, Du Fu wrote a long poem "Five Hundred Words of Ode to the Emperor from Beijing to Fengxian", which sharply exposed the extravagant and lascivious life of the supreme ruling group headed by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and pointed out their Enjoyment is based on the cruel exploitation of peasants: "The silks divided by Tong Ting came from Han women; they whipped their husbands' families and collected tribute from the city." The extreme injustice made the poet write an almost accusatory "The wine and meat of the rich family are smelly" , there are frozen bones on the road; the prosperity and withering are so close, it is difficult to describe the melancholy again." At the end of this poem, the poet wrote about the situation when he returned to his home in Fengxian County: "When I entered the house, I heard the howl, and the youngest son died of hunger." His own children also starved to death! In grief, he thought of what he had done as a small bureaucrat. , neither paying taxes nor joining the army to fight, life is full of bitterness, and the suffering of the ordinary people is even more conceivable. In the third year after the Anshi Rebellion broke out, Du Fu wrote the famous long poem "The Northern Expedition". He was deeply worried about the turmoil in the country and expressed his views on the current situation, his eager hope for the country's rejuvenation, and his patriotism for the people. Fills the entire poem.
Du Fu's poems about the sincere emotions between relatives and friends are also very moving, such as "To the Eight Virtues of the Guard":
Life without seeing each other is like participating in business.
Today and what night, *** this lamp candlelight.
How long will it take for you to be young? Your hair will turn gray.
Visiting the old days is half a ghost, and exclaiming is hot in the intestines.
How can I know that after twenty years, I will go to the gentleman's hall again.
In the past, I was not married, but my children suddenly came together.
Yiran respected his father and asked me where I came from.
The questions and answers are not over yet, driving the children to drink wine.
The spring leeks are cut in the night rain, and the yellow beams in the new cooking room are cut.
The host said that it was difficult to meet, and it would take ten cups in one fell swoop.
I am still not drunk even after ten cups of wine, and my feelings are deliberately long.
Tomorrow, across the mountains, the world will be confused.
Shen and Shang are two stars that appear one after another and never appear at the same time, which is a metaphor for the rare meeting of friends. On a beautiful night, the poet and his old friends who had been separated for many years gathered together to talk about their separation under the lights; their youthful days passed by in a hurry, and they saw that each other's temples had turned gray. The poem writes about the surprise of meeting each other, the courtesy of children, the enthusiasm of hospitality, the joy of drinking, and finally the sadness of the upcoming separation. Beautiful and deep emotions are revealed everywhere. Middle-aged and elderly people with considerable social experience are more likely to be moved when reading this poem.
Du Fu has the highest achievement in rhythmic poetry and has always been recognized as a model of rhythmic poetry. Let's read the first of his "Eight Poems of Autumn":
The jade dew withered the maple forest, and the Wushan and Wu Gorges were desolate.
The waves in the river and the sky surge, blocking the wind and clouds and grounding the clouds.
The clusters of chrysanthemums will burst into tears, and the solitary boat will be connected to the heart of my hometown.
The cold clothes urge the knife and ruler everywhere, and the high-speed anvil of Baidi City rushes to the dusk.
This was written by Du Fu when he stayed in Kuizhou in his later years. It is autumn, and the dead leaves of the maple forest have fallen off after the frost and dew. The Wu Gorge in Wushan, which is hidden from the sky and blocked from the sun, is cold and clear, making it even more desolate and secluded. Waves are rising in the Yangtze River, and the world in Saibei is still full of war. The poet has seen the chrysanthemums blooming twice here, and now he is reminded of the scene of crying over the flowers last year. The lonely boat that was firmly tied to the shore reminds the poet of the situation where he wants to return to his hometown but cannot leave, and feels infinite sadness. The women here are busy cutting cotton-padded clothes for the winter with knives and rulers, and the sound of anvils pounding clothes can be heard in Baidi City. All this agitates the poet's deep-rooted nostalgia that cannot be released. In the past, people often used the four words "depressed and frustrated" to evaluate Du Fu's Qilu style. This poem is a typical example.
