The role of dots is punctuation, which mainly indicates the pause and tone when speaking. There are seven kinds: period, question mark, exclamation point, comma, pause, semicolon and colon.
The function of labels is to express, mainly to express the nature and function of sentences. There are nine kinds of labels commonly used, namely: quotation marks, brackets, dashes, ellipsis, bullets, hyphens, intervals, titles and proper nouns.
Two. instructions
1, period. The form of a period is "."There is also a form of a period, that is, a dot ".",which is generally used in scientific and technological literature.
(1) Pause at the end of the statement with a period. For example:
Beijing is the capital of People's Republic of China (PRC). B) Modesty makes people progress, while pride makes people lag behind.
C) Asia is a vast region, spanning cold, warm and hot areas. Because of the different topography and distance from the ocean, the climate is complex and diverse.
(2) At the end of the soothing imperative sentence, a period is also used. A moment, please.
2. Question mark. The question mark is in the form of "?"
(1) The question ends with a question mark. For example:
Have you ever seen a golden monkey? B) What's his name? C) Is it better to go or not?
(2) The rhetorical question also ends with a question mark. For example:
Don't you know me? How can you say that?
3. exclamation point. The exclamation point is in the form of "!" .
(1) Stop at the end of the exclamatory sentence and use an exclamation point. For example:
A) Strive for the prosperity of the motherland! B) How I want to see his old man!
(2) Exclamation marks are also used at the end of imperative sentences with strong tone. For example:
A) get out! B) stop shooting!
(3) A rhetorical question with strong tone also ends with an exclamation point. I can't compare with him!
4. Comma. The form of comma is ",".
(1) If there is a pause between the subject and the predicate in the sentence, use a comma. For example:
Most of the stars we can see are stars.
(2) If there is a pause between the verb and the object in the sentence, use a comma. For example:
It should be noted that science needs a person to contribute his life's energy.
(3) If you need to pause after the adverbial in the sentence, use a comma. For example:
He is no stranger to this city.
(4) Pauses between clauses in complex sentences should be comma, except sometimes semicolon. For example:
It is said that there are more than one hundred gardens in Suzhou, and I have been to more than ten.
5. Pause. The form of pause is ","
A pause between coordinate words in a sentence, a pause For example:
A) Amazon River, Nile River, Mississippi River and Yangtze River are the four major rivers in the world.
B) A square is a quadrilateral with four equal sides and four right angles.
6. Semicolon. The form of semicolon is ";"
(1) pause with a semicolon between the coordinate clauses in a compound sentence. For example:
A) Language, which people use to express their feelings; Words are used by people to remember words and notes.
B) On the Yangtze River, Qutang Gorge is like a sluice, which is dangerous; Martial arts is like a winding gallery. Every song and every turn is like an excellent landscape painting, magical and beautiful. The water in Xiling Gorge is very dangerous, and there are rapids and dangerous beaches everywhere.
(2) Multiple complex sentences with non-coordinate relationship (such as turning relationship, causal relationship, etc.). ) semicolons should also be used between the front and back parts of the first layer. For example:
Citizens aged 18 in China have the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of nationality, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious belief, education level, property status and length of residence; Except those who are deprived of political rights according to law.
(3) Semicolons can also be used between items listed in branches. For example:
The administrative divisions of People's Republic of China (PRC) are as follows:
(1) The whole country is divided into provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government;
(2) Provinces and autonomous regions distinguish autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties and cities;
(3) Counties and autonomous counties are townships, nationality townships and towns.
7. Colon. The colon is in the form of ":"
(1) is used after the salutation to indicate that the following is mentioned. Comrades and friends, the meeting begins now.
(2) After the words "say, think, yes, prove, announce, point out and disclose, for example, the following", it means to mention the following. For example, he was surprised and said, "Ah, it's you!"
(3) Used after the general discussion, it indicates that it causes the following discussion. For example, the Forbidden City in Beijing has four gates: the Wumen Gate, the Shenwu Gate, the Donghuamen Gate and the Xihuamen Gate.
(4) used after the words that need to be explained, it means to lead to explanation or explanation. For example: Foreign Language Book Fair.
Date: 65438+1Oct. 20th to165438+1Oct.
Time: 8 a.m. to 4 p.m.
Venue: No.0/6, Gongti East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing
Organizer: China Book Import and Export Corporation.
