In addition to the imperial examination, what other ancient talent selection systems were there? Take a look at the talent selection system from ancient times to the present! Interested readers can follow the editor.
The talent selection system in ancient China originated from the talent selection and training system in the Pre-Qin period, and experienced the imperial examination system in the Han Dynasty and the nine-rank Zhongzheng system in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. In the Sui, Tang and subsequent dynasties, the imperial examination system was finally established. It directly affected the educational goals, content and examination methods at that time.
As we all know, our country’s official selection system has been reformed many times. In ancient China, official selection in the pre-Qin period generally relied on the hereditary system. In other words, if a person made a contribution and became a doctor at the beginning of the dynasty, then after his death, his son would succeed him as a doctor. In ancient times, the fiefdom of rulers was called the country, and the fiefdom of the officials was called the family. Therefore, there was an ancient Chinese proverb that "governing the country brings peace to the world." However, this genetic system is flawed. If the emperor is smart and kind, but if he is fatuous, he will endanger the entire country, because a fatuous emperor cannot distinguish between true talents and treacherous ministers.
In the Han Dynasty, official selection was mainly based on recommendation. The recommended talents are mainly Lian Xiao and scholars. The Han Dynasty attached great importance to filial piety, so Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty used the word "filial piety". Xiaolian is a person who respects her parents. The ancients believed that loyal ministers must have filial sons. Scholars are proficient in some ancient books, such as Confucian classics, such as "The Book of Songs", "Shangshu", etc. According to historical records, most officials followed the path of integrity. Because even filial piety is easy to deceive, and scholars must be proficient in classics, but filial piety is the evaluation of parents and villagers.
In ancient times, as long as there was something profitable, someone would use it to defraud. The Han Dynasty was filial to officials, so many people suffered in this regard. Therefore, the shortcomings of the electoral system have emerged, and there is no unified quantitative standard. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the emergence of the imperial examination system was a major breakthrough in the official selection system. There were many types of imperial examination systems in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. The most important ones are the Jinshi and Mingjing families. Other systems, such as Agriculture and Shuming, have specialized inspections. At that time, scholars were the most valued by the ancients.
It is said that during the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, 800 to 900 people took the Jinshi examination every year, but only 20 to 30 people were admitted, with an admission rate of less than 3%, which was much more difficult than the current college entrance examination. In addition, talented people from all over the country could take the entrance examination in Beijing at that time. During his 33-year tenure, Tang Gaozong admitted more than 500 Jinshi. Why are there still people interested in such a difficult imperial examination? Because after entering the master's level, you can start your career. Many famous officials and celebrities in the Tang Dynasty came from Jinshi City. Many writers, thinkers, and politicians in the Tang Dynasty came from the literati class, such as Wang Bo, Wang Wei, Yan Zhenqing, Bai Juyi, Liu Zongyuan, Han Yu, etc.
The selection of officials is a state activity. In order to ensure the selection of talents, on the one hand, the country vigorously develops education; on the other hand, it continues to explore and improve the official selection system. "ZTE puts people first" has been around since ancient times. Some people say, "The winner is the king, the loser is the bandit." Therefore, it is still of great practical significance to summarize the successful experiences and failures in the selection and appointment of officials in ancient China.
Since ancient times, there have been basically four major systems.
First of all, "Qing" and "Qing" refer to senior officials in ancient times, and "Lu" refers to the salary of ancient officials. The system of "Qing Dynasty" and "official positions" refers to the officials of the Zhou royal family and the Qing officials of various vassal states in the early Western Zhou Dynasty. They can carry on the family line, inherit official positions, and enjoy salaries from generation to generation.
Some scholars believe that the level of social status
In short, the "Shi Qing Shi Lu" system is an early official replacement system in ancient times. After Qin Shihuang destroyed the six kingdoms, unified China, established prefectures and counties, and abolished the feudal system, this system was basically abolished.
Second, the juren system is a talent selection system popular in the Han Dynasty. After the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, the hereditary system of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties was completely abolished, but it was replaced by the Han Dynasty before the Qin Dynasty established a systematic talent selection system. In the Han Dynasty, a supervisory system was established, whereby governors, ministers, chiefs and others recommended talents to the court as a source of officials.
The subjects of the investigation can be civilians or officials. This system basically guarantees the court’s demand for administrative officials. During the Western Han Dynasty, the judicial system was relatively strict. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, due to political corruption and official corruption, the judicial review system lost its effectiveness.
Later, in view of the shortcomings of the judicial system, the regimes of Cao and Wei established a new talent selection system, the three-three-three-five-four-nine-grade Zhongzheng system. However, throughout the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the supervisory examination system still existed until the imperial examination system was established in the Sui Dynasty.
Thirdly, the Nine-Rank Zhongzheng System was a system for selecting talents and officials during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and was first established by the Cao Wei regime. In order to strengthen the government's control over talent selection, Cao Cao adopted the method of sending officials to various places to assess and select talents. Later, in order to win over the nobles, Cao Pi decided to adopt this method as a system, which was the nine-rank Zhongzheng system.
The specific operation method of this system is that the government appoints Chiang Kai-shek as an official in various states and counties. Evaluate these characters based on Chiang Kai-shek's family background, moral character, and abilities in various states and counties. Divided into nine categories: upper, upper, middle, upper, lower, middle, lower, upper, lower, upper, lower, lower, middle and lower. Chiang Kai-shek reported the evaluation results to the imperial court, and the imperial court awarded these talents official positions based on the evaluation results.
But in the late Wei and Jin Dynasties, due to the rise of powerful families, Chiang Kai-shek gradually ignored talent and virtue when evaluating talents, and only used family background as a symbol. Therefore, talents are basically from aristocratic families, forming a situation in which "no poor families belong to high-class people, and no aristocratic families belong to low-class people." It was not until the Sui Dynasty established the imperial examination system that the nine-grade Zhongzheng system was completely abolished.
Fourth, the imperial examination system was an official selection system for more than 1,300 years from the Sui Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty. It is a talent selection system that everyone is familiar with. After Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty established the Sui Dynasty, in order to strengthen the centralization of power and return the power to select officials to the central government, the imperial examination system was established for the first time in response to the shortcomings of the above-mentioned selection system. It is a pity that the Sui Dynasty perished before establishing a complete mechanism.
The imperial examination system is also a relatively fair and healthy system established by ancient people through continuous exploration. The imperial examination system was further improved in the Tang Dynasty. The Song and Ming dynasties were also the heyday of the imperial examination system. However, the Ming Dynasty began to adopt the eight-part essay examination model to select Jinshi, which made the imperial examination system rigid. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, intellectuals fell into the useless word game of eight-legged prose and their thoughts were severely constrained.
The imperial examination system brought the excitement and glory of being the first among intellectuals, but also brought Sun Shan's loss. Although people criticized the shortcomings of the imperial examination system, it has been the best and fairest official selection system in feudal society for more than a thousand years.
The imperial examination system began in the Sui Dynasty and was abolished after the last Jinshi examination was held in the 31st year of Guangxu. After more than 1,300 years of development, it has become the longest-lasting talent selection system in the world.