Introduction of works
Peach Blossom Garden is one of the representative works of Tao Yuanming, a scholar in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. It was written in the second year of Yongchu (42 1), which was the second year of the usurpation of the throne by Emperor Wu of the Southern Dynasties. Depicted a paradise. Taking the whereabouts of Wuling fishermen in and out of the Peach Blossom Garden as a clue, in chronological order, the tortuous stories of seeking, staying, leaving and seeking Taoyuan run through, depicting a society without class, exploitation, self-sufficiency, peace and tranquility, and everyone enjoying themselves. In sharp contrast with the dark society at that time, it was the ideal society that the author and the working people yearned for, which reflected people's pursuit and pursuit.
Central idea and writing characteristics. In the article, the author fictionalizes a peaceful and tranquil Xanadu, where there is no oppression and war, and everyone lives and works in peace and harmony. This is a beautiful realm relative to the dark real society, which entrusted Tao Yuanming's social and political ideals and reflected the good wishes of the people at that time. Peach Blossom Garden is a fictional ideal society, which not only reflects the people's desire to oppose exploitation, oppression and war, but also criticizes the dark reality at that time, and has certain positive significance. However, this was only an unrealizable fantasy in the class society at that time, and it was also the reflection of the author's seclusion and escapism.
The artistic conception of this paper is exquisite, taking the whereabouts of Wuling fisherman as a clue to link reality with ideal realm. The combination of reality and reality is also a major feature of this paper. The language is vivid, concise, meaningful and seemingly understated, but the description in it makes the scenery vivid and fascinating. The content of the article is detailed and slightly focused.
the Peach Garden
Author: Tao Yuanming (Southern and Northern Dynasties)
Notes on the title or background of a book.
This is a fictional work used to pin the author's social ideal. It depicts a picture of a paradise without war, self-sufficiency, intimate knowledge and happiness for all ages. Although such a society could not exist at that time, it revealed the author's dissatisfaction and denial of the real society, and also reflected the wishes of farmers at that time to some extent. The full-text narrative is euphemistic and tortuous, with distinct levels, simple and natural language and picturesque scenery. Although not true, it shows a picture of an ancient oriental "utopia" by artistic means.
original text
Jintai Yuan Zhong [1], Wu Lingren Fishery [2], Yuanxi Line [3], forget the road far away. Suddenly meet the peach blossom forest and catch the shore for hundreds of steps [4]. There are no miscellaneous trees in it, and the grass is delicious and colorful [5]. Fishermen are very different. If you go any further, you will want to be poor.
When the forest is short of water, there are mountains. The mountain has a small mouth, as if there is light; Give up the boat and enter from the mouth. It was very narrow at first, and it could only pass through people [6]. After a few steps, it suddenly became clear. The land is flat and spacious, so is the house. There are fertile fields, beautiful ponds, mulberry trees and bamboo. Building traffic [7], chickens and dogs hear each other. Among them, farming and men's and women's clothing are called outsiders [8]; Yellow hair hanging low [9], you are happy. Seeing the fisherman is a big surprise; Ask questions and answer them. To return to China [10], kill the chicken with wine. When the village heard about this man, Xian came to inquire. Since Master Yunzu avoided the chaos of Qin Dynasty and led his wife to this desperate situation [1 1], he never came back. So I separated from outsiders. You ask what this world is, and I don't know if there are any Han Chinese, regardless of Wei and Jin Dynasties. This man speaks every word with a sigh. The rest went home [12] and ate and drank. Stop for a few days and resign. There is a saying in China: "The humanity of outsiders is not satisfactory."
Once out, get the boat, and then help to the road [13], everywhere [14]. And under the county [15], Yi Taishou also said so [16]. The satrap sent someone to follow him, looking for what he wanted, and then he lost his way. Nanyang Liu Ziji [17], Gao Shang's also, after hearing about this matter, gladly counted it [18]. Failed, finally found the disease [19]. After that, no one cares [20].
-Selected from the printed edition of Tao Yuanming Collection by Zhonghua Book Company.
To annotate ...
[1] Taiyuan: the year number of Emperor Xiaowu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (Sima Yao) (376-396). The age here is false.