(5) General discussion can also be summarized by colons. For example:
Zhang Hua was admitted to Peking University and studied in the Department of Chemistry. Li Ping was admitted to a technical secondary school, majoring in mechanical manufacturing. I work as a shop assistant in a department store: we all have a bright future.
8. quotation marks. There are double quotation marks and single quotation marks in the form of quotation marks.
(1) tables are quoted directly, usually with quotation marks and colons: (the contents in quotation marks must be faithful to the original)
Example: Chairman Mao taught us: "Study hard and make progress every day."
Don't use quotation marks when reporting the main idea, change the colon into a comma. He said he must close the door when no one is around.
Indirect speech: Speech has become an integral part of the speaker's sentence, which can be divided into two situations: there is no need to pause before the end of the speech, so there can be no period after it. "Look at a thousand fingers coldly and bow your head as a willing ox" is a portrayal of Mr. Lu Xun's actions. Quotation is a complete and independent sentence in the original text, and it is still used as an independent sentence now, so the period should be in quotation marks, and vice versa. For example, Hegel once pointed out that error itself is "an inevitable link to realize its rationality", which is very insightful.
(2) express special meaning. For example, there are even two young people, dignified and strong. They have walked "the hardest road in the world", but now they are sitting quietly, elegant as a daughter. (The most difficult road in the world is not the road in the general sense, but the road of the 25,000-mile long March. )
(3) Special appellation. Example: The shoes made by the people in the old base areas are measured.
(4) The form emphasizes prominence. In a sense, "saying" means doing.
(5) Irony and negation. There are also some "masters" who hold some old and new paintings and hang them all the way in European countries, which is called "carrying forward the national light".
(6) Used for specific names, abbreviations, festivals, anniversaries, etc. , such as "May Day".
(7) Cite idioms, idioms, proverbs, etc.
(8) When quotation marks are used in quotation marks, double quotation marks are used in the outer layer and single quotation marks are used in the inner layer. For example:
He stood up and asked, "Teacher, what does the word' orderly' mean?"
9. Parentheses. The common form of brackets is the bracket "()". In addition, there are square brackets, hexagonal brackets and square brackets.
(1) The explanatory text in the text is indicated by brackets. Annotate a word in a sentence, including the annotation immediately after the annotation word; Annotate the whole sentence, including the comments after punctuation marks at the end of the sentence. For example:
A) The discovery of Chinese ape-man in China is a great contribution to paleoanthropology.
B) Writing research articles is different from literary creation, and you can't spread out the manuscript paper and "improvise". (In fact, literary creation also needs literacy to have "improvisation". )
10 dash. Dashes are in the form of "-"
General usage:
(1) indicates that a dash is followed by an explanation. For example:
A) All governments, whether autocratic or both, expelled him.
B) The foreman or handyman stands lazily in front of the gate, like the wooden fence at the ticket cutting place of the railway station and piles of rosters.
(2) indicates the significance of proceeding. For example:
Every year, especially during floods and droughts, these well-connected workers in Japanese factories ...
(3) the transformation, jumping or turning point of meaning. For example:
A) "It's so hot today! -When are you going to Shanghai? "
B) I didn't want to go, but my mother-in-law insisted that I visit him again-what's the point!
(4) indicates the prolongation of speech. For example:
A) "Xiao Lin-I'm coming!" He shouted
B) The little boy began to cry loudly.
C) In front of the square, we affectionately call: Zhou-forever-reason-
(5) indicates a big pause or interruption in speech. For example:
I asked the people who were in Wuxi at that time, but-(said to interrupt)
(6) ideographic progression (tight bearing). For example: unity-criticism-unity
(7) Methods of summarizing the above contents. For example, those who want to win can't win, and those who are not afraid of losing lose-this is the dialectics of competition.
(8) Used before the subtitle. For example, a bet in memory of giordano bruno.
1 1, ellipsis. The ellipsis is in the form of "…", and six dots occupy the position of two words. Ellipsis is a label that indicates what is omitted in a sentence.
(1) ellipsis is mainly used to indicate ellipsis. There are four main contents of ellipsis: one is quotation; Second, repeat words; The third is a similar statement; The fourth is enumeration.
Besides ellipsis, ellipsis can be used in the following ways:
(2) expressing silence. For example, what is it? Aunt Mei's health can't stand the bumps on the road! Ouyang Ping: ...
(3) Language interruption: For example, a person wearing a robe asks, "This is my brother." The answer in the hat.
(4) Dashes can also indicate language interruption, but they are different: dashes indicate an abrupt end of the language, and ellipses indicate a residual sound.
