Category: Society and people's livelihood
Analysis:
1. Origin of the surname Shi
1. Origin
Shi Surnames have multiple origins. The earliest one comes from the surname Ji, a descendant of Wei Kangshu, namely Shi Que, the grandson of Jingbo, the sixth generation of Kangshu.
Shi Que is called Gongsun Que. Zi Shi, people call him Shi Que. He was the official of Duke Zhuang, the eleventh generation of the Wei Kingdom. He was upright, sympathetic to the sufferings of the people, and deeply respected by the people of the country. Duke Zhuang of Wei had a concubine who gave birth to a son named Zhouxu. He was violent by nature and good at talking about war. He loved Duke Zhuang and allowed him to do whatever he wanted. Shi Que was very dissatisfied with this and remonstrated with Duke Zhuang: "I heard that I loved my son and taught him righteousness, but he tolerated the evil. ... A husband who favors too much will be arrogant, and arrogance will lead to chaos. If you don't surrender, you will be arrogant." It's a pity that there are only a few people who can do it!" And it is presented as "six reversals" and "six smooths". The so-called six evils are that the humble interferes with the noble, the young bully the elder, the alienated alienates the close, the new alienates the old, the less powerful overtakes the powerful, and the immoral and evil destroy morality. "Six obedience" means that the king's actions are moral and moral, his ministers carry out his orders, his father is kind, his son is filial, his elder brother is friendly, and his younger brother is respectful. ("Zuo Zhuan. The third year of Yin Gong's reign"). But Duke Zhuang wouldn't listen at all, but it left a legacy for Weiguo.
Shi Que's son Shi Hou had a close relationship with Zhou Xu. The two often hunted side by side and harassed the people. Shi Que scolded him, locked him in an empty room, and was not allowed to come in or out. Shi Hou escaped over the wall and lived in Zhouxu's mansion. He would not go home until he had a meal.
After Duke Zhuang died, his eldest son succeeded him, Duke Huan of Wei. Seeing that he was cowardly and incompetent, Shi Que resigned and did not participate in government affairs. At this time, Zhou Xu became even more domineering. In 719 BC, Zhouxu listened to Shi Hou's plan and took advantage of Duke Huan's visit to Zhou to express his condolences. He set up a memorial outside the west gate of Chaoge to kill Duke Huan and established himself as the king of Wei.
In order to threaten the people of the country and establish authority over neighboring countries, Zhouxu, under Shi Hou's instigation, vigorously searched for the people's fat and anointed people, recruited young and middle-aged people to join the army, and went to attack the Zheng State. After only winning for a while, he sang a victory song and led the army. Return home. As a result, the people were wasted and money was wasted, and the people complained. Songs like this were sung everywhere: "One hero dies, another hero rises, singing and dancing become weapons, when will there be peace?"
Zhouxu established his position by killing his brother and resorting to militarism, so neither the government nor the public of Wei State supported him. They were very worried and ordered Shi Hou to ask his father Shi Que for advice on how to determine the throne. Shi Que was very angry when he saw that his good country was being ruined and was in disgrace. He had long wanted to get rid of the culprits and reorganize the country. So they took advantage of the plan and asked Shi Hou and Zhou Xu to go to Chen State to ask Chen Huan Gong to introduce him to the emperor of Zhou, so that the throne would be stable. They were very happy after hearing what Shi Que said. They prepared gifts of jade and silk and went to Chen State.
Little did they know that the two of them were falling into Shi Que's trap. Shi Que had already cut his finger and wrote a *** and sent it to Chen Guo, asking Chen Guo to help Wei Guo get rid of Er Ni. Zizhen, a senior official in Chen State, had been friends with Shi Que for many years. He received a letter from Shi Que and reported it to Duke Huan of Chen. After Zhouxu Shihou arrived in Chen, he detained the two men. The envoy of the Wei State, You Zai, executed Zhouxu in Pu. The ministers believed that Shi Hou was Shi Que's flesh and blood and an accomplice, and demanded a lighter sentence. Paraffin said angrily: "My unfilial son helped the tyrants and did all the bad things. You ask for a lighter sentence. Do you want me to be selfish and ignore the righteousness? How can I explain it to Mr. Chaoge!" So he sent his family's slaughterer, Yao Yangjian. Chen Guo killed his biological son.
Shi Que served the country and the people, did not show favoritism, and killed relatives with righteousness. His reputation has been passed down through the ages. Zuo Qiuming praised in "Zuo Zhuan": "Shi Que is also a pure minister...he killed relatives with righteousness, and his reputation has been passed down through the ages." That’s what it means!”
This is the origin of “righteousness destroys relatives”.
The descendants of Shi Que took the name of Shi Que as their surname, and thus became the Shi family.
From the founding of the Wei Kingdom by Uncle Kang in Chaoge in 1042 BC to the defeat of Junjiao in Yewang (now Qinyang) in 200 BC, the Wei Kingdom had a history of thirty generations and forty-three monarchs, totaling 842 years. years, during which the capital was moved four times. 1042 BC - the 383rd year of Chaoge in 659 BC; 659 BC - the 2nd year of the capital Caoyi (now east of Huaxian County) in 657 BC; 657 BC - the 28th year of the capital Chuqiu in 629 BC ; 629 BC - 239 BC, the 390th year of King Tuye; 239 BC - 200 BC, the 39th year of King Tuye. Before Wei Yigong, Chaoge had always been the capital of Wei State. Shi Que's righteous killing of relatives occurred in Chaoge in 715 BC. Therefore, Chaoge should be the birthplace of the Shi surname.