A couplet written by Guo Moruo hangs in Du Fu's Thatched Cottage in Chengdu: "The devastation in the world is reflected in the sages in the poems; the suffering of the people is reflected in the waves in the writings." These 16 words are a good summary of Du Fu's poems. . Du Fu's poetry embodies the conscience of outstanding intellectuals in ancient times. Standing among the masses, sharing the joys and sorrows of the people, calling out for the people, and asking for orders for the common people, he is an eternal model for Chinese intellectuals in this regard. He devoted his whole life to writing poems, and his poems have solid content, pure enthusiasm, deep anger, and dignified style. In this regard, he is an example for poets to learn from. He "has read more than ten thousand volumes" and is good at learning and inheriting traditions; he "will never stop talking until his words are surprising", and has a serious attitude in writing poems. Both ancient style poems and modern style poems have reached wonderful and transformed realms. The so-called "poetry sage" refers to a saint in the field of poetry. Du Fu is the only one who has received this honor in the history of Chinese poetry for more than 3,000 years.
An overview of Song poetry
Song poetry is another literary genre after Tang poetry. It is basically divided into two categories: the graceful school and the bold school.
Representatives of the graceful school: Li Yu, the late master of the Southern Tang Dynasty, poets of the Song Dynasty: Li Qingzhao, Liu Yong, Qin Guan, etc.
Representatives of the Bold School: Xin Qiji, Su Shi, Yue Fei, Chen Liang, etc.
Song Ci is a dazzling diamond in the crown of ancient Chinese literature. In the Langyuan of ancient literature, she is a fragrant and gorgeous garden. With its colorful and colorful works, she competes with Tang poems for wonder and Yuan opera for beauty. She has always been considered as one of the best in Tang poems, and both represent the triumph of literature of a generation. He drew nourishment from the "Book of Songs", "Chu Ci" and "Poetry of Han, Wei and Six Dynasties", which also provided organic ingredients for later Ming and Qing drama novels. To this day, she is still cultivating people's sentiments and bringing us high artistic enjoyment.
In the early days, Ci was extremely gorgeous and flashy, and it was popular among restaurants and bars in the market. It was a popular art form. The "Flower Room Collection" of the Five Dynasties period clearly showed the beautiful and gorgeous literary talent of Ci. However, the themes of poetry during this period were limited to describing love affairs, singing, drinking and banquets, etc. It can be said that they were still "stingy". Although the artistic achievements have reached a considerable level, the level of ideological connotation is not enough. The poetry of the early Song Dynasty also followed this style of poetry from the beginning, pursuing gorgeous words and descriptions of delicate emotions. For example, Liu Yong, who once offended Emperor Renzong by writing "I endured the fame and sang in a low voice instead of a shallow cup of wine", was depressed and frustrated, and spent his whole life wandering among the singing houses and brothels, writing lyrics for the singing girls. As the saying goes, "Wherever there is a place to drink from a well, one can sing willow lyrics." Ci at that time was considered to be a vulgar folk art and not elegant, so much so that after Yan Shu of the Song Dynasty became prime minister, he did not admit that any of his previous Ci poems were written by him. There were many prostitutes in the Song Dynasty, and their level of prostitution was rare in other dynasties. Together with the talents of the Song Dynasty, they promoted the widespread spread of Ci, an emerging art form, among the people.
However, as Ci occupies an increasingly important position in the literature of the Song Dynasty, the connotation of Ci is constantly enriched and improved. "When a man is sleepless, the general's gray hair and husband's tears will be revealed." This established the status of frontier fortress poetry in Song poetry, refreshing the world's people who had only heard of songs and banquets, palace wealthy families, urban customs, and lovesickness. By the time Su Ci began to develop a bold style of poetry, Song Ci was no longer limited to literati and officials' playthings for entertainment and expressing the affection of their children. It also reflected the literati and officials' perceptions and thinking about the times, life, and even social politics at that time. Song poetry completely jumped out of the nest of singing and dancing, and was sublimated into a cultural form that represents the spirit of the times.
