( 103 1— 1095)
Scientists and politicians in the Northern Song Dynasty. Between the lines, he was born in Qiantang, Hangzhou (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang). In his later years, Ren Zongjia Jinshi Zongshen participated in Wang Anshi's political reform, lived in Runzhou, built Meng Xi Park (in the eastern suburb of Zhenjiang, Jiangsu), and wrote Meng Qian's Bi Tan according to his own life experience.
Chu Hsi
( 1 130— 1200)
Philosopher and educator in Southern Song Dynasty. Dark words, dark words. It's called Huian, also called Ziyang. He is a native of Wuyuan and Huizhou (now Jiangxi) and lives in Jianyang (now Fujian). The extensive annotation of ancient books has made different contributions to Confucian classics, history, literature, music and even natural science. Philosophically, Cheng Hao (Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi) developed the theory of the relationship between Qi and Qi and established a complete system of objective idealism. The world is called Zhu Cheng School. It is believed that reason and qi are inseparable. "There is no unreasonable gas in the world." Emphasizing the opposition between "justice" and "human desire" requires people to give up "selfish desire" and obey "justice". He has been engaged in education for more than 50 years and believes that "the way to learn is not before poverty; The key to poverty lies in reading; The method of reading is not more expensive than order and precision; And the essence of this lies in respect and ambition (Zhu Wen Official Documents, Volume 14, Jia Yin Palace will play Zagreb II). His Neo-Confucianism has always been a theoretical tool for the feudal landlord class to rule the people, and it was mentioned as the authentic position of Confucianism in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. His style of study of exposition and accurate analysis had a great influence on later scholars. His works include Notes on Four Books and Sentences, Original Meaning of Zhouyi, Biography of Poems, Notes on Chu Ci, Collected Works of Mr. Hui 'an's Zhu Wen and Zhuzi School compiled by later generations, etc.
Wang Shouren
( 1472— 1528)
Philosopher and educator in Ming Dynasty. The word Boan was born in Yuyao (now Zhejiang). In Yangming Cave, the hometown of Weiloushi, the world is known as Mr. Yangming. In his early years, he was demoted to Longchang (xiuwen county) in Guizhou for opposing eunuch Liu Jin. Later, he suppressed the peasant uprising, put down the "Chen Hao's rebellion", and created Xinbo, the official to the Nanjing Ministry of War. The death of wencheng. He developed Lu Jiuyuan's theory against the Zhu Cheng School. Asserting that "the principle of everything is nothing more than my heart" and "knowing is the principle of heaven". He put forward the theory of "to conscience", and his theory appeared as an anti-tradition. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Yangming studies had a great influence and became very popular in Japan. His works were compiled into 38 volumes of Wang Wencheng Public Rights Book by his teacher, among which the most important philosophical works are biographies and university problems.
Li Zhi
( 1527— 1602)
Thinker and writer in Ming Dynasty. No. Zhuowu,No. Hongfu,No. Wenling Jushi was born in Jinjiang, Quanzhou (now Fujian). I was the magistrate of Yao 'an, Yunnan. The philosophical view has not got rid of the influence of Wang Shouren and Zen. However, he openly claimed to be a "heresy" and put forward the view that "dressing and eating is the physics of human relations" and advocated paying attention to utilitarianism. It is believed that "everything in the world is born two, but not one" (on husband and wife). Boldly exposed the dogma and hypocrisy of feudal tradition. He once commented on Water Margin, and wrote Li Burning Books, Continued Burning Books, Collection of Books, Li Wenling Collection, etc.
huang zongxi
( 16 10— 1695)
Thinkers and historians in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The word Taichong was named Nanlei, and scholars called him Mr. Li Zhou, a native of Yuyao, Zhejiang. He is extremely knowledgeable. He studies astronomy, arithmetic, music and rhythm, hundreds of classics and history, and books on Buddhism and Taoism. He has made great achievements in historiography, and the Confucianism case in Ming Dynasty opened the atmosphere of historical research in eastern Zhejiang. Philosophically, he opposed the Song Confucian theory that "reason comes before qi" and thought that "reason" was not an entity, but only the order and order in "qi". He made a bold judgment that "being a great harm to the world is a gentleman" and thought that "what the son of heaven did is not necessarily right, and what the son of heaven did is not necessarily wrong." Advocate the reform of land and tax system. Oppose the traditional view that agriculture is the foundation of industry and commerce, and emphasize that industry and commerce are the foundation. This view of political history was of progressive significance at that time. He is the author of A Case Study of Song and Yuan Dynasties, A Case Study of Confucianism in Ming Dynasty, Ming Yi to be Visited and Nanlei Copywriting.
Gu Yanwu
( 16 13— 1682)
Thinkers and scholars in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The first name is Jiang, and the word is Ningren. He was from Kunshan, Jiangsu, Shan Jiang. Scholars call Mr. Lin Ting. When I was a teenager, I took part in the struggle against eunuchs and powerful people. Buju Huayin died in Quwo at the age of. He is knowledgeable, and has studied the national code system, anecdotes of counties and cities, astronomical phenomena, military and civilians in river valleys, classics, phonology and exegesis. In his later years, he paid attention to textual research, which created the atmosphere of Pu Xue in the Qing Dynasty and had an impact on Wu Pai and Huizhou schools of textual research in later generations. He is the author of Records of the Day, Records of Diseases in the Country of the World, Zhao Yulu, Five Tones, School of Rhyme, Lin Ting's Poems, etc.
Wang fuzhi
( 16 19— 1692)
Ming and Qing thinkers. The word Nong, nicknamed Zhai, was born in Hengyang (now Hunan). In his later years, he lived in Shichuanshan, Hengyang, and was called Mr. Chuanshan in academic circles. Wu Ming mobilized troops for an uprising in Hengshan Mountain to stop the Qing army from going south and was imprisoned several times. Going to Guilin according to Qu Shi and turning Guilin back into a trap and martyrdom is a determination to hide. In Xiangxi, between Chen, Yong, Lian and Shao, he fled to Yaodong and fell into the mountains. However, after 40 years of hard study and writing, he was finally able to "get a haircut" (never shave his head). He has made great academic achievements, studying astronomy, calendar, mathematics and geography, especially Confucian classics, history and literature. The main contribution is to sum up and develop China's traditional materialism in philosophy. It is believed that "everything in heaven and earth is qi, that is, everything is reason". His works were compiled by later generations as Chuanshan's suicide note, among which the most important ones in philosophy are Zhouyi Zhuan, Shangshu Yi Yin, Reading Four Books, Zhang Zizheng Zhu Meng, Inside and Outside Si Wenlu, Yellow Book and Nightmare.