The origin of the surname Wei Guo Shi has been recorded in many classics. Wang Fu of the Han Dynasty's "Qian Fu Lun: Zhi Family Surnames" says: "The public clans of Wei, Shi family, Shishu family, Sun family, Ning family... all have the surname of Wei Ji." Lin Bao of the Tang Dynasty, "Yuanhe" The surname "Shi" in the "Surname Compilation" is recorded as: "after Shi Que, the doctor of Wei." Shi Que and his son Shi Hou were found in "Zuo Zhuan: The Third and Fourth Years of Yin Gong". Du Yu, a native of Jin Dynasty, explained in "Spring and Autumn Annals: Genealogy of the World": "Shi Que, Jing Bosun". Zheng Qiao's "Tongzhi·Using the word as a surname" in the Song Dynasty also said: "Shi's surname is Ji. Shi Que, the grandson of Jingbo, made great contributions to the Wei Dynasty and was a doctor of the Wei Dynasty." Deng Mingshi in the Song Dynasty said more in "Ancient and Modern Surname Books Differentiation" It is clear: "Shi, comes from Shi Que, the doctor of Wei, who first took the surname of Wangfu as his surname." The statements in these ancient surname books are basically the same. Shi Que.
Uncle Wei Kang, whose surname is Ji and whose name is Feng, is the eighth son of King Wen of Zhou Jichang and the half-brother of King Wu of Zhou.
After King Wu of Zhou Jifa conquered Shang Dynasty, he was granted the title of Kang Shufeng (now northwest of Yuzhou City, Henan Province), and was known as Kang Shufeng in history. After Zhou Gongdan put down the Wu Geng rebellion, he enfeoffed some of the areas originally ruled by the Shang Dynasty and the seven tribes of the Yin people to him. In 1042 BC, Chaoge (today's Qi County), the old capital of the Shang Dynasty, was established between the Yellow River and Qishui. Weiguo, he is the founding king of Weiguo.
Weiguo is located in northern Henan, and also owns the southern end of Hebei and parts of eastern Shandong. When Wei Kangshu took office, he followed Zhou Gongdan's "Kang Gao", "Jiu Gao" and "Zicai" Chun Chun admonitions, governed the country with King Wen's policy of "clear virtue and careful punishment", freed slaves, and distributed cultivated land. The development of private fields was encouraged, and animal husbandry and handicrafts developed rapidly. Intermarriage with the same surname was changed, and bad habits such as burying people alive were abolished. The state of Wei has a great situation in which the government is harmonious and people are harmonious, and all industries are prosperous. It became the largest Houyi state in the Western Zhou Dynasty. King Cheng promoted Uncle Kang to be the chief minister of the Zhou Dynasty and gave him precious sacrificial vessels to show his virtue. At the same time, it also won the respect of the Wei people. In the 13th year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1707 AD), the people of the city built the Kangshu Temple in Genan Street, the county seat, to offer sacrifices in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Uncle Kang gave birth to a son, Kang Bo, who succeeded him after his death and became the second generation monarch of Wei; Kang Bo gave birth to a son, Kao Bo, who succeeded Kang Bo and became the third generation monarch; Kao Bo He gave birth to a son, Si Bo, who succeeded Kao Bo and became the fourth generation king; he gave birth to a son, Bin Bo, who succeeded his Si Bo and became the fifth generation king. Bin Bo gave birth to a son, Jing Bo.
Jingbo is the sixth grandson of Uncle Kang. After the death of his father Binbo, he succeeded to the throne and became the sixth king of Weiguo. Uncle Jing had a grandson named Que. According to Hu Yao's book "Seeking the Roots of Chinese Surnames", Shi Que, also known as Shi Que, was Wei Shangqing. According to the patriarchal system of Zhou Dynasty, the son of the king of the vassal states is called Gongzi, and his grandson is called Gongsun. Gongsun's descendants have become slightly estranged from the blood relationship of his direct eldest son, and they can use the name of their grandfather (royal father) as their surname, and breed another branch of the clan. In this way, Shi Jue's grandson Shi Tiezhong took his character "Shi" as his surname, and the Shi family of Wei State was separated from the Ji surname.
The Shi family in Qi County is an authentic descendant of Shi Que. They now live in more than ten villages in the urban and rural areas of Qi County. Although there is no official family history record, it has been passed down from generation to generation that they are old households in Qi County. The ancestor is Shi Que. Those with relatively concentrated populations include Fuzhuang Village and Genan Village in Chaoge Town; Nihe Village and Side Village in Gaocun Town; Woyangwan Village and Wuzhuang Village in Beiyang Town; Guyan Village and Xinzhuang Village in Qiaomeng Township, etc.
In addition to the Ji surname from Wei State, the Ji surname of Zheng State and Jin State also gave rise to two Shi surnames: Zheng Guo Gongsun Duan, whose courtesy name was Zi Shi, and his descendants took his surname as their surname. He is the Shi family; Yang Shiwo of the Jin Dynasty, whose courtesy name was Bo Shi, was also called Yang Shi. His descendants took his surname as their surname and were also called the Shi family. The surname of the Song Dynasty also gave birth to a surname of Shi. The son of the Song Dynasty (Zi surname) Duan, whose courtesy name was Zi Shi, and his descendants also took Shi as their surname.