Ci can also be divided into Xiaoling (under 58 characters), Zhongdiao (59~90), and Longdiao
All of them are Song Ci
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Li Qingzhao
Gu Yaner (with preface: People in the world write poems about plum blossoms, and their writing is vulgar. I will try to write one, and I know that the preface is not wrong)
Get up from sleep under the rattan bed and paper tent. There’s so much to say and nothing to think about. The agarwood is intermittent and the jade furnace is cold, accompanying my feelings like water. Playing the flute for three times, the plum blossom heart is broken, and there is so much love in spring.
The gentle wind and rain rustled the ground. It also prompted thousands of tears. When the flute player goes to the jade tower, who will he lean on with his broken heart? If you break a branch, there will be no one in the world or heaven to whom you can send it.
The courtyard is full of frost
The small pavilion hides spring, the idle window locks out the day, and the painting hall is infinitely deep and quiet. The seal incense is burned out, and the curtain hooks are cast under the shadow of the sun. It's better to plant Jiangmei by hand, so why bother to climb the building next to the water? No one is here, it's so lonely and lonely, it's like being in Yangzhou.
I have always known that rhyme is the best, but I can’t stand the rain, and I can’t stand the gentle wind. Whose horizontal flute can play the heavy sorrow? Don't hate the fragrance disappearing and the snow diminishing, you must believe in the truth and sweep away the traces of love. It's an unspeakable place, the night is bright and the moon is thin, the shadows are sparse and the scenery is romantic.
Edit this paragraph Definition of Yuan Opera
Generally speaking, Zaju and Sanqu are collectively called Yuan Opera, which is the main body of literature in the Yuan Dynasty. However, the achievements and influence of Yuan Zaju far exceed that of Sanqu, so some people use "Yuan Opera" to refer to Zaju alone, and Yuan Opera is also the "Yuan Dynasty Opera".
Yuan Opera
The third selection of Guan Hanqing's "The Injustice of Dou E" which moved the world He was tortured and his screams were shocking! In an instant, the wandering soul went to Senluo Palace first, how could it not make heaven and earth complain?
[Rolling Hydrangea] There are sun and moon hanging in the morning and evening, and there are ghosts and gods holding the power of life and death. The heaven and the earth can only distinguish between the clear and the turbid, but how can the confusion arise and break up the thief Zhi Yanyuan. Those who do good will suffer poverty and their lives will be shortened, while those who do evil will enjoy wealth and longevity. Heaven and Earth are also afraid of bullying, but it turns out that they are just like this. Earth, you don’t distinguish between good and bad, what is the earth? God, you are wrong and foolish, and you are in vain! Alas, only two tears fell.
[Four Seasons of Joy. Spring][Tea Picking Song] Zhong Sicheng
Sighing on the fragrance of dust, it has three parts, two parts of flowing water and one part of dust. The silence of falling flowers hurts the dusk scene, and the desolate grass is afraid of dusk.
[Double tone. Indulge in the east wind] Autumn Scenery Lu Zhi
Withered pines leaning on the cliff, the fallen clouds and solitary ducks flying together. There are endless mountains all around and endless water as far as the eye can see. The scattered west wind fills the sky with autumn mood. The night is quiet, the clouds are sailing, the moon shadow is low, carrying me in the Xiaoxiang paintings.
[Double Tune][Zhe Gui Ling] Nine Days Zhang Kejiu
Strengthening the black yarn in Qingshan, returning to Yan Hengqiu, tired of being home. The green sleeves are attentive, the gold cups are scattered, and the jade hands are playing the pipa. When people grow old, their hair turns gray in the west wind, and when butterflies come and go, their flowers turn gray. Looking back at the end of the world, there is a ray of setting sun, and a few crows are returning.