Zhuge Liang (181.4.14 ~ 234.8.28), courtesy name Kongming, nicknamed Wolong, Han nationality, native of Langyayangdu (now Yinan County, Linyi City, Shandong Province), prime minister of the Shu Han Dynasty, an outstanding politician during the Three Kingdoms period, Diplomat, inventor, military theorist. When he was still alive, he was granted the title of Marquis of Wuxiang and his posthumous title of Marquis of Zhongwu.
Zhuge Liang's contribution can be seen from the evaluation of him by later generations
Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms": Zhuge Liang was the prime minister of the country, pacifying the people, showing rituals, appointing officials, and obeying power. Control, be sincere and impart justice; those who are loyal and beneficial will be rewarded even if they are hated; those who break the law and neglect will be punished, even if they are relatives; those who admit guilt and lose love will be released, although they are serious; those who use rhetoric and clever tricks will be killed, even if they are light; those who do good deeds will not be rewarded. , no evil deeds, no derogation; simple things, physical principles, abiding by names and responsibilities, hypocrisy and disdain; finally in the country, fear and love, although the punishment and administration are harsh, but no resentment, because of their calm intentions. The advice is clear. It can be said that he is a talented person who knows how to govern, and Guan and Xiao are inferior to each other. However, he has been trying to mobilize the masses for many years without success. He must adapt to the general strategy and it is not his strength!
"Yuan Zi": If the law is strictly enforced, the people of the country will be satisfied with it, and if the people do their best, they will not complain. His soldiers come in and out like guests, and they are not invaders. Those who eat grass and grass do not hunt, just like in the country. The way he uses his troops is to stop like a mountain and advance and retreat like the wind. When the troops are sent out, the world is shaken, but the people's hearts are not worried. In the decades since Liang's death, the people of the country have been thinking about it, just like the Zhou people thought about summoning the duke. Confucius said, "Yong can also make him go to the south." Zhuge Liang had this in mind.
Liu Bei: "A solitary person has a bright hole, just like a fish has water. I hope you will not say anything more." "Your talent is ten times that of Cao Pi, and you will surely be able to secure the country and resolve major events. If your heir can assist you, If he is not talented, you can take it yourself."
Sima Hui: "How do Confucian scholars know the current affairs? Those who know the current affairs are the heroes."
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Meng Huo: "My lord, God is so powerful that the southerners will never rebel."
Jia Xu: "Zhuge Liang is good at governing the country."
Liu Ye: " Zhuge Liang is wise in governing and is the prime minister. "
Xu Shu said, "This person can be seen, but he should not be ignored. The general should take care of him in vain." "Zhuge Kongming is also a lying dragon."
Zhang Yi: "Rewards should not be given far away, punishments should not be kept close to home, titles should not be taken without merit, and punishments should not be avoided by virtue of power. This is why wise and foolish people forget their own bodies."
Yang Hong: "The Western soil has served Zhuge Liang to the best of his ability."
Ma Liang: "My dear brother, I have paid tribute to the world as expected, and my career has brought glory to the country, and my fortune is far-reaching. I will use Yalu." , review the importance of the wise, and use simple talents to suit the time. If it is harmonious and joyful, and the virtue is heaven and earth, it makes the time close to the listener, and the world obeys the Tao, and the noble and wonderful voices are harmonious, and the voices of Zheng and Wei are harmonious. It is beneficial to things, and there is no need to compete with others. This is the perfection of orchestral music, the harmony of teeth and openness."
Fan Jian: "When you hear evil, you will change it, and you will not be cautious about your mistakes. You should trust the gods in rewards and punishments. "
Zhang Wen: "However, when Zhuge Liangda saw the calculation, he must have known that God was concerned about Qu Shen's advisability, and he would receive the favor of the imperial court. There is no doubt that he would recommend Liang. "
Sima Yi: "He is really a genius in the world!"