Among the ethnic minorities, the earliest Shi surname from Henan was changed from the Xianbei Wushilan clan. After Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved the capital to Luoyang, he began large-scale reforms, including one That is to change the Xianbei surname to the Han surname. According to the "Book of Wei·Guanshi Zhi", the Xianbei surname Wushilan was changed to the surname Shi. After the Xianbei people changed their surname, they all called Luoyang their home, so Luoyang is another important place of origin of the Shi surname in Henan. This incident has also been recorded in other books. Yao Weiyuan's "A Study of the Hu Surname in the Northern Dynasties" mentioned that Han Yu once made an epitaph for a man named Shi Hong in the Tang Dynasty. The epitaph said: The emperor's name was Hong, and his courtesy name was Ruichuan. His ancestor's surname was Wushilan, and his ninth-generation ancestor was Shi Meng. He followed the Tuoba family into the Central Plains and lived in Henan. Therefore, he removed the "Wu" and "Lan" from his surname and changed it to the single surname Shi. The biography of Shi Hong in "New Book of Tang" also records that his ancestor's surname was Wushilan, which was later changed to the single surname Shi.
, Another group of people with the Shi surname from Henan were some Jews given the Shi surname to settle in China during the Song Dynasty. Since the Tang Dynasty, Jews with the Shi surname have come to China for business via sea and land routes, and the overland routes have been along the Silk Road through Persia and India. Entering the Central Plains, sea routes gradually entered the inland from Zhejiang and Fujian. Their number increased, reaching their peak in the Song Dynasty, and they paid tribute to the Song Dynasty. After they once paid tribute to the Song Dynasty with Western cloth, the Emperor of the Song Dynasty said: "Give it to me." China, abiding by the ancestral customs, left behind Bianliang." As a result, a large number of Jews stayed in China, especially in Bianliang (now Kaifeng City), the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty. After the Jews stayed in China, they gradually no longer just engaged in business activities, but began to join the army, hold official positions, and practice medicine. They penetrated into every corner of the life of the Chinese nation, integrated with the Chinese nation, and became a member of the Chinese nation. Their surnames They were all given by the emperor, and among the many given surnames, there was the surname Shi. In the second year of Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty (1498), the inscriptions of the Jews in Henan recorded that the Jews in the Song Dynasty had 17 surnames, among which was the surname Shi. In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, statistics showed that Kaifeng Jews had seven major surnames, including Shi. The origin of this Shi surname should be Kaifeng, Henan.
In addition to the Shi surname originating from Henan, many Shi surnames also appeared among ethnic minorities in other regions. During the Tang Dynasty, people from the Shi country came to live in China and took Shi as their surname. According to the "New Book of Tang", during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were nine political regimes in the present Amu and Syr River basins of Central Asia: Kang, An, Cao, Shi, Mi, He, Huoxun, Wudi, and Shi. The eight kingdoms below Kang were all descendants of the Kang surname. Kang initially lived in Zhaowu City in the north of the Qilian Mountains (in today's Linze, Gansu Province). Therefore, the nine kingdoms all took Zhaowu as their surname, and were known as the Nine Surnames of Zhaowu in history. Shiguo is also called Zhezhi, Zhezhe, and Zheshi. It is located in the Tashigan area of ????Uzbekistan in the CIS today, and its capital is Zhezhe City.
During the Yonghui period of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty (650-655), the nine surnames of Zhaowu voluntarily surrendered to the Tang Dynasty. Some people in the Shi Kingdom took Shi as their surname. The Shi family added a new member. After they joined the Tang Empire, they brought the songs and dances of the Western Regions to the Tang Dynasty. They were also brought in and had a great influence on the singing and dancing of the Tang Dynasty. This can be seen from the fact that there were many Western Regions ethnic minority artists among the musicians. At that time, there was a famous Western Regions ethnic minority artist named Shi Baoshan, who was from the Shi Kingdom. Descendants of the Stone Kingdom after entering the Tang Dynasty. According to "A Brief History of the Miao", the Miao people in western Hunan have five major surnames, among which is the surname Shi. The surname Shi is the Hanized surname of the Miao surname. It comes from the two mountains of Dashi (room) and Xiaoshi (room) in the Songshan area where they originally lived. ; Some scholars have conducted research on the origin of the surname Shi among the Yi people. They believe that "Luo" means stone in the Yi language. There are still many Yi people with "Luo" in their names in real life. In some places, "Luo" is directly translated into Chinese as "stone", such as in Yuxi, Yunnan. There are 92 Yi ethnic minority households in Zanheila Village, Meijue Township, Eshan County, with 444 people, divided into three surnames: Shi, Pu and Fang. Among them, the largest number of households are Shi. The Jie people have the Shi surname. The Jie people originally did not have a surname. For example, Shi Le's grandfather was named Ye Yiyu and his father was named Qi Yijia. According to the "Book of Jin", a man named Ji Sang ordered him to take Shi as his surname and Yile as his given name. In this regard, Mr. Pu Liben once pointed out that the pronunciation of the word "Jie" in ancient Chinese is similar to [Kiat]. In the Xiongnu language, Kiat means "stone", so Shi Le's surname Shi is very likely to come from this; * ** Shi surname, *** The Shi surname in *** was first seen in history books by Shi Chuwen, an official in the former Shu during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It is said that the Shi surname of the *** in Bozhen, Hebei Province is the descendant of Tuotuo, the prime minister of the Yuan Dynasty; the Shi surname of the Jurchen tribe, one of the Jurchen tribe is called Shi Zhan, and when it was later translated into a Chinese surname, the character Shi in the compound surname was used as the Han surname. , the surname of the playwright Shi Junbao of the Yuan Dynasty came from this; the Shi surname of the Manchu people was changed from the Guarjia family. During the Ming Dynasty, Buha of the Guarjia family was appointed as the commander of the Jianzhou left guard by the Ming Dynasty. His son and grandson Alson'a and Shi Han successively succeeded as the commander of the Jianzhou left guard. Shi Han later became enemies with others. He abandoned his official position and moved to Guangning. Because his name contained the word "Shi", he changed his surname to "Shi". The Manchu "Shimulus", "Shierjia", "Hule", "Zaheta", "Zakuta" and "Shijia" were changed to the Shi surname; among the Taiwanese aborigines The Thao people have the surname Shi. They are an ethnic group among Taiwan's aboriginal people. There are seven main surnames, among which the surname Shi is the leader of the tribe. Its origin is difficult to determine.
