There are two basic methods of classical Chinese translation: literal translation and free translation. The so-called literal translation refers to the word-for-word translation of the original text with modern Chinese words, so that the content words and function words are as opposed as possible. The advantage of literal translation is the implementation of every word; Its disadvantage is that sometimes the translated sentences are difficult to understand and the language is not fluent enough. The so-called free translation means translating according to the meaning of the sentence, conforming to the original intention as much as possible, and taking care of the original intention as much as possible. Free translation has certain flexibility, which can add or subtract words, change the position of words and change sentence patterns. The advantage of free translation is that the text is coherent, and the translation conforms to the expression habits of modern languages and is fluent, fluent and easy to understand. Its disadvantage is that sometimes the original text cannot be realized word by word. These two translation methods should be mainly literal translation, supplemented by free translation.
Second, specific methods: leave, delete, supplement, change, adjust and change.
"Stay" means to keep. All words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, as well as ancient names of people, places, things, officials, countries, years and units of measurement. , can remain unchanged when translating.
"Delete" means delete. Delete function words that do not need to be translated in classical Chinese. For example, "Pei Gong joined Fan Kuai"-Pei Gong's bodyguard Fan Kuai. "This is also" is an auxiliary word at the end, which is not translated.
"Supplement" means supplement. (1) Turn monosyllabic words into disyllabic words; (2) make up the omitted elements in the ellipsis sentence; (3) Fill in the omitted sentences. Note: Fill in the omitted components or sentences with brackets.
"Change" means replacement. Replace ancient words with modern words. For example, replace "I, Yu, Yu" with "I" and "II, Ru" with "You".
"Adjustment" means adjustment. Adjust ancient Chinese inverted sentences to modern Chinese sentence patterns. When translating subject-predicate inversion sentences, prepositional object sentences, prepositional object postposition sentences and attributive postposition sentences, the word order should generally be adjusted to conform to modern Chinese expression habits.
"Change" means flexibility. On the basis of being faithful to the original text, translate related words on the spot. If "the waves are calm", it can be translated as "(the lake) is calm".
Translation formula of ancient Chinese
Classical Chinese translation has its own order, so you can read the whole article first and grasp the main idea.
Understand the theme first, collect information, from paragraphs to sentences, from clauses to words,
Understand all, be clear, and be careful when dealing with difficult sentences.
Take care of the previous paragraph, connect with the next sentence, think carefully and try to figure out the tone.
Strive to be reasonable, reasonable and closely related.
If omitted, fill in the original intention and put brackets to indicate the gain.
Names and place names, without translation, names, as usual,
I and Yu are mine, and Er and You are yours. Omitting inversion is regular.
Content words and function words, with the interpretation of the text, sensitize the sense of language, and vary from sentence to sentence.
After translation, you must carefully compare the sentences and understand the tone.
The sentence was fluent, and then I stopped writing.
2. Please translate the following classical Chinese into vernacular Chinese. (3) If there is a man in Lushui, he left the ox bone, crossed the Zhu body, went to Doctor, and entered the river, in the south of the state. Unique miasma, menstrual death in March and April. After May, the walkers are harmless. Therefore, Zhuge [Liang] said that the cloud "May Flower House" said that it was hard.
(4) "Sun Sheng Shu Pu" said: "At the beginning of the Qin Dynasty, the children's clans moved to Shu, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up a county in the southwest, and moved to Lu to make up for it, because it was not afraid of the county." Huayang Guo Zhi said, "Liang Wudi learned from Bonan, set up a county that was not afraid of it, and moved to South Vietnam, which was funded by the descendants of Lu Jia. Because the name is not Wei, but also the evil deeds of his ancestors.
Su Zongyuan and Zhong Wang of Shu County pursued the satrap, but their political views were especially different. Four horses came out of Dianchi Lake, dew fell, and Bai Wu saw them. Schools have just emerged and gradually changed their customs. Five years after Ping Ling, foreigners rebelled and held the satrap Yongyi. After sending the suggestion, Zhu Chenggui asked, but he couldn't deny it. Chaoyi thought that the county was beyond the boundary, and the barbarians were rebellious, so it was better to leave. Qiu Li Qingjian crusaded, but worshipped Yizhou's satrap, and broke peace with the law of secretariat Pang, which was still brave. After the Qing Dynasty, the barbarians rebelled again, taking Guanghan Jingyi as the satrap and demanding it. Yi first arrived in the county, paid millions, and gradually showed kindness, ranging from several meters to dozens of clouds among teenagers. ⑴
(1) a teenager, not many years.