[2] Wuling: County name. The county is now Changde County, Hunan Province.
[3] Edge: along.
[4] Sandwiched between banks: both sides.
[5] Falling English: Falling Flowers.
[6] Only one person can pass: only one person can pass.
[7] Mo Qian: A field path. North and South weigh money, while East and West weigh mo.
[8] Outsider: refers to people outside the Peach Blossom Garden.
[9] Yellow hair: refers to the elderly. The old man turned pale and yellow, so he called him. Bow (tiáo): refers to children. The children hung up their hair as decorations.
[10] If you are invited, please.
[1 1] Yi people: fellow villagers. Despair: refers to a place isolated from the outside world.
[12] extension: invitation.
[13] fu: along. Direction: The old road refers to the road when you came.
[14] record: marking.
[15] Xiaxian: refers to Wuling County Administration.
Yi: Goodbye. Taishou: the highest officer of the county.
[17] Nanyang: county name. The county seat is now Nanyang City, Henan Province. : Liu Dongjin was born in Nanyang (now Nanyang, Henan). In The Book of Jin, The Story of Hermit, he said that he was "a good traveler".
For more comments, please refer to the detailed comments of Taohuayuan later in this article.
Brief introduction of the author
Tao Yuanming (about 365-427), with a cheerful personality, was named Mr. Wuliu, who was known as Mr. Jingjie in the world, and changed his name to Qian after entering Liu Song Dynasty. Poet, writer, lyricist and essayist at the end of Eastern Jin Dynasty and the beginning of Southern Song Dynasty. A native of Xunyang Chai Sang (now Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province) in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. I worked as a junior official for several years, then resigned and went home, and lived in seclusion from then on. Pastoral life is the main theme of Tao Yuanming's poems, and his related works include Drinking, Returning to the Garden, Peach Blossom Garden, Biography of Mr. Wu Liu, Returning to Xi Ci, Peach Blossom Garden Poetry (among which Peach Blossom Garden Poetry is the preface) and so on.
Tao Yuanming was born in a ruined official family. Great-grandfather Tao Kan, the founding father of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, made outstanding military achievements. He was an official of Fu, the commander-in-chief of the military affairs of the eight countries, and Jing and Jiang were the secretariat of Changsha. Grandfather Tao Mao and father Tao Yi are both governors. Tao Yuanming's family declined when he was young. His father died at the age of nine and his mother died at the age of thirteen. I live in my grandfather Meng Jia's house. Meng Jia is a contemporary celebrity. "If you don't share the same sky, you won't brag for many years and you will never be happy." . Good wine, more without chaos; As for forgetting pride, no one. "("Biography of Meng Fujun, General of the Western Expedition in the Jin Dynasty ") In the late Yuan and Ming Dynasties," deliberately lived in the world, and many people imitated their ancestors. "In the future, his personality and accomplishment are largely the legacy of his grandfather. Grandfather's family has a large collection of books, which provides him with the conditions to read ancient books and understand history. In the Jin Dynasty, the literati took Zhuang and Lao as their ancestors and copied the Six Classics. He not only studied Lao Zi and Zhuangzi like ordinary literati, but also studied the Six Classics of Confucianism and "different books" such as literature, history and mythology. Influenced by the ideological trend of the times and family environment, he accepted two different ideas of Confucianism and Taoism, and cultivated two different interests: "aiming high" and "naturally loving mountains"!
Writing background
Tao Yuanming had the ambition of "helping the poor" when he was young. However, he lived in an era of changing owners in Jin and Song Dynasties. The Eastern Jin Dynasty was extremely corrupt, surrendered blindly to the outside world and settled in a corner of the rivers and lakes. The life of the ruling group is poor, internal disputes, years of fighting among warlords and exorbitant taxes have deepened the exploitation and oppression of the people. In those years when the country was on the verge of collapse, Tao Yuanming's ambition could not be realized at all. At the same time, the Eastern Jin Dynasty inherited the old system, implemented the door-door system, and protected the aristocratic bureaucratic privileges of aristocratic gentry, resulting in intellectuals from small and medium-sized landlords having no chance to display their talents. A poor man like Tao Yuanming, whose ancestors and fathers only held first-class official positions, had a premature decline in his family. Of course, he was "ambitious and dedicated." In addition, his personality is honest and frank, honest and honest, and he doesn't want to grovel and cling to the powerful, so he has a sharp contradiction with the dirty and dark real society and has a feeling of being out of place. In the first year of Yixi (405), he hastily and resolutely resigned from the Pengze county magistrate, who was only in office for 8 1 day, and finally got rid of the ruler, lived in seclusion for a long time and plowed in the wild.