In addition, in history, some people changed their surname to Shi, such as Lou to Shi. "Book of Northern Qi" records that in the spring of the second year of Taining (562), a wise queen of the Northern Qi Dynasty, Queen Lou of Shenwuming, suddenly found that her clothes were floating. Queen Lou (who was already the Queen Mother at the time) was surprised. So he asked the witch and followed the witch's advice and changed his surname to Shi. The surname Ran was changed to Shi. According to historical records, Ran Min was a native of Neihuang, Wei County (now northwest of Neihuang County, Henan Province). He was originally the adopted grandson of Shi Hu, Taizu of the Later Zhao Dynasty, and changed his surname to Shi. In the fifth year of Yonghe reign of Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty (349), he abolished Shi Zun and established Shi Jian. In the second year, he abolished Shi Zun and established himself as emperor, changing his surname to Ran. The surname Zhang was changed to Shi. According to records in Hou Zhao Lu, there was a man named Zhang who changed his name to Shi Hui.
2. Broadcasting
The northern Shi surname first spread in Henan, and then spread throughout the north. Since Shi Que got his surname by killing his relatives, his family has been serving as high-ranking officials in the Wei Kingdom for generations. The Wei Kingdom later moved its capital several times due to various reasons such as wars. People with the Shi surname moved with the relocation of the Wei Kingdom's capital. The capital was first established in Chaoge (now Qixian County, Henan Province), and later moved to Chuqiu (now Huaxian County, Henan Province), and then to Diqiu (now Puyang, Henan Province) and Yewang (now Qinyang, Henan Province). As the capital of Weiguo continued to change, the surname Shi also continued to spread. By the Western Han Dynasty, there were many people with the surname Shi in the northwest region. Shi Fen, the king of Wanshi in the Western Han Dynasty, originally lived in Wen County, Henan Province. Later, he followed Liu Bang to Chang'an, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty. Many members of Shi Fen's family held high-ranking officials in the Western Han Dynasty. , the family is prominent. In addition, "A Survey of Surnames" states that the Shi family "looks out to Wuwei and the Bohai Sea", and "Wang" refers to the county. The county means that the county has lived in a certain county for a long time and is looked up to by the local people. From this, it can be seen that the family surnamed Shi is in Wuwei County. It is a prominent family with Bohai County. Wuwei County was established in the second year of Yuanshi (121 BC) of the Western Han Dynasty. The administrative seat, which is now known as the capital, was in Guzang County (now Wuwei County, Gansu Province). It was abandoned in the third year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign (583) in the Sui Dynasty and re-established in the third year of Daye (607). Wuwei County was established, and was changed to Liangzhou in the early year of Wude in the Tang Dynasty. It was changed to Wuwei County in the first year of Tianbao (742), and still changed to Liangzhou in the first year of Qianyuan (758). Bohai County was also set up in the Han Dynasty, covering the area from Hejian County in present-day Hebei Province to the east to Cangxian County, Anci County in the north, and Wudi County in Shandong Province in the south. Its administrative seat was Fuyang (in present-day Cangxian County, Hebei Province). Lin Bao, a native of the Tang Dynasty, recorded in "Yuanhe Surname Compilation" that the Shi family's counties included Bohai Sea, Pingyuan (now Shandong), Shangdang, and Henan (Luoyang, Henan). It can be seen that the surname Shi was already a common surname in the Tang Dynasty, and it was distributed over a wide area. According to the "Taiwan General Chronicles, People's Chronicles, Clan Chapter", in the early years of the Tang Dynasty, a tribe of people with the surname Shi followed Chen Zheng and Chen Yuanguang's father and son from Gushi, Henan, into Fujian and opened up Zhangzhou. By the Five Dynasties, they had developed into a prominent family in southern Fujian. According to the genealogy of the Shi family, in the fourth year of Tiancheng in the Later Tang Dynasty (929), Shi Ju migrated from Shouxian County, Anhui Province to Tong'an, Fujian Province. His descendants were not only scattered throughout Fujian, but some of them moved to Guangdong.