First of all, there is a woman named Sha Yi who lives in Prison Hill. Taste the fishing water and touch the heavy wood, and you will feel it. In October, you will give birth to ten men. After turning the wood into dragons, the water comes out. Sha Yi suddenly heard the dragon say, "If you gave birth to a child for me, where do you know now?" Jiuzi was too scared to leave when he saw the dragon, but the only boy couldn't. He sat with his back to the dragon, which was licked. Its mother bird said that the back is nine and the sitting is a dragon, because its name is nine dragons. When they grew up, the two brothers were embarrassed by their father's nine dragons and were promoted to king. At the foot of Houlaoshan, a husband and a woman, ten women came back to life. Nine dragons are married, and they grow up gradually. All kinds of people describe their bodies, like dragons, with clothes at the end. (1) Nine dragons died one after another. (2) Xiao Wang is separated, often living in cities and scattered in valleys. This is a wilderness with deep mountains and rivers. I haven't been to China since I was born.
(1) From then on, I saw the customs.
⑵ Mourning the prison said, "Kowloon has been handed down from generation to generation, and there are countless names. As for the height ban, we can remember it. It is forbidden to die at high altitude, and children absorb it; Suck to death and build a child instead of a generation; The building is not dead, and the son is mourning for the generation; Mourning and dying, mulberries will be replaced by lotus roots; Mulberry lotus root dies, son Liu Jicheng; When Liu Cheng died, Zi Liu looked like a generation; Liu seems to be dead, similar to the (millet) [chestnut] generation. "
In the 23rd year of Jianwu, Wang Xianli sent troops by boat. He went south to Jiang and Han and attacked deer. ⑵
The deer is weak, and the bird gets it. So much thunder and little rain, the south wind floated, the water went against the current, the ship sank more than 200 miles, and thousands of people were drowned. Li Xian sent his six kings and ten thousand men to attack the deer. The deer fought with the king and killed his six kings. The six kings were buried in the funeral prison, and the night tiger came back to eat their bodies, which surprised the rest.
Li Xian was frightened and said to the old man, "Cao Cao entered the frontier fortress, which has existed since ancient times. Now, when I attack deer, I must be punished by God. Is there a holy emperor in China? " God bless, how bright it is! "Twenty-seven years, Li Xian and others led 2770 people, population 17659, to Henry Zheng to surrender. Guangwu appointed Li Xian and others as your captain. I came to pay tribute when I was eight years old.
(1) The sound quality is good. Tie bamboo and wood into a raft to make a boat.
⑵ There are many rales. You can still see its kind today.
In the twelfth year of Yongping, Liu Mao, the king of Ailao, sent his son to lead a clan called the King of Seventy-seven Cities, with 5 1890 households and 5,5371/population. Southwest to Luoyang, 7,000 miles, Xianzong set up two counties of Ailao and Bonan, cut six counties headed by a surname in Yizhou County, and named Yongchang County. Began in Bonanshan, Dulan Cangshui, 2 travelers suffer. Song Yue said, "Hande is broad and doesn't open customers. Du Bonan, Jin Lan, Vietnam. Dulancang, for others. "
(1) Ancient and modern notes: "Yongping was a captain of Yizhou West for ten years and lived in the Tang Dynasty." The six counties in Han Zhi are not afraid, Tuoba Tang, Subi, Yanyu, Helong and Yunan.
⑵ "Huayang National Records" says: "The Xishan Mountain in Bonan County is thirty miles high and spans the Lancang River".
Ailao people wear noses and ears, Qu Shuai calls himself king, and his ears are three inches under his shoulders, while Shu Ren is just shoulder to shoulder. The fertile and beautiful land is suitable for growing grain and raising silkworms. Know how to dye and use embroidery, weave (1) silk, (2) orchid dry muslin, (3) brocade and other things. There are sycamore flowers, counting cloth. (4) The map is five feet wide and white. Kill people first, then serve them. Its bamboo joints are ten feet apart and are called Puzhu. (5) Produce copper, iron, lead, tin, gold, silver, light beads, [6] amber, [7] water essence, glaze, worms, mussel beads, [8] peacocks, emeralds, rhinoceroses, elephants, orangutans and wild animals. There are two deer in Yunnan county, which can eat poisonous weeds. ⑽
(1) dong, see the biography of Li Xun. Cave, not detailed.
(2) There is a saying in foreign countries: "Thin women weave white flowers."
3. How to change the classical Chinese into the vernacular Chinese Pu Songling?
wolf
Pu Songling
Original text:
Ah Zai came home late, and all the meat in his burden was eaten, leaving only bones. On the way, the two wolves traveled a long way.