Go ahead.
(5) The predication is intermittent. For example, my superiors … sent me … to work here … and I … didn't … complete the task entrusted to me by my superiors …
(6) The dining table is ambiguous and embarrassing. For example, I immediately became timid, and I wanted to translate what I had said before, "That's … true, … I don't know …". In fact, whether there is a soul or not, I don't know. "
(7) The meaning is not exhausted. Example: "Shit! However ... "Fourth uncle said.
12, key points. Bullets are in the form of "."words, words and sentences that need readers' special attention, and are marked with bullets.
For example, business is done, not blown out.
13, connection number. The hyphen is in the form of "-",which occupies the position of a word. There are three forms of hyphen, namely "_ _" (occupying the position of two words), "-"(occupying the position of half a word) and "~" (occupying the position of one word).
(1) Two related nouns form a unit of meaning with a hyphen in the middle. For example:
A) The area north of Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains in China belongs to temperate monsoon climate zone, with high temperature and rainy summer and cold and dry winter.
B) Compound sodium chloride injection, also known as Ringer-Locke solution, is used in medical treatment and physiological experiments of mammals.
(2) The relevant time, place or number shall be displayed with connection signs. For example:
A) Lu Xun (188 1- 1936) is a great writer, thinker and revolutionary in modern China. Yucai was originally named Zhou Shuren and was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang.
B) "Beijing-Guangzhou" through train
C) Kyoho grapes planted in Liyuan Township have entered a high-yield period this year, with an yield of 1000 kg ~ 1500 kg per mu.
(3) Between related letters and Arabic numerals. , the connection number is used to indicate the product model. For example:
In the Pacific region, in addition to the HAW-4 and TPC-3 submarine cables that have been built and put into use, TPC-4 submarine cables have also been put into operation.
(4) Several related projects indicate gradual development, with hyphens in the middle. For example:
The development of human beings can be divided into four stages: ape-ape-man-ancients-newcomers.
14, interval number. The interval symbol is in the form of "".
(1) The boundary between the names of foreigners and some ethnic minorities is marked with a space symbol. For example:
Leonardo da Vinci's Aisinjueluo Nurhachi
(2) The boundary between the title of the book and the title of the article (chapter or volume) is marked with a space symbol. For example:
Encyclopedia of China, Physics, History of the Three Kingdoms, History of Shu, Biography of Zhuge Liang.
15, the title. There are double titles and single titles in the form of titles. ".It is mainly used to express the title of books, articles, newspapers, files, operas, songs and pictures.
(1) Title, article number, newspaper name, publication name, etc. It should be marked with the title. For example:
A) The author of A Dream of Red Mansions is Cao Xueqin. B) Have you read Kong Yiji by Lu Xun?
His article was published in People's Daily. There is a book "The Language of China" on the desk.
(2) When using book titles internally, the outer layer uses double book titles and the inner layer uses single book titles. For example:
The preface of < Workers in China > was published in/kloc-0 on February 7th, 940.
16, proper name. Proper names are in the form of "_ _"
(1) Names of people, places and dynasties are marked with proper nouns. For example:
Sima Xiangru, whose name is Changqing, was born in Chengdu, Shu County in Han Dynasty.
(2) Proper names are only used in ancient books or some literary and historical works. In order to match proper names, the titles of such works can use wavy lines. For example:
Qu Yuan was exiled, but he was given Li Sao. Zuo Qiu is blind and can't speak Mandarin.
Third, the position of punctuation marks.
1, period, question mark, exclamation point, comma, pause, semicolon and colon generally occupy the position of a word, which is lower to the left and does not appear at the beginning of the line.
2. Quotations, brackets and the first half of the title do not appear at the end of the line, and the second half does not appear at the beginning of the line.
3. Both dashes and ellipses occupy the position of two words and cannot be broken in the middle. Connectors and separators generally occupy the position of a word. These four symbols are centered up and down.
4. Symbols, proper names and wavy book titles are marked below the characters and can move with the characters.
5. The punctuation marks of the straight draft and the horizontal draft are different.
(1) Period, question mark, exclamation point, pause, semicolon and colon are placed on the right side of the word.
(2) dashes, ellipses, hyphens and spaces are placed in the middle of words.
(3) The quotation marks are changed into double quotation marks and single quotation marks.
(4) Bullets are marked on the right side of the word, and proper names and wave titles are marked on the left side of the word.