During the Tang Dynasty, the Shiguo people in the Western Regions surrendered to the Tang Dynasty. After the Shiguo people surrendered, they all took Shi as their surname. At that time, there were many ethnic minorities in the Western Regions who submitted to the Tang Dynasty. In order to resettle them, the Tang Dynasty established Lingzhou (governed in Guannai Road). There are 102 Qiaozhou prefectures in Qingzhou (today's southwest of Lingwu, Ningxia), Qingzhou (today's Qingyang, Gansu Province), Yinzhou (today's northeast of Hengshan, Shaanxi), and Xiazhou (today's Baichengzi, Jingbian, Shaanxi), including Zhaowu All ethnic groups in the Western Regions including the nine surnames (Shi's surname is one of the nine Zhaowu surnames). In the eighth year of Kaiyuan of the Tang Dynasty (720), Shi Shennu and others led a crowd to capture the Six Prefectures, and they were pacified by the Tang army the next year. In the eleventh year of Kaiyuan (723), the Tang Dynasty abolished the Six Prefectures and moved the nine people of Zhaowu to Henan and Jianghuai. In the twenty-sixth year of Kaiyuan (738), the Tang Dynasty established Youzhou (the administrative seat is in the south of present-day Otok Banner, Inner Mongolia) to settle the people with the nine surnames of Zhaowu. In the second year of Zhenyuan (786), Tubo attacked the Tang Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty settled the people with the nine surnames of Zhaowu. Moving to Yun (today's Datong, Shanxi Province) and Shuo (today's Shuo County, Shanxi Province) prefectures, the nine people with the Zhaowu surname have been engaged in agricultural production. After entering the Central Plains, they quickly integrated into various fields of social life in the Tang Dynasty. Among them, the Shi surname It also developed and grew through constant migration. The "Biography of Eminent Monks" compiled by the Song Dynasty recorded that a monk named Shenhui was a descendant of the Shiguo people.
During the Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty, people with the Shi surname began to migrate south in large numbers, and then moved frequently between various places in the south. According to the genealogy of the Shi surname, the ancestor of the Shi surname in Fenshui, Zhejiang, was named Shi Zhi, and he moved from Xinchang to Jinhua. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, his descendants moved to the foot of Sunling, the second water diversion pipe, to avoid the war, and then gradually developed into a large family in Zhejiang; the ancestor of the Shi family in Rugao, Jiangsu was named Shizhu, with the courtesy name Ji Bang, who moved from Dantu in the early Yuan Dynasty. As for Rugao; the Shi surname in Jintan, Jiangsu is a descendant of the Northern Song Dynasty writer Shi Yannian. Shi Yannian's ancestral home is Youzhou (now Zhuoxian County, Hebei Province), his family is in Songcheng (now Shangqiu City, Henan Province), and later in Bianliang (now Kaifeng, Henan Province). He served as Guanglu Dali Temple Cheng and Prince Zhongyun and other officials, and lived in Danyang Garden in his later years. One of his fourteenth generation descendants, Shi Binwu, moved from the garden to Jintan Luzhuang and became the ancestor of the Shi family in Luzhuang. The ancestor of the Shi surname in Wuxi, Jiangsu, was named Shi Bangyan, and his first mover was named Shi Lian. In the Ming Dynasty, he moved from Jiangyin to Jingting, Wuxi. One of the descendants of this Shi family, Shi Yuanqing, went to Shanghai in modern times and opened the Yuanchang Machinery Factory. , two hat factories in Fuyuan and Yuanchang and the private Jinxian Primary School in Shanghai; the first ancestor of the Shi family in Lishui, Jiangsu was Shi Sixian. After Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty went south, he lived in seclusion in Danyang Lake in Jiankang to avoid the war. It was passed down to four generations, Shi Liangqing He moved from Danyang Lake to Huanghe Mountain in Lishui, and passed on for eight generations. Shi Yuntong moved to Meizhuang, Fengan Township.
The first ancestors of the Shi surname to enter Hainan were Shi Binggui and Shi Bingxuan. They were originally from Kantou Village, Putian County, Fujian Province. They entered Hainan during the Song Dynasty. Shi Binggui settled in Qiongshan, and Shi Bingxuan was naturalized in Wenchang.
During the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, a man named Shi Yuquan founded a family in Yongfengli, Nanjing, Fujian. Many of his descendants went to Taiwan and later spread overseas. In the early days of the founding of the Ming Dynasty, the Central Plains and other places had experienced wars, and the Ming Dynasty moved a large number of people from Shanxi and other places to the Central Plains to reclaim wasteland. Therefore, a large number of people surnamed Shi entered the Central Plains area.
