From the definition of the dictionary, the definition of hooligans is roughly as follows: First, it refers to vagrants who have no fixed residence. The second refers to the so-called barbarians. For example, the Chinese Dictionary explains: "Today, people who disturb social order and peace and specialize in bad behavior are also called hooligans, just like hooligans." (The Chinese Dictionary, Volume 19, published by China Institute of Studies, p. 205) Judging from these two explanations, their first meaning is the explanation of etymology, which belongs to a broad concept; The second meaning belongs to sociological interpretation and narrow definition. The Chinese Dictionary, edited by Luo, explains the word "rogue" as follows: first, it refers to unemployed people at first, and then to people who do nothing but do evil. Second, it refers to the means of showing obscenity, unruly and sloppy behavior (Book V of Chinese Dictionary, 1263, Chinese Dictionary Publishing House, 1990). Another example is the Dictionary of Modern Chinese compiled by the Dictionary Editorial Office of the Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, which is interpreted as: "(1) originally refers to vagrants, and later refers to people who do nothing but do evil. (2) refers to people who have bad behaviors such as laissez-faire, slackness and using obscene means. " (Modern Chinese Dictionary, edited by Dictionary Editorial Office, Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Commercial Press, 1996 edition) Judging from the explanation in the above dictionary, it is basically explained from two aspects: first, it refers to "unemployment" in occupation; Second, in behavior, it is "doing nothing, doing dirty things and doing evil."
The above explanations are only from some dictionaries, and there are other explanations from the literature. The general situation is as follows: Marx and Engels revealed the word "rogue" in their early works "Manifesto of the Productive Party". In the book, the word "rogue proletariat" has been explained as follows: "rogue proletariat is a part of negative corruption at the bottom of the old society. They are sometimes involved in the movement by the proletarian revolution, but because of their whole living conditions, they are more willing to be bought and do reactionary activities. " (Selected Works of Marx and Engels, vol. 1, People's Publishing House, 1972, pp. 262 and 254) The Manifesto of the Producers also holds that hooligans praised by reactionaries in the Middle Ages are brave and heartless, with "laziness" as their corresponding supplement (Selected Works of Marx and Engels, p. 6544). Ma and En's revelation of the nature of "rogue proletariat" has profound class characteristics, and they pay more attention to the political characteristics of this social class, which is unique. Later, when Encyclopedia Britannica introduced the concept of "rogue proletariat", it was based on the Manifesto of the Producer Party.
193 1 year, when Lu Xun gave a speech entitled "Rogue and Literature" in Shanghai Dongya Wentong Academy, he once defined the word "rogue" like this: "Rogue equals rogue plus strong man, with 300 endorsements. There are probably two reasons for hooliganism: first, Confucius, that is, Confucianism; One is Mozi's disciple, namely Xia. These two things were also very good, but when their thoughts degenerated, they gradually became' hooligans'. " (Quoted from199265438+1October 16) The words "rogue", "strong man" and "three hundred endorsements" in the article are all Japanese words, that is, hooligans, rogues and ruffians. The Japanese vocabulary used here is probably related to the early publication of this article in Japan. However, in addition to the title of "three hundred endorsements", other titles such as "rogue son" and "strong man" have existed in China since ancient times and have also been interpreted as hooligans.