Yang Xi's "Ode to the Assistant Ministers of the Han Dynasty" praised Prime Minister Zhuge: "He is loyal to the military and heroic, offering advice to the riverside, climbing Wu and Lian Shu, and he has the power to be true in our world. Accept it. After leaving Aheng, he improved his martial arts and culture, applied moral education, changed his philosophy and changed his style, and the wise and foolish competed with each other. He forgot his body and was born in a peaceful country. His four descendants were Sui, who repeatedly visited the enemy's court and showed off his power. He studied the power of the country and hated it. Yu Weiyi."
Xi Long and Xiang Chong: "Kuang Liang's virtues are far-reaching, and his achievements are unparalleled throughout his life."
Sima Yan: "It's so good that I can get this person for myself. "Fu Qian: "Zhuge Liang knows how to manage changes, and he is wise and wise."
Guo Chong: "Jin. Chengguo Chong thought that Liang Quan was wise and wise, but his achievements were not fulfilled. The commentators were confused. If the five things of Liang were hidden from the world, the treasures and others would not be able to recover. "
Liu Chan issued an edict: "Ma Su was to blame for the Battle of Jieting, but the king offended him, deeply devalued himself, violated the king's wishes again, and obeyed his command. The year before last, the master was honored, and Wang Shuang was killed; this year, Yuan After the expedition, Guo Huai fled; he surrendered the Di and Qiang, revived the two counties, and the town was fierce and powerful, and his achievements were obvious.
Just now, the people are harassing, and the original evil has not been eliminated. The king has received a great responsibility and is responsible for the country. However, he has been hurting himself for a long time, which is not why he is glorious and powerful. Now that I have returned to you as Prime Minister, please do not say goodbye. "Weijun is a man of civil and military talents, wise and sincere. He was entrusted by an orphan to assist me. He continues to prosper and is determined to pacify the chaos. He has organized the six divisions for a long time. He is impressively powerful and powerful. He will control the eight wastelands." He made special contributions to Ji Han and participated in the great achievements of Yi and Zhou. How can you not be worried? When things happen, you will be overwhelmed by sudden illness and death! I mourn with sorrow, my heart is as broken as a heart. The husband respects virtue and prefaces his merits, and records his fate and posthumous title. Therefore, it will be immortalized in the future. Today I envoy Chijie Zuozhonglang General Du Qiong to present you with the seal ribbon of the Marquis of Wuxiang, the Prime Minister, and posthumously title you the Marquis of Zhongwu. The soul has spirit, Jiazi favors it. Alas! Alas! "
Later generations greatly praised Zhuge Liang's loyalty and deeds, such as:
Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty: "Zhuge Liang said: I will devote my whole life to death. As a minister, only Zhuge Liang can do this. "
Sun Qiao of the Tang Dynasty: "Five hundred years have passed since the death of Marquis Wu, and the people of the Liang and Han Dynasties have been singing songs and offering sacrifices in temples as if they were there. They have loved the people for so long. "
Tao Kan, a pianist from Mei Tao of the Western Jin Dynasty: "The God of Machinery and Mingjian are like Wei Wu, and the loyalty, obedience and hard work are like Kong Ming. "
Chang Xu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty: "If you govern the country with courtesy and the people will have no complaints, if you don't abuse lynching, there will be no tears left. "
Wang Tong of the Sui Dynasty said: "If Zhuge Liang had not died, rituals and music would have flourished. "
"Tang Wencui" records what Shang Chi said in the "Preface to the Inscription on the Zhuge Wuhou Temple Stele": "When the official wrote about the temple food, it became an unpublished canon. Within a mountain, every move and movement It has a majestic appearance. If there is a severe drought in the country, if people pray to it, it can turn into clouds and rain. This means that everyone will benefit from it, and life and death are the same in ancient and modern times. Death and immortality are more valuable than life. Another article written by Lu Wen, "The Temple of Zhuge Wuhou", said: "If the great honor is not collected, God will seize it." Sincerity is unforgettable, shining in the sun and moon, and the fierce energy never dissipates. Long as a thunderstorm. ”
Du Fu, a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty, once admired Zhuge Liang’s deeds and wrote several poems about Zhuge Liang, including "The Prime Minister of Shu" (two of them have the same name) and "Ode to Ancient Relics No. 4" , "Zhuge Kongming", "Eight Formations", "Gubaihang", "Wuhou Temple", "Zhuge Temple", "Geye". Among them, "Three visits to the world" in "The Prime Minister of Shu", the two dynasties opened. Help the old minister's heart. "Died before he left the army and made the hero burst into tears" has also become a famous sentence about Zhuge Liang's life in the future. Other poets have also written many poems to praise Zhuge Liang, such as "Reading Zhuge Wuhou's Biography of Huai" by Li Bai, the great poet of the Tang Dynasty. "Gift to Uncle Cui Shaofu of Chang'an to Feng Kunji", "Zhuge Wuhou" by Song Dynasty statesman and writer Wang Anshi, "Wuhou Temple" by Ming Dynasty writer Yang Shen, "Shu Daoqi" by modern historian Guo Moruo, and Modern politicians Dong Biwu, Lu Dingyi, etc.