Although Tao Yuanming is "far-sighted and self-righteous", he still cares about state affairs. In June of the second year of Yuanxi (420), Emperor Wu of Song abolished Emperor Gong Jin as the king of Lingling and changed his title to "Yongchu". In the second year, Emperor Wu of Song plotted to kill Gong Jin with poisoned wine. These can't help but cause waves in Tao Yuanming's thoughts. Starting from the inherent Confucian concept, he became dissatisfied with Emperor Wu of Song's regime and deepened his hatred of the real society. But he can't change or interfere with this situation, so he has to express his feelings with the help of creation, and create a beautiful realm opposite to the dirty and dark society, in order to entrust his political ideals and good interests. The Peach Blossom Garden was produced under such a background.
translate
In the first year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there was a Wuling man who took fishing as his profession. One day, he rowed along a stream and forgot the distance of the road. Suddenly I came across a peach blossom forest with hundreds of steps on both sides of the stream. There are no other trees, the grass on the ground is fresh and beautiful, and there are falling peach petals everywhere. The fisherman was very surprised. Go on, want to walk through this peach blossom forest.
The end of the peach blossom forest is the birthplace of the stream. When you go there, you will find a mountain. There is a small hole in the mountain, which seems to have light; The fisherman left the boat and got in through the hole. When I first entered, the hole was very narrow and only one person could pass through. I took dozens of steps forward, and suddenly I was suddenly enlightened. Inside, the land is flat and open, the houses are arranged neatly, there are fertile fields, beautiful ponds and mulberry trees and bamboo. The roads in the field are intertwined, and you can hear the crowing of chickens and dogs. People in the Peach Blossom Garden communicate, farm and work, and men and women wear the same clothes as people outside. Suitable for all ages, happy. They were surprised when they saw the fisherman. Asked where he came from, the fishermen all answered. They invited fishermen to their homes, prepared wine to kill chickens, and treated them warmly. When the villagers heard that there was such a person, they all came to inquire about the outside world. They said that their ancestors came to this isolated place with their wives, children and fellow villagers to escape the war in the Qin Dynasty, and never went out again. So I was cut off from the outside world. I asked the fishermen which dynasty they belonged to, but they didn't know there was a Han dynasty, let alone a Wei dynasty and a A Jin dynasty. The fisherman described in detail what he knew, and they all lamented. Others also invited fishermen to their homes and served them wine and food. After living for a few days, the fisherman wanted to leave and go back. People in the Peach Blossom Garden said to him, "You don't have to tell outsiders about things here."
After the fisherman came out, he found his boat and went back along the old road, marking everywhere. When I got to the county, I went to see the satrap and told him how I got into the Peach Blossom Garden. The satrap immediately sent someone to follow the fisherman to find the mark he had made before, but he got lost and couldn't find the original road. Liu Ziji, a noble hermit, was glad to plan a visit after hearing the news. But it didn't happen, and soon he fell ill and died. I can't find anyone anymore.
(Xu Peng)
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At the beginning of the article, the beautiful and quiet peach blossom forest, with "lush grass and blooming flowers", foreshadows a simple and natural world. There, everything is so simple and beautiful, there is no tax, no war, no fame and intrigue. I can't even hear a little noise. The relationship between people is so peaceful and sincere. The author did not say the reason for all this, but vaguely revealed the news from the sentence "I don't know why there are Han people, no matter Wei and Jin dynasties": in the final analysis, it is because no ruling group stands above the people and attacks each other for personal gain. This imaginary world of Taoyuan is undoubtedly fascinating to people who live in the real world of hypocrisy, darkness, frequent wars and constant bloodshed. The author's simple brushwork appropriately expresses the breath of the Peach Blossom Garden, which makes the article more appealing. Of course, this ideal state did not exist in the reality at that time, but the author artistically showed the style of Datong society through his conception of Datong society, which was a spiritual sustenance of dissatisfaction with the dark reality.
