Jiao Jiao was a competitive activity in ancient China. After Qin Shihuang unified China, people were forbidden to own weapons, and it flourished as Jiao Jiao in unarmed combat. In the Han Dynasty, there appeared a folk competitive activity in which two people performed in public, which developed from "Chiyou Opera". It has the basic characteristics of later wrestling and has a specific cultural connotation. In the 1970s, silk paintings of the Han Dynasty were unearthed from the Han Tomb in Jinqueshan, Linyi, Shandong Province. Both newcomers on the screen opened their arms and glared at each other, eager to try. On the left side of the picture, there is a bystander, with his sleeves arched and upright, as the referee of the corner kick. Another name "Sumo" appeared in the corner of the Jin Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, sumo and Jiaodi were two names tied together, which were characterized by competitive competitions and were mostly carried out in the military. Later, it was introduced to Japan.
origin
The origin of angular arrival can be traced back to ancient times. According to different stories, the ancient Chiyou had horns on his head and halberds beside his ears. When they fought against the Yellow Emperor, they used a corner of their head to touch people, so it was difficult for the enemy to defend. In fact, this so-called "angular fighting" is a kind of wrestling activity similar to wrestling and fist wrestling. They are mainly a contest of strength, and the victory or defeat is decided by very simple human body fighting.
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the corner arrival activity was very popular, but it was no longer a means of struggle, but became a game activity with certain performance elements. According to ancient books, "Qin is in harmony with the world, so it is a corner ceremony." Because Qin Shihuang was afraid that the people would rise up and rebel, he stopped martial arts and military affairs and turned Jiao Di into a game show for entertainment.
"The king of Qin sweeps Liuhe and looks at He Xiongzai." After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries (22 1 year BC), he collected folk music and dances from all over the world to observe folk customs and enjoy entertainment. Music and dance from all directions gather in Xianyang and Qin Dou. "There are more than 10,000 women in the harem, and they are angry." So he founded Yuefu and launched the drama of "Corner Arrival". Although the Qin Dynasty was short, it was brilliant. The Yuefu clock unearthed from the No.1 imperial tomb is a wrong gold and silver button, and the word "Yuefu" is engraved on one side of the clock button. It is a musical instrument used by Yuefu in Qin Dynasty. "Jiao Di" originated in ancient Jizhou (now Henan, Shanxi and other places) and is a "Chiyou drama" dedicated to Chiyou. Qin and Han Dynasties said, "Chiyou has a sword and horns on his head. He fought against Xuanyuan and reached out to people with his horns, but people could not. There is a Chiyou opera in Jizhou today, with people in twos and threes, wearing horns to make up for it, and Han making horns to cover its legacy. " (Ren Fang's Tales of Different Things) It can be seen that the origin of Jiao Di is the fighting in primitive society-martial dance, which reflects a fierce war between the clan led by Huangdi and the clan led by Chiyou in the Yellow River Basin. Although there were bronze medals in the Warring States, Qin Shihuang was the first to introduce performance and wrestling into the court. In the Qin dynasty, "the weapons of counties and counties gathered in Xianyang and sold as bells, giving the martial arts the name' Jiao Di'". The purpose of collecting weapons from all over the world is to consolidate his rule, but advocating unarmed combat is a precedent in the history of literature and art and has a long reputation in the world. Later, Jiaodui Opera developed into a comprehensive performance including various techniques, namely, Qin Ershi's "I think the corner is the best" in Ganquan Palace. 1975 The painted wooden comb of Qin Dynasty unearthed in Jiangling, Hubei Province, has a corner touch scene painted on the back: under the curtain, two people strode forward with their arms outstretched, one on the left stretched out his hands horizontally, and the other was the referee. (All three are topless, with long belts, short trousers and flat shoes, all of which are fine cultural relics. In the corner of silk painting in the Western Han Dynasty (copying), one person wears a long crown, a wide shirt and a red belt around his waist, while the other person on the right wears arrow-shaped reed leaves and red bracelets in his hands. Three people are gearing up for wrestling, and the one on the left is the referee. A sports competition in which two people wrestle with each other later evolved into an art of acrobatics.
develop
In the Han dynasty, corner arrival activities were very popular, especially among people in Jizhou area. There is often a game like this: "The people in twos and threes, wearing horns, cancel each other out, and it is called' Chiyou Opera'." According to records, Jiao Di was called "Chiyou Opera", which obviously became an entertainment game at that time. There are also records about fighting in the history of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It is reported that the corner match at that time was huge and sensational in Beijing, and people even preferred to run hundreds of miles to cheer, which shows that people loved corner matches at that time.