Eliminate fear and throw it at the bone. The wolf has a bone to stop, and the wolf still comes from. After the re-voting, the post-wolf stopped and the former wolf came again. The muscles and bones are exhausted, and the two waves drive together.
Tu was embarrassed. He was afraid of being attacked by the enemy. There is a wheat field in Gu Ye, where the landowner earns a lot of money. Tu Naiben leaned against it with a knife on his shoulder. Wolves are afraid to go forward, eyeing each other.
When I was a child, a wolf left and a dog sat in front of him. After a long time, my eyes seem to be useless and very idle. Tu suddenly and violently, wielding a knife to cut the wolf's head, and several knives were killed. Fang wanted to go, but after turning to pay, a wolf hole was among them, which meant to tunnel in and attack the back. The body is half in, and only the tail is exposed. After the slaughter, he died of a broken stock. It was the wolf who fell asleep before enlightenment, and covered it to lure the enemy.
The wolf was afraid, too, but he was killed twice in an instant. What is the geometry of the beast? Stop laughing.
Translation:
A butcher came home at night, and the meat in his burden had been sold out, leaving only bones. I met two wolves on the road and followed them for a long time.
The butcher was afraid and threw the bone to the wolf. A wolf got a bone and stopped. Another wolf is still following him. The butcher threw the bone to the wolf again, and the wolf who got the bone behind stopped, but the wolf who got the bone in front came again. The bones have been thrown away. But the two wolves chased the butcher together as before.
The butcher was embarrassed and anxious, and I was afraid that he would be attacked by wolves. The butcher saw a threshing floor in the field. The owner of the threshing floor piled firewood in the threshing floor and built a hill. The butcher then ran over, leaned over the pile of firewood, put down the burden and picked up the butcher's knife. The two wolves dared not go forward and stared at the butcher.
After a while, one wolf went straight away, and the other wolf squatted in front of the butcher like a dog. After a long time, the wolf's eyes seem to be closed, and it looks very leisurely. The butcher jumped up suddenly, cut off the wolf's head with a knife, and killed the wolf with a few knives. The butcher just wanted to leave, but he turned and saw the back of the firewood pile. Another wolf is digging a hole in the firewood pile, intending to drill a hole to attack the butcher's back. The body has been drilled into the middle, showing only * * * and tail. The butcher cut off the wolf's thigh from behind and killed the wolf. The butcher realized that the wolf in front pretended to sleep, which was originally used to lure the enemy.
The wolves were too cunning, but after a while, both wolves were killed. How deceptive can animals be? It's just a joke.
Ha ha, for reference! word
1. Flexible use of parts of speech:
Hole: Nouns make holes as verbs. A wolf hole.
Tunnel: Nouns are used as adverbials from tunnels. It is going to dig a tunnel to attack the rear.
Dog: Nouns are adverbials, like dogs. A dog is sitting in the front.
2. Common words
"Stop" is the same as "only", but. There are only bones left.
3. Polysemy:
Stop at the bone. Stop it, the wolf will get the bone.
Meaning expression, meaning what leisure. Yes, it means that authentic people should attack the back.
If the enemy attacks, he will be afraid of being attacked by the enemy. Enemy, cover and seduce the enemy.
In front, I am afraid of being attacked by the enemy. Go forward, the wolf dare not go forward.
4. Usage of function words:
( 1)
Pronoun, it, refers to the wolf, killed with several knives. Auxiliary words, yes, the changes of animals are geometric.
Auxiliary words, syllable adjustment, no translation, long time. Auxiliary words, located between the subject and the predicate, are not translated, but the two wolves still drive together as before.
(2) to
Preposition, throwing bones. Preposition, used to cut the wolf's head with a knife.
Conjunction, the purpose will follow. Conjunction, used as a cover to lure the enemy.
③ The meaning of "Qi"
(1) Fear the enemy from front to back. (of wolves). (2) Wages accumulated by the owners. (of a threshing floor).
(3) Tu Naiben relied on it. (of firewood piles). (4) a wolf hole in it. (collecting firewood and grass).
(5) The intention is to dig tunnels and let people attack the rear. (of a butcher). (3) After slaughter, its shares are broken. (of wolves).
5. Common words:
Fear: fear. Follow: follow. So: it's the same. Drive; Catch up. Embarrassed: embarrassed. Fear: I'm afraid. C: Yes. Close your eyes. Violence: Suddenly. Kill: kill. Femur: thigh. May: Sleep. Hey: Cunning.