The Hakka people generally have ancestral halls, and the Hakka ancestral halls have hall couplets. The Hakka hall couplets are usually directly framed with black paint and engraved on the red pillars in the ancestral hall, and are combined with the surname hall couplets of other ethnic groups. In comparison, Hakka hall couplets have richer cultural connotations. "Cihai" explains that Hakka are a branch of the Han nationality. It is said that starting from the late Western Jin Dynasty, some people in the Yellow River Basin were forced to move to the south of the Yangtze River due to war. In the Tang Dynasty, In the late Dynasty and Southern Song Dynasty, a large number of people crossed the Yangtze River and settled in the east and north of Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong. These people were called Hakka to distinguish them from the local residents. Later, they gradually became the name of this part of the Han people. It is said that the Hakka people migrated long distances and endured hardships along the way. After arriving in the south, because the fertile land had already been cultivated, they were forced to seek a way out into the barren mountains and wilderness. Among the Hakka people who migrated south, many nobles from the Central Plains region were affected by it. The Central Plains culture has a profound influence, so the Central Plains culture has been passed down among the Hakka people. Due to this continuous cultural connection, the Hakka people have a strong sense of ancestral roots and a strong longing for their homeland, which is often reflected in their church couplets. For example, the first couplet of the ancestral hall couplet of the Xingning Shi family's "Wanshiliuyan" family is "The foundation was established in Henan, moved to Jiangnan, established in southern Fujian, and expanded to Lingnan. It has a history of nearly three thousand years." ; The second line is "the ancestor Cuo Gong, the distant ancestor Fen Gong, the middle ancestor Hu Gong, the recent ancestor Chong Gong, the mighty ten thousand stones spread". From the couplet, it is not difficult to see the basic context of the migration of the Shi surname, from Henan to Jiangnan, then from Jiangnan to southern Fujian, and then from The southern part of Fujian was moved to Lingnan.
After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, a large number of people with the surname Shi moved overseas. By 1920, people with the surname Shi already lived in many states in the United States. According to the ancestry website's page on the surnames Shi, Shi, Shi and Shi, by 1920 there had been 23,826 newspaper articles in the United States about people with these four surnames.
In addition to caring about the sufferings of the people, he devoted most of his energy to learning. He built a Lingbo Pavilion in his hometown, which contained more than 40,000 volumes of books. Shi Yunyu was well-read and rigorous in his scholarship. His writings spanned the past and present. His poems broke through the sects of the Tang and Song Dynasties and became his own style. He was praised by people at that time. Shi Yunyu's poetry works include "Collection of Duxuelu Poems", "Remaining Poems of Huayun'an", "Reading Zuoyanyan" and "Duoshilu", etc.
Shi Yunyu is also an outstanding playwright. He created the drama "Nine Songs among Flowers", including "Fu Sheng teaches scriptures", "Luofu Mulberry Picking", "Peach Leaves Crossing the River", "Taoyuan Fisherman", "Plum Blossoms" The nine single-fold short plays were also deeply loved by people at the time. In the eighteenth year of Daoguang's reign, Shi Yunyu passed away at the age of 82.
Shi Dakai (1831～1863), the winged king of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, was a native of Guixian County, Guangxi. In his early years, he joined the God-Worship Society founded by Hong Xiuquan, and planned and prepared for the uprising together with Hong Xiuquan, Feng Yunshan and other revolutionaries. After the Jintian Uprising in 1851, Shi Dakai was named the commander-in-chief of the Left Army, and soon he was named the King of Wings. When the Taiping Army marched from Guangxi to Nanjing, he served as a pioneer, fought many battles along the way, and made many military exploits. In the spring of 1853, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom established its capital in Nanjing and renamed it Tianjing. Shi Dakai stayed in Tianjing to handle important military and political affairs. In 1854, the Western Expeditionary Army sent by the Taiping Rebellion was defeated by the Hunan Army organized by Zeng Guofan in Xiangtan, Hunan. The Western Expeditionary Army retreated steadily. Soon Wuhan fell and Jiujiang was in danger. At the critical moment, Shi Dakai was ordered to lead his troops to the rescue of Hukou, and commanded the defenders in Jiujiang and other places to resist the Hunan Army tenaciously, designed to defeat the Hunan Navy, and reversed the unfavorable situation of the war in one fell swoop. In the spring of 1856, Shi Dakai was ordered to lead his army back to Tianjing to aid Tianjing. He collaborated with King Qin Rigang of Yan and other troops to break through the Qing army's Jiangnan camp and break the Qing army's siege of Tianjing. In the autumn of the same year, internal strife broke out in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Yang Xiuqing forced Hong Xiuquan to confer the title of Long Live. Northern King Wei Changhui killed Yang Xiuqing. Hong Xiuquan led the army and civilians to kill Wei Changhui. The strength of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was greatly damaged. In this case, Hong Xiuquan ordered Shi Da to return to Tianjing to assist in the government. , but after Hong Xiuquan experienced the Tianjing Incident, he became suspicious of everyone. In the summer of 1857, Shi Dakai led more than 100,000 Taiping troops in anger because he was suspected by Hong Xiuquan. He left Anhui and Jiangxi, passed through Zhejiang and Fujian, and entered Hunan. He planned to establish a foothold in Sichuan. However, he failed in the battle with the Hunan Army and was forced to Withdraw into Guangxi. After that, he revitalized his team and fought in southern Sichuan and northern Guizhou, but suffered repeated setbacks. In the summer of 1863, Shi Dakai was blocked at Anshun Field on the banks of the Dadu River and surrounded by Qing troops, putting him in a desperate situation. Shi Dakai hoped to save all his subordinates at his own expense, so he threw himself into the Qing camp. However, his subordinates were massacred on the banks of the Dadu River soon after, and Shi Dakai was also killed in Chengdu soon after.