In the Tang and Song Dynasties, Jiaodi opera was more popular in the ruling and opposition parties, and its game color was more intense. At that time, it often appeared in court, government, army and folk gatherings in the form of hundreds of plays. For example, The History of Jing Zong, a book written in the old Tang Dynasty, quoted a cloud: "Wrestling is a competition with strong strength and bare hands, regardless of winning or losing. After each group of plays, the left and right armies beat drums to lead.
Jiao Jiao is also an ancient form of martial arts fighting, which originated in the Warring States Period. Jiao Jiao in Han Dynasty had a broad mass base and a high technical level. Tang Zhou's seal script "Jiao Bin" has such a record: "The front is strong and then strong, and the left is close to the right." This is roughly the same as wrestling today.
Sumo was popular among the people after the Song Dynasty. Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, held a sumo contest once or twice a year, which became a popular entertainment program, and even women's sumo wrestling appeared. According to historical records, there was a "women's nude sumo" in Kaifeng, the capital, on the Lantern Festival on the 18th day of the first month. Sumo wrestlers, female, wore a collarless short-sleeved competition suit and gave a sumo performance. The audience was so crowded that even the emperor went to see it. However, this open move was strongly opposed by Sima Guang, a famous historian and an important official of the court. He thinks this is immoral. For this reason, I wrote to the emperor and demanded that it be banned, which triggered a "female nude sumo storm." However, women's sumo has not disappeared. In the Southern Song Dynasty, men's sumo was held in Lin 'an, the capital, and was always performed by sumo wrestlers, a woman, to attract the audience.
Sumo in Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties can be roughly divided into two categories. One is the decisive competition in form, with the nature of "hero" According to "Meng Lianglu", "If you want to compete for the Nanfengtai of the National Temple, you must choose the counties with high arm strength, and no one in the world will be rewarded." In the Song Dynasty, the sumo scene was formally decided, which can be seen from the seventy-four times in the novels Water Margin and Yan Qing's outwitting Optimus Prime. Another kind of sumo is the performance sumo held in Washe and other places on weekdays, and the competition is not as fierce as the former. Every sumo match, the audience is packed and the fairway is deserted.
Among the hundred performances at that time, sumo performance was undoubtedly the most interesting content for the audience. Most sumo wrestlers' costumes follow the old system of the previous generation. In the competition, both sides are topless and barefoot (boots and shoes are also worn under their feet), and only a pair of shorts is tied between the waist and crotch. This is similar to sumo in Japan now.
Hand-to-hand combat, high-low and casual games should be the most popular competitive games in human society, especially in male society. Therefore, wrestling and other activities exist in all ethnic groups. Japanese sumo is not only similar to China's character, but also consistent with the sumo costume in the sumo map of Dunhuang Grottoes, which is hardly a pure coincidence. It's hard to say that Japanese sumo literature has nothing to do with the development of sumo in China. At least the word "sumo" was introduced to Japan from China, so probably no one would object. A more accurate written record of Japanese sumo is the Annals of Japan compiled at the beginning of the 8th century, in which the 35th emperor (64 1-645) called court guards to hold a sumo contest in order to receive the envoys of ancient Korea's Baekje country. Although some experts said that wrestling in China had spread to Japan with a large number of mainland immigrants from the 4th to 6th century. Sumo appeared in China and soon spread to Japan. However, it is not clear whether Japanese sumo was introduced from China.
After the Ming Dynasty, sumo wrestling became popular. Especially after Manchu entered the Central Plains, wrestling was naturally brought into the Central Plains, and combined with the long-standing wrestling form in the Central Plains, wrestling was suddenly pushed to a new peak. There were countless people who liked wrestling at that time, both on and off the court. Some people who eat this bowl of rice specifically for court wrestling are called "official wrestling" and wrestlers are called "Buku". To put it bluntly, it is "throwing it at home." The imperial court has a special organization to manage the warehouse and all related matters, which is called "Good Rescue Camp". City libraries are divided into one, two and three grades according to technology, and receive money and grain according to grades. Their task is to learn wrestling and practice wrestling. On February 23rd, 65438, they wrestled in hall of mental cultivation as usual. The Palace Museum has a picture of four events of a banquet, which was painted during the Qianlong period. Wrestling is one of the "four major events". Although the painter tries to exaggerate its ritual, it is still difficult to hide its strong competitive game color.
Folk amateur wrestling is called "private wrestling". For fun, some people wrestle on special occasions. Wrestling grounds in Beijing in the Qing Dynasty were all over the city, including Dongsi, Xisi, Yuetan, Ritan, Tianqiao, Ditan, Chaoyangmen, Yongdingmen, Chongwenmen and Di 'anmen. On the court, under the weeping willows, people turned around several times and watched several pairs of big men wrestling. Both of them got off the stage and jumped on the "cucumber rack", which was light and beautiful, attracting cheers from the audience. ...
From gladiator to sumo to wrestling, this traditional competitive form of the Chinese nation, which has prevailed for thousands of years, is like this, with a long history and rich colors.