Most of the families in Taohuayuan are mainly cadres (it runs within the family). Among them, men and women dress like strangers. My hair is drooping and I am happy. " This can be seen from the words "men and women", "yellow hair" and "crying".
The structure of the article is also quite ingenious. The author borrows the novel style and unfolds the story with a fisherman's experience as a clue. The account at the beginning, the time and the fisherman's native place are all written with confidence, as if they were true. This shortens the psychological distance between readers and works, and introduces readers from the real world to the dreamland of peach blossoms. On the contrary, if the beginning is "part of the intangible world", readers will feel far away and the appeal of the work will be greatly reduced. The Absence of Human Nature of Outsiders and the fisherman's return and lost direction to what he wants have brought readers back to the real world from this hazy and wandering world, and their hearts are still full of attachment to it. At the end of the article, the rules of Nanyang Liu Ziji failed, which made the whole article more interesting.
Peach Blossom Garden Poetry
Peach Blossom Garden is the preface of Peach Blossom Garden Poetry, and the original poem is as follows:
Peach Blossom Garden Poetry
Yíng's family is chaotic, and saints avoid the world.
Huang Qi (qǐ) was good, but Iraqis died.
Immersed in the trace (yān), the road is ruined.
I am destined to farm, and I will rest from where I am.
Mulberry and bamboo hang in the shade, and millet (J) is a common art;
Silk is harvested in spring and taxed in autumn.
The deserted road warms the traffic, and chickens and dogs bark at each other.
Well (z incarnation) beans are old, but clothes are not new.
Children and children (rú) sing in a vertical line, and the whole class swims happily (yü).
Grass glory knows peace, and wood decay knows strength.
Although there is no Ji Lizhi, he is four years old.
Why bother to entangle wisdom when you are happy!
Strange traces hide 500, and once a fairy opens them.
Pure and thin are different sources, rotating or hidden.
Sorry, you can't measure the noise.
I am willing to whisper in the breeze and hold high to find my behavior.
But now the Peach Blossom Garden is far more famous than its poems.
Translation of Peach Blossom Garden Poems;
Qin Shihuang * disturbed the human discipline, and the sages fled the world and lived in seclusion. Huang Qi and others lived in seclusion at the end of Qin Dynasty, and Taohuayuan people also lived in seclusion. The path into the Peach Blossom Garden gradually disappeared, and the road into the Peach Blossom Garden became deserted. Taohuayuan people encourage each other, urge each other, join in farming, work at sunrise and rest at sunset. Mulberry groves are draped, beans are planted with seasons, silk is harvested in spring, and taxes are not paid in autumn. Weeds blocked the traffic with the outside world, and chickens and dogs heard about each other. Sacrifice is still a ritual in the pre-Qin period, and there is no new clothing style. The children are singing freely and the old man is playing happily. The lush vegetation makes people realize that spring is coming and the weather is getting warmer; The withering of trees lets people know that the cold wind is fierce and autumn and winter are coming. Although there is no record of 18 years old in the almanac, the four seasons naturally change and you get old in one week. Life is very happy, what is there to worry about? The miracle of Taohuayuan has lived in seclusion for more than 500 years. Today, however, it has opened the fairy-like realm of Peach Blossom Garden to the world. The simple atmosphere in the Peach Blossom Garden is different from the weak human feelings. The Peach Blossom Garden is exposed for a while and hidden for a while. How can a secular person know anything beyond the secular? I want to fly high in the breeze and find like-minded people.
The Peach Blossom Spring
Taiyuan: the title of Sima Yao (376 ~ 396), the filial piety emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
Xanadu: refers to a utopian beautiful world divorced from reality. Xanadu is synonymous with the ideal realm of human life, equivalent to the paradise or Xanadu in the west. For thousands of years, perfectionists have been looking for and deliberately creating their own imaginary "Xanadu". The author's social ideal is a criticism of the dark society at that time, which objectively reflects the people's demand to get rid of oppression and exploitation. It has certain positive significance; However, there is a certain degree of retro tendency, which can only be a fantasy in class society and cannot be realized. ) a metaphor for a beautiful place with a peaceful life, a quiet environment and no external influence. Generally used as subject, object and attribute.