Mao Zedong commented: "It started by mistake in Longzhong, but the force was divided into two parts thousands of miles away. In the end, Guan Yu, Liu Bei, and Zhuge Liang had three separate forces and were undefeated. "The first sentence means that Zhuge Liang's strategy is inappropriate. Jingzhou is thousands of miles away from Yizhou. The division of troops between the two places will inevitably cause the Shu Han to lose its advantage in military strength. The latter sentence "three-thirds of troops" refers to Guan Yu's guarding Jingzhou and Liu Bei. In the attack on Soochow and Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition to the Central Plains, the historical fact of the "three-thirds force" ultimately caused the Shu Han's vitality to be severely damaged and the foundation for the unification of China to be lost. However, some people disagree with Mao Zedong's analysis. Longzhong originally hoped to "make the most of the situation." All of Jingzhou in the "South China Sea" supported the Jingzhou Army's Northern Expedition, and Yizhou implemented a pincer strategy. However, Liu Bei failed to achieve it later, and because of the loss of Nanjun, Guan Yu lost his advantage in the Battle of Xiangfan, instead of dividing it into two. The results of military strength. On the other hand, regarding the historical events of losing Jieting and beheading Ma Su, Mao Zedong once commented: "In the first battle, it is better to face the battle first. "It is believed that Zhuge Liang should personally lead the army to advance and make arrangements before the battle, and should not disperse the troops and assign responsibilities to others.
The offensive couplet hanging in the Zhuge Liang Hall of Wuhou Temple in Chengdu was written by Zhao Fan, a scholar of the Qing Dynasty. This couplet It has attracted the attention of Mao Zedong and others. Its content is:
"If you can attack the heart, you will be defeated by the side. It has been known from ancient times that soldiers are not warlike;
Failure to assess the situation means that both leniency and severity are wrong. Later, when governing Shu, we had to think deeply.
"
Sun Yat-sen, the founding father of the Republic of China, praised Zhuge Liang in the Three People's Principles of Civil Rights: "Zhuge Liang is very talented, so he was able to establish a very good government in Western Shu, and he was able to leave Qishan for the Northern Expedition and fight with Wu and Wei. Three tripods. ".
[Edit this paragraph] Achievements in governing the country
"Three Kingdoms": Zhuge Liang was the prime minister of the country, caring for the people, showing rituals, appointing officials, obeying authority, and being sincere. Deliver justice; those who are loyal and beneficial will be rewarded even if they are generous; those who break the law and neglect will be punished, even if they are close to each other; those who admit guilt and lose love will be released, even if they are serious; those who use rhetoric and clever words will be killed, even if they are light; good deeds will not be rewarded if they are insignificant, and evil will be punished if they are insignificant. Don't belittle; be refined in common affairs, stick to the basics of physics, follow the name and fulfill the responsibilities, disdain hypocrisy; end up in the country, fear but love, although the punishment and administration are harsh, but have no resentment, because of their calm intentions, they can give clear warnings. It can be said that Guan and Xiao Zhiya are good at governance.