In addition, in the book "The Change of Rogues", Wan Yan Shaoyuan defined "Rogue" as: Rogue "is a member of the bottom of society who is ignorant and divorced from the most basic means of production in ancient society-fields, so there is no legitimate business to rely on; As a hooligan, the meaning of the word "Liu" can also contain or extend the content of evolution in a bad direction and indulgence into disadvantages. In short, the word' rogue' can be roughly defined as: refers to the undesirable elements who are not engaged in production and wandering in society, and their basic behavioral characteristics are those who deviate from traditional moral culture and undermine social order. " (Wan Yan Yuan Shao: The Change of Rogues, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1993 Edition)
From the above definition, it is not difficult to see that the word "rogue" contains three meanings: first, from the professional point of view, it is basically unemployed or idle. Most of these people are "loafers, Japan is called loafers, Beijing is called local tyrants, Hangzhou is called bachelor, and Yangzhou is called green husk." (Hu Zude: New Dictionary of Shanghai Proverbs) This is Hu Zude's definition of hooligans. From Hu's meaning, we can easily see that the most prominent feature of hooligans in his mind is "no property and no job". Later, Tsui Hark quoted the above statement when writing the book "Clearing Barn Banknotes", that is, "this kind of banknotes can be seen everywhere. The capital is called gangsters, Hangzhou is called bachelor, and Yangzhou is called green husk. Although the names are different, they are actually the same. " (Tsui Hark: "Qing Paper Money Dialect Shanghai Dialect") The book also says: "Shanghai hooligans are also ground sticks. Generally speaking, there are at least 8,000 people in the city, who are associated and connected with each other. On weekdays, they don't have a job, they just wander around and set traps for people. Today, I tried to catch one of them and asked,' What can I do for you?' Then you have to mumble,' White phase.' If the word "white face" is the only profession. "(Tsui Hark:" Clearing Money, Sticking with Sticks and Sticks in Shanghai ") So what is" White Phase "? In the words of Mr. Lu Xun: "If the so-called" white phase "in Shanghai is changed to Mandarin, it will be a" play "; As for' eating white rice', I'm afraid it's still translated into' doing nothing and making a living by wandering' in classical Chinese, which foreigners can know better. " (Lu Xun: Eat White Rice, Complete Works of Lu Xun, Volume III) From the above materials, we can easily see that they have one thing in common, that is, they all affirm that hooligans are unemployed and have nothing to do.
According to the official document of Tongzhi two years of Qing government (1863), in Sujia, Bai Jiwen first took more than 200 rogue foreigners into the Soviet thief because "foreigners set off fireworks in reverse and repeatedly bombed the camp." Although our army can still resist, we must always find a way to cut off its support in order to control the thieves. That is, Li Hongzhang ordered the British, French and American consuls to show that refugees from all countries are prohibited from stealing into bandits. " Judging from the meaning of the context, the hooligans here are basically the same as the "refugees" in various countries. "Record" not only
It's about the Su family, so this document may be a submission submitted by local officials to their superiors, and this document is about Shanghai, which may also belong to Shanghai dialect.
At the same time, there was a scholar named Mei Chengdong in Tianjin. He once used the word hooligan in a poem: "Walking in the market in the morning and seeing hooligans, my clothes changed." Fat people are not expected to have children, and long people look short. There are women with young children in their arms, and grass brands are begged to be bought. While crying and talking about the roadside, the language I heard was terrible:' Guzhuang, Wen 'an County, drowned rice and crabs; Flee to Kanto, a few cars; Zi Ji reincarnated to avoid being abducted by traitors; In this year of famine, displacement is tragic. (Zhang Tao: The Goodwill of Poems in Guinness Miscellanies) Judging from the meaning of Mei Chengdong's poems, hooligans only refer to exiles or vagrants.
Judging from the above information, there is no doubt that hooligans originally referred to tramps. However, because vagrants have no industry, don't work and wander around, sometimes in order to make a living, it is inevitable to take some unscrupulous ways to rob the necessities of life. The implementation of this kind of behavior will naturally derive the connotation of "inaction".