The new look of the ancestral home
1. Qi County
Qi County is located in the northern part of Henan Province, 120 kilometers south of Zhengzhou, with Qi River, Wei River and Cang River Surrounding the south, north and east sides of Qixian County, there are Taihang Mountains in the west and fertile plains thousands of miles away in the east. It has a total area of ??591 square kilometers, jurisdiction over four townships, three towns, 176 administrative villages, and a total population of 253,000. It has a temperate continental monsoon climate with four distinct seasons and a large temperature difference between day and night. The annual average temperature is 13.9°C, the accumulated temperature above zero is 5100°C, the annual frost-free period is 209 to 233 days, the annual sunshine hours are 2348.3 hours, and the average precipitation is 621 mm.
As early as three thousand years ago, the ancient city of Chaoge stood on the banks of the Qi River. Qi County was called Mo Yi or Mo Township in ancient times and was named after Mo Shui. During the Yin and Zhou dynasties, it was renamed Chaoge. It has been the imperial capital of the four dynasties of the late Yin Dynasty and the capital of the Wei Kingdom, and has been the capital for nearly 500 years. It has a long history and rich culture, and is now a historical and cultural domain of Henan Province.
Qixian County has convenient transportation. The Beijing-Guangzhou Railway, 107 National Highway, and Beijing-Zhuhai Expressway cross the border to the south on the east and west sides of the county. The South-to-North Water Diversion Project to be excavated extends northward, with Taihang to the west and Qishui to the east. , three green mountains, surrounded by two rivers, mild climate and beautiful scenery. An ancient poem praises: "To the east is Qishui and you can watch the fish leaping, to the west you are to Taihang to listen to the deer." "Henan Tongzhi" records: "Qingyan (now Yunmeng Mountain, formerly known as Qingyan Mountain) represents the beauty of fairyland, and the floating mountains are surrounded by secluded streams. Strange". In "The Book of Songs·Qi'ao", "Looking at Qi'ao, the green bamboos are everywhere" is a true portrayal of the beautiful scenery of Qi Garden. Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty once praised Qixian County for its clear water and green mountains. He wrote a joint poem saying: "The smoke in Qixian water half contains the color of spring; the pines and snow in Taihang reflect the blue sky."
Qixian’s superior geographical location and warm and beautiful natural environment have attracted successive kings to compete for supremacy, making it a political, economic and cultural center. Shang kings Wu Ding and Wu Ji moved their capitals to Mo in 1250 BC and 1143 BC respectively; Emperor Yi established his capital in Mo in 1115 BC, and his son Emperor Xin (King Zhou) remained in Yan and changed his name to Chaoge. After the Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Shang Dynasty, the Wei Kingdom of the Western Zhou Dynasty established its capital here for 383 years. In the third year of Qin II (207 BC), Xiang Yu granted Sima Ang the title of King of Yin and Du Chaoge. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Chaoge County was established; during the Warring States Period, it belonged to Wei. In the Qin Dynasty, it was returned to Sanchuan County. Chaoge County was established in the Han Dynasty; Chaoge County was established in the Wei Dynasty of the Three Kingdoms, Chaoge County was established in the Jin Dynasty, and Linqi County was established in the Northern Wei Dynasty; Wei County was established in the following dynasties; Wei County was promoted to a state in the early Tang Dynasty; Linqi County was established in the third year of Chang'an in the Tang Dynasty ; In the sixth year of Xining in the Song Dynasty, Wei County was demoted to a town and merged into Liyang (now Jun County); in the Yuanyou period, Wei County was restored; in the Yuan Dynasty, it was changed to Qizhou, named after Qishui; in the first year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, it was demoted to Qi County , the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. It was still the county government when New China was founded. In September 1954, Qi County was removed and merged into Tangyin County. In August 1962, the organizational system of Qi County was restored to this day.
As early as the early Neolithic period more than 7,000 years ago, the people of Qihe were making pottery, cultivating and thriving here. They plant in the spring and harvest in the autumn, hunt in the summer and hunt in the winter, "picking the wild grass" and "cutting down the sandalwood" with their hard-working hands. It created the colorful and unique Qihe culture and created the historical glory of the ancient capital Chaoge.
Qi County has a long history and is extremely rich in cultural relics and historic sites.