"Three Kingdoms": When Bei died, the heir was young and weak, and he was dedicated to everything regardless of the size. To pacify South Vietnam, implement laws and regulations, organize troops and troops, use craftsmanship and skills to the utmost, be strict in science and education, believe in rewards and punishments, punish no evil, and show no good. , The strong does not invade the weak, and the demeanor is awe-inspiring. "Three Kingdoms": Li Shu thinks that it is true. To this day, the people of Liang and Yi still hear the words in their ears. For example, Mencius once said: "If you use the way of leisure to make people work, they will not complain; if you use the way of life to kill people, they will not be angry even if they die." "Believe it! Commentators may blame Liang's lack of brilliant writing, but that it is better than Ding Ning and Zhou Zhi. I foolishly thought that Jiu Yao was a great sage and the Duke of Zhou was a sage. After examining the ministers, I found that Jiu Yao's Momo was brief and elegant, and Zhou Gong's edicts were troublesome and thorough. What's the matter? Jiu Yao talked with Shun and Yu, and the Duke of Zhou and his subordinates swore an oath. Comprehensive things, the sincerity of heart is reflected in the writing, which is enough to understand the people's thoughts and principles, and make a contribution to the contemporary world.
"Three Kingdoms": "Huang Sha Tun was founded by Zhuge Liang. "
Sima Yan: That's great. If I had this person to help me, how could I not have the hard work today!
"Three Kingdoms": Prime Minister Zhuge is brave and loyal, and forgets about himself and the country. .
Jia Xu: Zhuge Liang is good at governing the country.
Liu Bei: If you are ten times more talented than Cao Pi, you will be able to secure the country and achieve great things.
"Shui Jing Zhu Jiang Shui": "Zhuge Liang marched to the north, using the weir as a source of agriculture and capital for the country. He recruited a few thousand and two hundred people to protect it, and there were weir officials. "
"Pu'er Prefecture Chronicles·Historical Sites": "Wu Hou traveled through the six mountains, leaving copper gongs in Youle, placing copper trowels in the wild branches, burying iron bricks in the wild bricks, and leaving wooden bangs in Yibang. , buried horses and pedals in Gedeng, and placed throwing bags in Mancai, which is why the mountain is named after it. "
Zhuge Kongming is written in "The Prime Minister of Shu" like this: "Three times he has troubled the world's plans, and two dynasties have opened the hearts of veterans. He died before he left the army and made the hero burst into tears."
During his stay in Hanzhong, Zhuge Liang made full use of the favorable economic conditions in Hanzhong and adopted a series of effective measures to develop production according to local conditions, so that the military resources for the Northern Expedition were basically solved on the spot. After Zhuge Liang's death, the Shu army After retreating, the Wei army also "obtained a lot of books, grain and cereals" in the Shu camp. This just shows that Zhuge Liang's retreat from the army and the implementation of the army's farming war are very effective. The large population allowed Hanzhong, which was vast and sparsely populated, to develop again and gradually achieve a virtuous cycle of more people and more food, allowing the people to "live in peace and enjoy their jobs." Only by enriching the country and strengthening the army can the long-term peace of the ruling class be maintained.
The "Shanhe Weir" and other water conservancy projects that Zhuge Liang "added" are still the largest irrigation projects in Hanzhong. According to Mr. Li Yizhi's investigation, "Shanhe Weir still irrigates eight thousand fields in Baocheng." More than 30,600 acres of farmland were irrigated in Nanzheng County, more than 7,000 acres were irrigated in Jiu County, and more than 46,000 acres were irrigated in Japan. "The six famous pools in Hanzhong City are still in use today. According to archaeological survey statistics, there are still more than 70 ancient weirs from the Han Dynasty in the area. Some weirs and canals have been used and repaired for generations and are still in use today. At the same time, various places have On the basis of inheriting and learning from the ancient experience in developing and utilizing water conservancy resources, a large number of ponds, reservoirs, ponds and other water conservancy facilities have been continuously built.
Mian County alone has built 37 additional reservoirs capable of storing 100,000 cubic meters of water; more than 300 ponds and ponds; and winter paddy fields still exceed 50,000 acres. Comparing the unearthed ponds and paddy field models with today's models, it is enough to show that since the Han Dynasty, in terms of extensive development and utilization of water conservancy resources and development of agricultural production, this region has been building weirs, canals and ponds in a mainly small form according to local conditions. Convert hilly areas into fertile farmland. The above facts show that the actual effectiveness and continuous improvement and utilization of the ancient farmland water conservancy facilities in the Hanzhong Basin to this day are inseparable from Zhuge Liang's great achievements in opening up farmland, building water conservancy, and developing production when he was on vacation in Hanzhong to encourage farmers.
