First, left heart failure
(1) Dyspnea: It is the earliest and most common symptom of left heart failure. It mainly includes fatigue dyspnea, sitting breathing and paroxysmal dyspnea at night. It is mainly caused by acute or chronic lung blood stasis and decreased vital capacity. Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is the manifestation of left heart failure. Patients often wake up in deep sleep, feel suffocated, forced to sit up, often cough, and have serious breathing difficulties.
(2) Cough, expectoration and hemoptysis are caused by congestion of alveolar and bronchial mucosa, which often occurs at night at first. Cough can be relieved by sitting or immediately, and white serous foam sputum is its characteristic. If the dilated blood vessels formed under the bronchial mucosa rupture, it can cause massive hemoptysis.
(3) Others: fatigue, insomnia, palpitation, oliguria, renal dysfunction, etc.
Second, right heart failure.
(1) Abdominal distension: It is an early symptom of right heart failure. Usually accompanied by loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting and epigastric pain.
(2) Jugular vein dilatation: it is an obvious sign of right heart failure.
(3) Edema: heart failure edema is more common in lower limbs, showing concave edema. In severe cases, it can spread to the whole body. Edema of lower limbs appears or worsens in the evening, and can be relieved or disappeared after a night's rest.
(4) Cyanosis: People with right heart failure often have different degrees of cyanosis.
(5) Symptoms of nervous system: symptoms such as nervousness, insomnia and lethargy may occur.
(6) Cardiac signs: mainly primary heart disease.
Third, heart failure.
It is a complete heart failure caused by right heart failure secondary to left heart failure. When the right heart fails, the output of the right heart decreases, so the symptoms of pulmonary congestion such as paroxysmal dyspnea are alleviated. In dilated cardiomyopathy, when the left and right ventricles fail at the same time, the signs of pulmonary congestion are often not very serious, and the manifestations of left heart failure are mainly related symptoms and signs of decreased cardiac output.
Fourth, preventive measures.
1, balanced nutrition, try to eat less and more meals: patients with heart failure have congestion in the liver and gastrointestinal tract, and their appetite and digestion and absorption ability are relatively poor. Therefore, the method of eating less and more meals at regular intervals should be adopted, and it is best to eat 4~5 meals a day, with eight-point fullness and liquid or semi-liquid food. Without increasing the burden on the heart, we should eat more nutritious foods, such as lean meat, fish, eggs, milk, beans, and fresh fruits and vegetables, to supplement high-quality protein, vitamin B, vitamin C, etc., which are rich in various essential amino acids. The allowed foods are rice, flour, millet, corn and sorghum. Beans all kinds of beans and their products, such as soybean milk and tofu. Poultry, livestock meat, chicken, duck meat (lean meat), pork (lean meat), beef. Oil is mainly vegetable oil, and animal oil is rarely used. Aquatic freshwater fish and some marine fish with low sodium content. Milk, egg milk (250 ml), eggs or duck eggs (1/ day). Except for vegetables with high sodium content. Fruit, all kinds of fresh fruit. Drinking light tea and chatting about coffee.
2. Control the intake of sodium salt: Under the action of some endocrine hormones, sodium salt causes arteriole spasm and raises blood pressure. Sodium salt also absorbs water. Every 1g salt can carry 200 ~ 250ml of water in the body. If the body ingests too much sodium salt, the whole body's blood volume will also increase, and the burden on the heart will also increase, making the already failed heart worse. Therefore, it is necessary to limit the intake of salt. For patients with mild heart failure, the daily salt intake should be controlled within 3 grams, and the daily water consumption should be controlled within 1500 ml. If the edema of the whole body is obvious, the daily drinking water should be strictly controlled, and generally 500 ml should be added according to the total urine volume yesterday.
3. Rest more and do less strenuous activities: The significance of rest is to reduce the aerobic metabolic rate of human body, reduce the burden of blood supply and support to the heart, and slow down the heart rate, thus preventing the aggravation or recurrence of heart failure. For patients with mild heart failure, heart failure can be controlled as long as they stay in bed for a few days. For patients who still have palpitations and increased heart rate at rest, in addition to long-term rest, cardiotonic diuretics should be supplemented. For those who get better, you can get out of bed and do some light activities, but the limit of activities is not to cause palpitations and shortness of breath.