4. Help to translate ancient Chinese into vernacular Chinese, showing compassion for others.
Things are subtle and unpredictable, and the voice takes over first, and then the voice takes over. He Pengxian's creation is thoughtful, and he will never forget it! How can you hide the changeable feelings, and what kind of hypocrisy can last! Birds and beasts sing, but the grass is not fragrant.
Fish trim scales to say goodbye, while dragons hide articles. Therefore, tea is different from bathing, and orchid is quiet and unique.
Only the beauty of the world will be eternal, more unified and more self-defeating. Pity for floating clouds has far-reaching significance.
I was fascinated by ambition, and I stole the knowledge of poetry. However, beauty is a loner, just like a pepper.
I used to be awkward and thoughtful alone. Tears are sad, I can't sleep or even wake up.
From then on, the night is long, and I will hide my sadness. Let things be as they are, and speak freely on your own.
Too much injury, pity, anger at the city and the deep valley. It's embarrassing to think about it, but I think it's false to make up sadness.
If you fold the wood to shade it, it will go with the wind. It seems that you didn't see it, and your heart is warm.
Caress Pei with a box of ambition, super disconsolate and then do it. If you are old, it will come to Ran Ran.
It is better to have a rest than to have a rest. There is no punishment for pity, and there is no way to say this.
I would rather die than be exiled. I can't bear the constant worry of this heart. The ghosts sang and wiped their tears, but they were released and never returned.
Who can think without hiding, according to Peng Xian. Climbing up the stone mountain, the road was silent.
Entering the scene, there is no response, and I can't get it if I think about it. Sadness comes too fast to be solved.
If the heart doesn't open, the qi turns to self-connection. The seedlings are boundless and boundless, and there is no instrument.
The sound is hidden and felt, and the matter is pure and impossible. I can't measure vines, and I can't be proud of it.
Sorrow is often silent and cannot be entertained. Ling * * * and popular, trust in Peng Xianju.
High rocks and steep banks, female neon at the top. According to the blue sky and rainbow, I suddenly saw the sky.
Absorb the cool dew and wash the cream. Rest by the wind point, and suddenly lean to the temple.
Feng Kunlun has a bird's eye view of the fog, and Minshan is hidden in Yu Qingjiang. Fear of surging □ cover it up and listen to the sound of the waves.
There is no discipline in the face of trouble, and there is no discipline in the face of failure. There is no way to roll over, and there is no way to stop moving.
Floating up and down, the wings are far away. Pan excited, accompanied by Zhang Chi's letter period.
Observe the inflammatory gas phase and see the accumulation of smoke liquid. Sadness, frost and snow falling, listening to the impact of the tide.
Take advantage of the past to come to Xi and implement the yellow thorn policy. Seek the existence of mesons and look at Boyi's traces.
Mind scheduling, engraved with the discomfort of ambition. Yue: Hating the past, mourning the embarrassment of the new couple.
Floating on the river, on the Huaihe River and into the sea, I adapted from my son. Looking at the big river continent, I sadly applied for the disciples' resistance.
It's no use trying to protest against you if you don't listen to you. My heart is knotted, I don't understand, but I don't want to release it. The whirlwind of sorrow shook the grass, my heart was depressed and I felt sad.
Things wither because of their beauty, and voices cannot sing because of their obscurity. Why can Peng Xian's thoughts always be associated with his mind?
How can change be concealed, and how can hypocrisy last? Birds and beasts call for the same kind, and fresh grass has no fragrance everywhere.
Fish fold scales to make themselves different, and the dragon hides the coat of arms. Bitter tea and sweet tea are not grown in the same field, and bluegrass and grass have a unique fragrance in the depths.
In my opinion, a beautiful woman is permanently beautiful. After several generations, she can ask for more happiness. Top gun, white clouds of love float freely in the sky.
With great ambition and a sense of the world, Geng Jie wrote poems in private to understand and talk. Miss that beautiful woman's unique mind.
Du Ruo Shenjiao was selected to arrange itself. I have choked and sighed many times, and I have a lot of thoughts in seclusion.
Tears exchange is really bleak, thinking that it is difficult to fall asleep at dawn. After the long night, this kind of sadness will not die.
After waking up, travel around the world calmly, so that we can support ourselves easily. Sadly, depression can't stop.
Wear troubles as clothes and weave sorrows as vests. Fold the wood of Ruohua for shade and let it blow along various paths with the wind.
What exists is indistinguishable, but the heart beats like soup. He touched Yu Pei's skirt to suppress his excitement and set off in frustration.
Time flies like water, and old age is slowly coming. Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. Withered, separated from each other, fragrant flowers have stopped blooming.