[Edit this paragraph] Artistic Achievements
1. Calligraphy
The era in which Zhuge Liang lived was an era when Chinese calligraphy art was becoming mature. . Four years before his birth, in the sixth year of Xiping (AD 177), Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty, he first called calligraphy "calligraphy". This marks the official distance between "writing" as a communication tool and "calligraphy" as a unity of aesthetic appreciation and practicality, and enables the latter to gradually develop into a unique art - the art of calligraphy. At this time, Han Li has become the leading font with a unique style. At the same time, cursive script, running script and regular script were created, so that the five styles of seal, Li, Cao, Xing and regular script are basically complete.
Zhuge Liang loved calligraphy. He trained hard in his youth and was able to write in a variety of fonts. He was excellent at seal script, eight-point script, and cursive script. Liang Tao Hongjing of the Southern Dynasty was a great calligrapher. His "Swords and Swords Record" records: "In Xinchou, the first year of Zhangwu in Shu (AD 221), he quarried iron from Jinniu Mountain and cast eight iron swords, each three feet and six inches long... It is also the cornerstone of Kong Mingshu’s style.” Yu Li's "Ancient Ding Lu" records: "Zhuge Liang killed Wang Shuang, returned Dingjun Mountain, cast a tripod, and buried it in Hanchuan, with the inscription: Dingjun Ding. He also made eight formation tripods, which were sunk in Yong'an water, all with large seal scripts. " "In the second year of the reign of Emperor Zhangwu (AD 222), he cast a tripod in Hanchuan, named Kehan ??tripod, and placed it in Bing cave, with eight points of book... He also cast a tripod in Wudan Mountain, Chengdu, named Shouchan tripod. He also cast a tripod at the entrance of Jianshan Mountain, which was named Jianshan tripod. Both the seal script and the seal script were traced by Marquis Wu. "In the third year of Zhangwu (AD 223), he made two tripods, one for King Lu, and the text says: 'Wealth and prosperity. , King Yihou. '; One with the King of Liang, the article said: 'Great luck, King Yigong.' It is also recorded in the ancient official script, three feet high, written by Zhou Yue in the Northern Song Dynasty. It is recorded: "The first emperor of Shu tried to make three tripods, all of which were made of eight parts of the seal script of Marquis Wu, and they were extremely exquisite."
The above records are credible, especially those of Tao Hongjing of the Southern Dynasty, who lived only more than 200 years after Zhuge Liang. His experiences and accounts should be based on facts. Volume 13 of "Xuanhe Shupu" written by Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty, Xuanhe Neifu, records that Zhuge Liang was "good at painting and also liked to write cursive calligraphy. Although he is not known as a book, his relics will be cherished in the world." He also said: "The first cursive script in the imperial palace collection today is: "Yuanshe Tie"." This shows that by the end of the Northern Song Dynasty (1119-1125 AD), Zhuge Liang's calligraphy works were still collected in the imperial palace. Chen Si's "Shu Xiaoshi" of the Southern Song Dynasty records: Zhuge Liang "is good at the eight parts of seal script and official script. Today's calligraphy has the words "Xuan Mo Tai Chi, mixed yin and yang", etc., which is very special."
Starting from the Song Dynasty, the famous calligraphy of predecessors was copied and rubbed for the purpose of dissemination, which was called "fa calligraphy". This record shows that in the Song Dynasty, Zhuge Liang's calligraphy works were popular in the world as "fa calligraphy" with exemplary significance. Zhuge Liang never forgot calligraphy amidst his busy government affairs and military activities. "Changde Mansion Chronicles" records: "Wolong Ink Pool is located in Wolong Temple, thirty miles west of Yuanjiang County. It is said that Zhuge Wuhou of the Han Dynasty used ink in this temple because of its name." We know that the time when Zhuge Liang was active in Changde was during the Battle of Chibi. After that, the war was very tense and frequent, but he still did not forget to use his brushes near the pond.