Wuling: the name of an ancient county. In Changde area of Hunan Province today.
Occupation: Take ... as a means of making a living. In favour: as.
Edge: along, along
Good: sail.
Far and near: an adverb with a biased meaning, which means far here.
Meet suddenly: meet suddenly.
Sandwiched between banks: growing between banks.
Miscellaneous: something else, something else.
Fang: refers to flowers in general.
Delicious: fresh and beautiful.
Falling Flowers English: Falling Flowers. For example, the first flower.
Colorful: various appearances.
What: very, very.
Different: surprised, surprised. The usage of certainty here means "be surprised at ...".
Desire: want.
Poor: finished.
The forest runs out of water: the forest runs out of water, which means that the peach forest disappears at the source of the stream.
Then: So, just.
D: yes.
It seems: it seems.
If: it seems so.
S: Give it up.
Chu: At first, at first.
Cai: Only.
Yes: Yes.
Answer: Again.
Ok: let's go.
Suddenly enlightened; Cheerfulness: Cheerfulness. Describe the change from narrow and dark to open and bright.
Ping: Ping.
Vast: spacious.
S: The house.
Like: a neat appearance.
One: auxiliary words play a grammatical role and have no practical significance.
Genus: class.
Traffic in architecture: fields and paths crisscross. Buildings and field paths are called buildings in the north-south direction and buildings in the east-west direction. Traffic, criss-crossing.
Chickens and dogs can hear each other's crows.
Planting: farming and working.
Dress: dress up.
Sita: All, all.
Outsider: People outside the Peach Blossom Garden.
Yellow hair: refers to the elderly and children. Yellow hair always refers to the characteristics of longevity, that is, the elderly. Sagging hair, here refers to children. (Metonymic rhetoric)
And: both.
Yiran: A cheerful look.
Yes (yes): So, just.
Big: Very, very.
Never: from ....
Tools: detailed.
One: Pronouns refer to questions asked by Taoyuan people.
To (yāo): Invite, invite.
Salty: Adverb, Du, Quan
News: News.
Asking: Asking for information.
Yun: Say.
Ancestor: Ancestor.
Wife: refers to the wife and children.
Yi people: people from the same town. neighbor
Rate: lead.
Despair: an isolated place.
Answer: Come again, come again.
Yan: both, equivalent to harmony, starting from here.
Interval: isolation
Today: Now.
Nye (I didn't know there was Hannah): Actually.
No matter: Needless to say. (Different meanings in ancient and modern times)
Extend to: invite to. (extension, invitation. )
Here it is.
Words: detailed. (Attachment: detailed and specific. )
Smell: It refers to the world known by fishermen. (Smell: I know)
Sigh: sigh. (This word is more inclined to "sigh", which can only be translated into exclamation when linked together. ) sigh, surprise.
Stop: live.
Remarks: Goodbye.
Go: Leave.
Language: Speak and tell.
Insufficient: not worth it.
W: Preposition, item, right.
Help to the road: just go back along the original road. Help: Aaron, Aaron. Item: I see.
Everywhere: There are signs everywhere. Pool: verb, mark.
And: arrive.
Under the county: the location of the satrap refers to Wuling.
Yi: Visiting.
So: like this.
Right away, right away.
Send: Send.
Find what you want: look for the marks you made before. What you wrote, what you did. (So+ verb = noun) Chi: Make a mark. Item: I see.
Sui: Finally.
Answer: Again.
D: yes. Nanyang: County name, seat of government, now Nanyang, Henan.
: Liu Dongjin was born in Nanyang (now Nanyang, Henan). In The Book of Jin, The Story of Hermit, he said that he was "a good traveler".
Noble: a noble character.
Cheerful: In a cheerful manner.
Rule: plan, plan.
Unsuccessful: Not implemented.
Results: Realization.
Search: Soon.
Ending: death.
Inquiries about: Tianjin: Ferry. Asking: Asking about the ferry. Here means to visit and ask for help.