Can't stop my poor yearning and prove that these lies are unreliable. I'd rather die suddenly in a stream than worry so much.
Lonely people lament and wipe their tears, while exiles are relegated and cannot return. Who can be full of thoughts without heartache? I clearly heard what Peng Xian did.
Climb the Rocky Mountain and look into the distance. The road is long and Xiu Yuan is silent. Entering a place where light, shadow and sound are unresponsive, I saved my mind and heard nothing.
There is no happiness in melancholy, but there is always sadness in life. The heart is bound and unable to struggle, and the blood is entangled and knotted.
Silence is boundless, and the vast place is invisible. Voice is hidden and can be sensed, but the pure beauty of things is helpless.
The vastness is immeasurable and the length is immeasurable. I often feel sad when I am deeply worried, and I have no pleasure of flying high.
Riding the wind of * * *, I sent it to Peng Xian's residence. Climb the steep banks and high rocks and stand at the top of the rainbow.
A rainbow stretches out against the blue sky, so the brake time has touched the sky. Suck thick dew and rinse your mouth with cream.
Leaning against the wind in the sky, I suddenly understood everything and felt sad. Look at the clouds by Kunlun Mountain and the river by Minshan Mountain.
Afraid of the sound of water-rock collision in the rapids, listening to the roar of the waves. The mind is chaotic and irregular, and the spiritual fans are confused.
The waves depend on each other and it is difficult to follow them. Where does the continuous rise and fall stop? My heart is floating, flying up and down, like two wings flapping left and right. Like a flood, it rushes forward and then rushes back, accompanied by a flood season with regular fluctuations.
Watch the flames and smoke, watch the clouds and raindrops accumulate. Sad frost falls with the snow, and the tide rises and falls.
I come and go by light and shadow, and I drive away with a curved whip made of thorns. To find the secluded place of Jiezitui, and then to see the exile place of Boyi.
My heart is full of melancholy and worry.
5. Translation, translating classical Chinese into vernacular Chinese: Long live Emperor Huan for two years, rebellion in Shu County, killing officials and people for two years, rebellion in Shu County, killing officials and people for two years, killing silkworm tombs in three townships, and killing officers in Shu County. (Long live Liu Huan (Herry Liu) for two years (AD 156), Sichuan ethnic minorities rebelled. The local county magistrate was killed. ) In the fourth year, Qianwei belonged to Yikou County, Yizhou was captured by Yizhou secretariat Shan Yu, and the rest were dissolved. At the time of Emperor Ling, Shu County was the county. (Yan Xi four years (A.D. 160), Qianwei thought that there were also ethnic minorities invading the border in the county, and Yizhou was the secretariat of Yizhou. A small subordinate country of Sichuan was set as Hanjia County. ) Ran Yi was founded by Liang Wudi. In the sixth year of Ding Yuan (1 13 BC), he thought Wenshan county. In the third festival, the Yi people give priority to establishing counties as provinces, and Shu county as the northern governor. There are six Yi, seven Qiang and nine branches in its mountains, each with its own characteristics. Going to Shu as a servant, summer against summer, against the city. People live on the mountain, the stone is the house, more than ten feet high, and it is the dragon cage. Moreover, the land is only salty and does not produce millet. Only wheat is the capital, but it is suitable for animal husbandry. There are cows without horns, and one cow has more than 1000 kilograms of meat, and its hair can be used as a donkey. In the sixth year of Ding Yuan, Wenshan was designated as a county-level administrative region. In the third year of Dijie, after the county was established, local residents complained that taxes were too heavy, so Xuan Di, Emperor of the Han Dynasty, merged Wenshan County into northern Sichuan. Wenshan has six Yi ethnic groups, seven Qiang ethnic groups and nine Miao ethnic groups, all of which have their own tribes. The king who manages Wenshan has a lot of talents and strict criminal law. He values women and is United. If someone dies, his body will be cremated. Ice still won't melt. Therefore, in order to avoid the cold in winter, these ethnic minorities go to Han people's homes as servants and return to their hometown in summer. They all live by the mountain and build houses with stones, more than ten feet high. This is Qiong Long. And because the soil here is too alkaline to grow whole grains, the only thing they can grow is wheat. Suitable for raising animals, there are yaks here, and there are no horns. It can grow to 1000 kilograms. Wool can be spun. Famous horses are also produced here. There is a kind of antelope horn, which can heal and detoxify. There is also a kind of deer that takes medicine. If there are deer, the feces of deer intestines can also cure toxic diseases. There are also pentagonal sheep, musk, smooth-haired chicken and so on. ).