Unfortunately, it is still not possible to see the original calligraphy. We can only rely on archaeological discoveries.
2. Painting
Zhang Yanyuan of the Tang Dynasty wrote in "Records of Famous Paintings of the Past Dynasties": "Both Zhuge Wuhou and his son were good at painting." Zhang Yanyuan also wrote in his "On Painting" The book records the collection and sales of paintings at that time.
He said: "Nowadays, it is divided into three ancient times to determine the high and low. Taking the three kingdoms of Han and Wei as the older ones, Zhao Qi, Liu Yao, Cai Yong, Zhang Heng, Cao Mao, Yang Xiu, Huan Fan, Xu Miao, Cao Buxing, and Zhuge Liang "Liu is also." The painters of the Jin and Song Dynasties are called the middle ancient, the painters of the Qi, Liang, Chen, Later Wei, Later Zhou, and Northern Qi are called the lower ancient, and the painters of the Sui and early Tang are called the modern. The price of works by modern painters is similar to that of works by ancient painters, while the prices of works by ancient painters are the highest.
Zhang Yanyuan described the selling prices of paintings by some modern painters such as Yan Liben, Wu Daozi and others at that time: "A screen is worth 20,000 gold, and a screen is worth 15,000 gold." "A screen is worth 10,000 gold." ” He also said that the works of painters from the Han and Wei Dynasties (i.e. ancient times) were already “treasures of the state and the family” in the Tang Dynasty and “treasures of the ancient times.” Zhang Yanyuan (born in 815 AD) was born in a family of prime ministers. His family has a rich collection of famous paintings and calligraphy. His "Notes on Famous Paintings of All Dynasties" is known as the "ancestor of painting history". His records and discussions have played an important role in Chinese painting. It has always been a reliable and rare historical material in history. From his description, we can roughly see Zhuge Liang's historical status and artistic achievements in the history of Chinese art. The "Huayang Guozhi" written by the Eastern Jin Dynasty historian Chang Xu records: "In South China, the custom is to conquer witches and ghosts. They like to curse alliances and throw rocks and weeds. Officials often use curses to kill alliances. Zhuge Liang made a map for the barbarians. He first painted the sky, the earth, the sun and the moon. In the Changcheng Mansion, he first painted a dragon, a dragon, a barbarian, an ox, a horse, a camel, and a sheep. Later, he painted the chief officials of the ministry, riding a flag on a horse and carrying a flag, patrolling to comfort the barbarians. "It's very important." He also recorded: "Yongchang County, the ancient Ailao Kingdom... has been divided into small kings from generation to generation, often living in towns and scattered in the valleys. It is an extremely deserted area with deep mountains and rivers. Since the beginning of the people, there has never been a connection with China. , the ancestor of Kunming in Nanzhong, so Zhuge Liang is the one who drew it." From the above two paragraphs, we can see that Zhuge Liang does have extraordinary painting talents. His paintings are based on both real life (such as the life of ethnic minorities in South China) and magical and rich imagination (such as dragons, etc.), with magnificent compositions and broad scenes.
Zhuge Liang can not only draw the heaven and earth, the sun and the moon, but also various buildings, carriages and horses, animals and people. Painters who can master such comprehensive painting techniques are rare in the history of Chinese painting. At the same time, we can also see that Zhuge Liang's painting is never out of personal leisure. His painting art always serves his political and military purposes.
3. Music
Zhuge Liang in the animated version of "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is proficient in music, likes to play the piano and sing, and has high musical accomplishment.