There are currently 69 county-level cultural relics protection units, 9 provincial-level cultural relics protection units, and 1 national-level cultural relics protection unit. The Ruhuawo site is one of the more typical early Neolithic cultural sites in my country. It is located on the hilly land of Huawo Village, 15 kilometers northeast of Qi County. Cultural relics from the Longshan Culture, Erligang Culture and Yin Shang Culture periods have been discovered in Chaoge Ancient City; There is Chaoge Village in the Taihang Mountains 12 kilometers northwest of the city. It is said that the King Zhou Palace (village) was the place where King Zhou stationed troops; the tombs of King Zhou and Daji are located on the west bank of Qi River 7.5 kilometers east of the city; Jing Ke was buried in Qi after his failed attempt to assassinate Qin Shihuang. The tombs along the Zheshan River in the south of the county are well preserved; the Qianzui Grottoes, located in the east of Qianzui Village in the west of Qi County; are works of the Eastern Wei Dynasty. There are 1,030 existing Buddha statues and are provincial cultural relics protection units; the Qianzui Grottoes are located on the bank of the Qi River 20 kilometers northwest of Qi County The Qingyan Rock Grottoes were excavated in the Song Dynasty. There are more than 600 existing Buddha statues and are provincial cultural relics protection units. Yunmeng Mountain, located 15 kilometers west of Qi County, is the first military academy in the history of our country - the Warring States Army. It was founded by Gui Guzi, the originator of the political strategist. It has successively trained strategists, military strategists, diplomats and Taoists such as Su Qin, Zhang Yi, Sun Bin, Pang Juan, Mao Meng, Wei Liao, Mao Sui and others who will go down in history. There are now more than 30 places of interest such as Shuilian Cave (Guiguzi Cave), Xichen Cave (Sunbin Cave), Pangjuan Cave, and Nantianmen, as well as numerous cultural landscapes and fascinating natural landscapes, making Yunmeng Mountain a tourist attraction and a national AAAA-level tourist attraction. Scenic spot; in 2006, it won the title of China's Best Tourist Attraction and Henan's Top Ten Charming Scenic Spots. Especially the Yunmeng Alpine Prairie is even more desirable. When I first arrived here, I was struck by the desert scenery, the horses and the autumn wind, and suddenly felt a sense of foreignness. I wandered around and never wanted to leave. Nantianmen and Bagua City are magnificent and fascinating. Lingshan Temple, a thousand-year-old temple, was founded during the Youliang Dynasty in the Southern Dynasties. It is a holy place where Nuwa made colorful stones to patch the sky and clay to create humans. There are Nuwa Peak and Renzu Cave here, which are holy places for Chinese people to pay homage to their loving mother. The ancient city of Weiguo is a key cultural relic protection unit in Henan Province. It is 3,100 meters long from north to south and 2,100 meters wide from east to west. It indeed embodies the style of Weiguo as a great country at that time.
The ancient land of Qi County has also nurtured many people with lofty ideals who are famous for their literary, political and martial arts. King Yin Xin, who was known by the Communist Party of China as a capable man of literature, military and military affairs, was powerful and courageous in reform, consolidated the unification of the Central Plains and laid the foundation for the unification of the Chinese nation; Jizi, who pioneered Chinese literati poetry, left behind The eternal masterpiece "Mai Xiu Ge"; Bigan who dared to offend Yan Zhijian and martyrdom for his country survived even though he died; Wei Wugong, who was humble and self-disciplined and founded the first garden in China, was impressed by future generations; Shi Que, who killed his relatives with righteousness, was known as a pure man. The poems of Mrs. Xu Mu, China's first patriotic female poet, have been sung throughout the ages and are popular among the people; the founder of China's first ancient military academy, Guiguzi Wang Chan's masterpiece, is famous all over the world; Jing Ke, the righteous man who stabbed the King of Qin with his courage, and his righteous deeds People respect it; the eminent monk Fashang who has been guiding the Buddhist monks for forty years has a door that is open to the east and can fan the breeze.
Qi County has a good economic foundation and strong industrial support. In 2003, it was identified as a key county for opening up to the outside world in Henan Province and an advanced county for national agricultural structural adjustment. In 2004, it was identified as an expanded county by the Henan Provincial Government. In 2004, it was designated as a county with expanded tax rights, direct project declaration, direct land use approval, and certificates. The four aspects of direct distribution give Qi County 69 economic management rights identical to those of provincial cities, creating a good institutional and policy environment for economic development.
Qixian County is rich in high-quality agricultural and sideline products such as wheat, corn, cotton, peanuts, soybeans, pears, persimmons, walnuts, and pepper. Qi River crucian carp, silk-coated duck eggs, and soft-core candied dates were once tributes to the emperor in history and are known as the "Three Treasures" of Qi County. Rare animals and plants such as oriole, four-legged snake, and two-tailed scorpion have high medicinal value. .
Qixian County has an advantageous geographical location. It is located in the center of important cities in northern Henan such as Anyang, Puyang, Xinxiang, Jiaozuo, Kaifeng, and Zhengzhou. The Beijing-Guangzhou Railway, Beijing-Zhuhai Expressway, National Highway 107 and provincial highways Dahai Line and Junnan Line pass through it. The 175 administrative villages in the county are the first in the province to have every village connected to asphalt roads (referring to roads with asphalt pavement, locally called paint roads). Every village is connected to national highways. The density of urban and rural asphalt roads ranks among the best in the province, making transportation extremely convenient. Since the reform and opening up, various undertakings in Qixian County have made great progress. Industrial construction has sprung up, forming a relatively complete industrial system. Agricultural production has developed vigorously. Through structural adjustment, the output per unit area has increased significantly. Livestock breeding, in particular, has become a pillar industry, and the per capita share of meat and eggs has ranked first in the province for more than ten years in a row.
In order to revive the glory of Chaoge, re-create the glory of Chaoge, and realize a harmonious well-off society at an early date, the people of Qi County have implemented the three projects of "economically strong county", "animal husbandry county" and "tourist county". The grand development strategy is setting sail on the Qi River, riding the wind and waves, working hard and working hard, innovating work, and welcoming the sunrise of tomorrow.
2. Luoyang
Luoyang is located in the west of Henan Province, on the eastern section of the Eurasian Continental Bridge. It is one of the first batch of historical and cultural cities announced by the State Council and one of the eight ancient capitals of China.
It is located at 111.8' to 112.59' east longitude and 33.35' to 35.05' north latitude?