Second, from the behavioral characteristics, hooligans have the characteristics of doing evil and disturbing social order. Doing evil and disturbing social order is an extension of the definition of hooliganism in the original sense, and "hooliganism" in this sense is later than the previous one. This kind of hooliganism has appeared in a large number of historical materials in the Qing Dynasty. For example, Huang Shiquan once said: "Unemployed people in the concession get together and don't show off. If something goes wrong, they are called' demolition' or' hooligans'." (Huang Shiquan: The Dream of Songnan, Volume 1) Apart from the above, Tsui Hark thinks that hooligans are vagrants, and they also think that hooligans are villains among vagrants, such as the "White Sweeping Party", which, like hooligans, aims to lure rich women into defrauding property. Women rub white squares, and female hooligans also specifically lure men to defraud property. Breaking tips by illegal acts and intimidation, also known as extortion of property, is a habit of all hooligans. "For another example, Qin Rongguang, a tribute student who lived in Shanghai in the late Qing Dynasty, once described the behavior characteristics of hooligans in the form of short poems, which wrote:" Gambling for a living, robbing the fire to stop the party from running rampant; My customs are always lost in the Ming Dynasty and transferred to the official. " "In the past 60 years, it has become even more unbearable. The hooligans are brave in Wu Song South; Three wars and three changes, vulgar and arrogant. " (Qin Rongguang: "Shanghai County Temple Customs IX")
Another book "Biography of Flowers on the Sea" by Han Bangqing of Songjiang, Jiangsu Province also describes hooligans. There is a passage in the book that describes the gambling behavior of hooligans: "Hua Tiemei said,' Joe Lao Si told me that it was time for him to run some gamblers. I went gambling with Li Heting and Qiao Laosi for the first time. Dial a big rascal, try to take off the gambler's boots, three losses thousands of feet. Fortunately, there are two hooligans who don't care about foreign money and it's hard to get rid of them. Giant salamander will definitely do it. "The Biography of Flowers on the Sea was written in Suzhou dialect. Although this passage is not as catchy as Mandarin, it is clear at a glance that these hooligans are doing serious things.
Similarly, there is a similar description in Shu Liushan Fang's Romantic Embrace, such as "setting up an organ rogue to send a telegram and selling a famous prostitute to visit Xiao Lang" (September 18th); "Rogues who break into houses extort money and punish unreasonable celebrities with anger and fists." "When the hooligans who came with them saw it, they all said angrily,' What, how dare you be so hateful! Let's all go up and beat him up! "(back to 1989)," The prodigal son is fighting for a breath in the Grand View Garden, and celebrities are happy to see Qiu Niang "(back to 123) and so on.
The above paragraphs basically describe the behavior characteristics such as doing evil, which is usually called "rogue behavior" or "rogue means".
Third, from the perspective of ethics, hooligans are mainly people who play dirty tricks, such as fighting, indecent rape of women and other bad behaviors, or people who use such bad behaviors to disturb and destroy social order.
With the development of society, the connotation of unemployed people, which used to be the original meaning of hooligans, gradually faded, while the connotation of doing nothing and doing evil became increasingly prominent as the characteristics of hooligans, and then rose to the main content. Those who have a career and are used to dirty behavior are also called hooligans. For example, Democracy and Legal System/KOOC-0/99/KOOC-0/9, Scanning Roadside Shops: "On the evening of/KOOC-0/February 2/KOOC-0/99/KOOC-0/0, a group of hooligans headed by Zhang Jianfu, a young worker, formed gangs and fled to/KOOC-0/0. Here, a young worker who has done "bad things" is called "rogue". The hooligans here are determined by their behavior characteristics, not by their occupation.
Another example is the report in 1992 democracy and legal system: "Ye Tiechun, the manager of the non-staple food company of Haicheng Commercial Bureau, plays hooligans, beats and persecutes the masses at will, and is called a rogue bully." (Democracy and Legal System199265438+February) The rogue feature mentioned here is an abnormal behavior that violates social norms, regardless of occupation.
From here, we can also see a trend. The closer we get to today, the more the connotation of hooligans highlights their behavioral characteristics. At this time, it includes not only those who have no property and no job, who specialize in vagrancy and disturb social order, but also those who have property but engage in improper business, taking advantage of the hooliganism of the lower classes to do evil, and even some people with bad records.
This is a yardstick for people to look at hooligans today. Under this measure, the extension of the concept of hooligans has been further expanded, including those who have been doing nothing for a long time and doing bad things, which have caused certain adverse effects on society. The members of hooligans have extended to all fields of society, and even hooligans in all fields and occupations have different characteristics. Such as: hooligans, political hooligans, hooligans, and various professional hooligans, and so on.