This aspect is often described in ancient books. Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms? Biography of Zhuge Liang" records: "Xuanzu, Liang worked hard to cultivate Longmu, so that he could chant for Liang's father." Xi Chizhi's "Old Records of Xiangyang Elders": "There is Kongming's former residence in Xiangyang... The west of the house faces the mountains. Kong Ming often climbed up to the water, playing "Liang Fu's Yin" on the harp, so the mountain was named Leshan. "Of course there is also the Wolong Yin, which is truly a masterpiece of the ages. "Zhongxing Bibliography" records: "One volume of "Qin Jing" was written by Zhuge Liang. The beginning of Qin making and the sound of the seven strings, the meaning of the thirteen emblems." Xie Xiyi's "Qin Lun" also records: "Zhuge Liang wrote "Liang Fu Yin". "Yu Di Zhi" records: "Dingjun Mountain Wuhou. There is a stone harp in the temple. When you play it, the sound is very clear. It is said that it was left by Marquis Wu." From the above records, it is enough to see that Zhuge Liang had a very comprehensive cultivation and great artistic achievements in music. He is good at vocal music - he can sing; he is also good at instrumental music - he is good at playing the harp; at the same time, he also creates music and lyrics, and can also make musical instruments - making lyres and stone harps. Not only that, he also wrote a monograph on music theory - "Qin Jing".
Chu Shi Biao
"Chu Shi Biao"
The late emperor was not halfway through his business, but the middle road collapsed (cú); today, Yizhou is exhausted, this is sincerity Autumn is a critical time of life and death. However, the ministers of the bodyguard are tireless at home, and the loyal people forget about themselves outside: this is the special treatment of the late emperor, and I want to repay it to His Majesty. It is sincerely appropriate to open the door to Shengting to honor the legacy of the late emperor and to magnify the spirit of lofty ideals; it is not appropriate to belittle oneself, to use metaphors that are unjust, and to block the road of loyalty and admonishment.
The punishments and rewards are to show His Majesty's rational principles; it is not suitable to be partial and to make different laws inside and outside.
If a fool thinks that the matters in the palace are no matter how big or small, if he takes them into consideration and then implements them, he will definitely be able to make up for the leaks and benefit a lot.
General Xiang Chong, a well-behaved person, well versed in military affairs, tried to use it in the past, the late emperor called him Neng, so he was promoted to Chong by public opinion. It will definitely make the formations harmonious, and the good and the bad will be gained.
Being close to virtuous ministers and staying away from villains is why the early Han Dynasty prospered; being close to villains and being distant from virtuous ministers is why the Han Dynasty has declined since then. When the late Emperor was here, every time he discussed this matter with his ministers, he would always sigh and hate Huan and Ling! Shizhong, Shangshu, Changshi, and the army are all ministers who know that Zhenliang died on the occasion of his death. I hope your majesty will love them and trust them, so that the Han Dynasty will be prosperous. You can count on it in the coming days.
I am a commoner, working hard in Nanyang, surviving in troubled times, and not seeking to hear (wén) and reach the princes. The late emperor did not think that his ministers were despicable, and he was arrogant. He looked at his ministers in the thatched cottage three times. The ministers were grateful for the affairs of the world, so they allowed the late emperor to drive. Later, when the army was overthrown, he was appointed to the task of defeating the army, and was ordered to be in danger. You have been twenty (yòu) (tong "you") for one year.
The late emperor was cautious in informing his ministers, so he sent important matters to his ministers before his death. Since receiving the order, I have been lamenting all night long, fearing that the entrustment would not be effective and would harm the late emperor's wisdom. Therefore, I crossed Lu in the fifth month and reached a barren depth. Now that the south has been secured and the troops are sufficient, it is time to lead the three armies to the north to secure the central plains. The common people are exhausted and the slaves are dull. The traitors are driven out by fighting (rǎng), the Han Dynasty is revived, and the old capital is restored. This is why I repay the late emperor for my loyalty to your majesty. Position also. As for considering profits and losses, and giving honest advice, then you, yi, and yun are left to their own devices.
May your Majesty ask your ministers to bring the thieves back to life. If it does not work, then you will punish the ministers for their crimes and report the spirit of the late emperor. If there are no words of virtue, then you, Yi, Yun, etc. will be held responsible. He is slow to show his fault (jiù). It is also advisable for Your Majesty to make your own plans, consult Su (zōu) on good ways, listen to elegant words, and follow the late emperor's edicts deeply. Chen Bu Sheng (pronounced "生") is grateful for the favor!
I should stay away now. I am in tears and don’t know what to say.
"The Later Disciple's Biao"
The late emperor was worried that the Han and the thieves would not be at odds with each other, and the royal family would not be in peace, so he asked his ministers to fight against the thieves. Based on the wisdom of the late emperor, the talents of ministers were measured. Therefore, knowing that ministers are capable of defeating thieves will only weaken the enemy's strength. However, if the thieves are not defeated, the royal industry will also perish. If he just sits there and waits for death, who can attack him? This is why I entrust my ministers with no doubts. On the day when I was ordered, I could not sleep well, and my food was not tasty. I thought about the northern expedition, so it was better to go south first. Therefore, I crossed Lu in the fifth month, went deep into the barren area, and ate by the sun. ——I am not without pity for myself: I don’t care about the king’s career and can’t be content with the capital of Shu, so I can’t fulfill the late emperor’s wishes at the risk of danger. But those who discussed it said it was not a plan. Nowadays, the thieves are tired from the west and are busy in the east. The art of war is to "take advantage of the labor": this is the time to advance. I would like to state the story as follows:
Emperor Gao was not as good as the sun and the moon, and his advisers were deep-rooted. However, he was involved in danger and was injured. , Sit down and control the world: This minister has not yet solved one thing. Liu Yao and Wang Lang, each based in the prefectures and counties, discussed the plan of peace and quiet, and attracted the saints. They were full of doubts and troubles. They did not fight this year and did not conquer next year, so that Sun Ce became powerful and merged with Jiangdong. What is the future of this minister? Solution two. Cao Cao's wisdom and plan were second to none. His use of troops was similar to that of Sun and Wu. However, he was trapped in Nanyang, in danger of Wuchao, in danger of Qilian, forced in Liyang, almost defeated Beishan, and almost died in Tongguan, and then pretended to be settled for a while. Er; the situation is that the minister is weak in talent, but he wants to make sure that he is not in danger: this minister has three unsolved problems. Cao Cao failed to attack Changba five times, and failed to cross Chaohu. He appointed Li Fu, but Li Fu tried his best, and appointed Xiahou, but Xiahou was defeated. Every time the late emperor praised Cao Cao as capable, he still failed like this. How can he be sure of victory under Kuang Chen? This minister's question is not clear Four.
When I arrived in Hanzhong, I lost Zhao Yun, Yang Qun, Ma Yu, Yan Zhi, Ding Li, Bai Shou, Liu He, Deng Tong, etc., and drove more than 70 generals from Changtun. Cong Sou, Qing Qiang, and more than a thousand scattered cavalry and armed cavalry. Within a few decades, the elites from all four directions were gathered together, which is not owned by one state. If it takes several years, two-thirds will be lost. ——Why should we seek enemies? This minister has five unsolved problems. Nowadays, the people are exhausted and the army is exhausted, but things cannot stop; things cannot stop, so the labor and expenses of living and traveling are equal. It is not as good as the present picture. If you want to use the land of a state to fight against the thieves for a long time: this minister has six unsolved problems.
Those who are difficult to calm down are things. In the past, the first emperor was defeated by Chu. At this time, Cao Cao raised his hand and said that the world was settled. ——Then the late emperor connected Wu and Yue to the east, took Ba and Shu to the west, raised his troops to march north, and the Marquis of Xia was appointed leader: This was a miscalculation, and the Han Dynasty will be accomplished. ——Then Wu Geng broke the alliance, Guan Yu was defeated, Zigui fell into disgrace, and Cao Pi became emperor: everything is like this and it is difficult to reverse it. The minister devoted himself to death and died; as for success or failure, it is not the minister's wisdom that can reverse it.
Book of Commandments
Original text;
A husband and a gentleman should cultivate their moral character through tranquility and cultivate virtue through frugality. Without indifference, there is no clear ambition; without tranquility, there is no far-reaching goal. The husband must be quiet to study, and the talent must study. Without learning, there is no way to expand talents; without ambition, there is no way to achieve learning. If you are arrogant and slow, you will not be able to stimulate your essence, and if you are dangerous and impetuous, you will not be able to cultivate your nature. Years go with the times, thoughts go with the sun, and they become withered and withered. Many people do not take on the world, and they stay in the poor house with sadness. What will happen again!